Chapter 2

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF

HUMAN BEHAVIOR
 HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Refers to voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person to

adapt and fit society’s values and ideas of what is right and
wrong.

Also refers to a range of actions demonstrated by humans

in conjunction with their environment, and in response to
various stimuli whether conscious or subconscious, internal
or external, voluntary or involuntary, and overt or covert
(Human Behavior, n.d).
 2 BASIC TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
INHERITED BEHAVIOR
◼ This are inborn behavior, any
behavioral reactions or reflexes
exhibited by people because of
their inherited capabilities or
the process of natural section.
◼ Example: the survival of
species who are dependent on
behaviors like breathing,
digesting food mating and
depending oneself
LEARNED BEHAVIOR
These behavior which
involves knowing or taking
into account, adaptations
that enhance a human
being’s ability to cope with
changes in the
environment in ways which
improve the chances of
survival
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR

◼ HEREDITY- determined by genes.

▪ Genes- are segments of cell structures called
chromosomes( made of DNA) by which parents pass on
traits to their offspring.
◼ ENVIRONMENT- It consist of the conditions and factors
that surround and influence on individual.
◼ LEARNING- The process by which behavior changes as a
result of experience or practice.
CLASSIFICATION OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
HABITUAL
◼A motorized
(automatic/routine) behaviour
usually manifested (show) in
language and emotion.
INSTINCTIVE The unlearned and simply comes
out, out of man’s instinct, which
can be seen among instinct-
instinct survival behaviors.
(response to specific
environment)
SYMBOLIC
◼ It carried out by means of unsaid
words, and shown through symbols
or body signs a person’s capacity to
respond to or use a system of
significant symbols.
COMPARISON

◼ The behaviors that

combines two or more
of the classified ones.
MOTIVATION OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
Self Actualization

Esteem Needs

Love and Belongings Needs

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs
1. BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS- food, drink, air,
warmth, sex, sleep

2. SAFETY NEEDS- security, order, law, stability, freedom from

fear, protection from the elements

3. LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS- affection and love

from work group, family, friends, peers; romantic relationships;
friendship; intimacy

4. ESTEEM NEEDS- achievement, independence, mastery,

status, dominance, self-respect, prestige, and respect from
others

5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS- realization of one’s personal

potential and self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak
experiences
COMMON PERSPECTIVES IN THE
STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

◼NEUROLOGICAL- This perspective emphasizes

human actions in relation to events that take
place inside the body, especially the brain and
the nervous system.
◼BEHAVIORAL- This view focuses on the
external activities that can be observed and
measured.
◼COGNITIVE- This perspective studies how the
brain processes and transforms information in
various ways
◼PSYCHOANALYTICAL- This view
emphasizes unconscious motives stemming
from repressed sexual and aggressive
impulses in childhood
◼HUMANISTIC- This perspective focuses on
the subject’s experiences, freedom of
choice, and strong motivation to achieve
self-actualization
 CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN
HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Physical Causes- These refers to natural causes,

like typhoon, and earthquakes, fire, flood and storm.

2. Social Conflicts- These are restrictions or rules in

the home, school, workplace, and community

3. Economic Conflicts- These result from one’s

inability to acquire material things because of
poverty or other financial obligations.
 STIMULANTS OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR

Sensations- the feeling or impression created by a given

stimulus or cause, that leads to a particular reaction or behavior, in
short, the effects e.g Visual (sight), Olfactory (smell), Cutaneous
(touch), Auditory (hearing).
◼Perception- the person’s knowledge of a
given stimulus which largely help to determine
the actual behavioral response in a given
situation. (Knowledge of stimulus)

◼Awareness- the psychological activity

that occurs in accordance with the
interpretation and experience of various
stimuli.
ATTRIBUTES OF BEHAVIOR

❖DURATION- How long it occurs in terms of

functions of time

❖EXTENSITY- spatial characteristics

❖INTENSITY- Magnitude or level

❖QUANTITY- Normal or abnormal,

un/acceptability
 ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

❑“A.B” is a Latin initials which means

“away from”

❑As a behavior which is away from or

deviating from the normal behavior
 GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
o APPROPRIATENESS- assessment of not only the behavior
itself but also the situation in which it is happening

o FLEXIBILITY- Normal behavior tends to be flexible as a

sign of healthy behavior

o IMPULSIVITY- Normal behavior is more likely to be result

of a consideration of its consequences, with important
decisions being given careful thought before
implementation. Abnormal behavior being uncontrolled or
partially controlled needs and drives, tends to be
impulsive.
TYPES OF ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR

1.Personality Disorder
2.Neuroses
3.Hysteria
4.Psychastenia
5.Psychoses
6.Sexual Deviancy
PERSONALIT
Y DISORDER

e
This kind of disorder originates during
the early development process, and
leads to maladaptive behavior.

A personality disorder is a type of

mental disorder in which you have a
rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking,
functioning and behaving. A person with
a personality disorder has trouble
perceiving and relating to situations and
people. This causes significant problems
and limitations in relationships, social
activities, work and school.
 Classifications of Personality Disorder
Classification Characteristics
Passive-Aggressive Passively dependent and aggressive due to
overindulgence

Hysterical Personality Easily excitable, emotional instability,

Disorder dramatic need for attention, immature,
tendency to sexualize contact with the
opposite sex

Compulsive Excessive concern for conformity,

Personality Disorder perfection, and order

Paranoid Personality Hypersensitive, unwarranted suspicion,

jealousy, envy, and feelings of excessive
importance
 NEUROSES

.
◼ Neuroses or psychoneuroses are
behavioral disorders that are brought
about by emotional tension resulting
from conflicts, repression, frustration, or
insecurity.

◼ Neurotic individuals compromise with

reality by developing imaginary
ailments, obsessions, phobias,
compulsion, depression or anxiety.
 HYSTERIA

.
◼ This disorder is a type of anxiety
reaction, in which the individual
manifests one or more symptoms
that are often associated with
organic disease. Disabilities that
may develop from this disorder
include paralysis of the limbs,
deafness, blindness, intense aches
and pains, continuous vomiting, loss
of voice, and head or hand tremors
 Forms of Hysteria
A. AMNESIA- This is a disorder wherein the individual cannot recall his
or her name and remembers little or nothing about the past in varying
levels of intensity.

TYPES OF AMNESIA
❖ Anterograde- this is the inability to retain
information, which has just been seen or read.
❖ Retrograde- This refers to the inability to recall any
event (and details thereof) that took place during a
certain period of time.
❖ Localized-The inability to recall events and details
that are related to a particular situation.
B. FUGUE- This is a type of amnesia wherein one wanders away from
his or her home or usual surroundings; often, the person has no
recollection as to how he/she came to be there when awareness sets in.

✔ Multiple Personality- This is a dramatic form of hysteria, in which

the patient develops two or more separated and very distinct
personalities.

C. SOMNAMBULISM- This is a dreamlike state in which the person

walks about and carries on certain activities that he eventually fails to
remember when he wakes up.
PSYCHASTENI
A

.
◼ This is a psychoneurotic condition
that is accompanied by a vast
range of mental and emotional
symptoms that cannot be
controlled. The fear is fear-ridden
by obsessions, compulsion, or
unreasonable dread or phobia.
Other symptoms of Psychastenia
are unreasonable elation, over
inhibition, or constant depression
 Forms of Psychastenia
A. PHOBIA- This refers to an irrational o exaggerated
fear of an object, person, act or situation.

B. OBSESSION- This refers to an idea or series of ideas

that recur very frequently that they interfere with the
ability of an individual to think and/or function
normally.

C. COMPULSION- This is an irresistible tendency to

perform am act or ritual, which an individual feels
compelled to carry out although it is recognized as
irrational; a person must perform an act and give in to
the urge in order to reduce the tension
PSYCHOSES

◼This are serious mental

illnesses that are characterized
by unpredictable behavior.
 Classification of Psychoses
◼Organic/Somatogenic
▪ Due to wide variety of causes; however, damage or
injury to the brain or other parts of the central nervous
system is always involved.

❑ Functional Psychosis
▪ Refers to serious mental disorder involving the total
personality with no observable tissue damage.
Forms of Functional Psychosis

A. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDER
❖ Schizophrenia is a
psychotic condition that is
characterized by one’s
withdrawal from reality,
indifference toward daily
problems, and tendency to
live in a world of fantasy.
 Types of Schizophrenia

⮚ Simple Schizophrenia- This manifests in a gradual

decline of interest and ambition. The person
withdraws from almost all social contacts and
becomes increasingly irritable and inattentive.

⮚ Hebephrenic Schizophrenia- it usually begins in

early adolescence and develops gradually in time.
The person may be prone to fits of laughter or
childish giggling and grimacing for hour without
apparent reasons.
⮚ Catatonic Schizophrenia- This marked by cycles of
psychomotor reactions in stupor (partial or
complete loss of consciousness) and excitement
phases.

⮚ Paranoid Schizophrenia- This marked by

hallucinations and delusions that are illogical and
loosely organized, as well as grandiose and/or
persecutory in nature.
B. AFFECTIVE DISORDER
❖ Affective reactions of manic-
depressive psychosis are often
characterized by periods of
depression or elation or both.
Affective Disorder- refer to a set
of psychiatric diseases, the
symptoms for which may vary
depending on each individual.
 Types of Affective Disorder

⮚ Depression- This is often characterized by feelings of

extreme hopelessness and sadness. This episodes may last
anywhere from several days or even weeks.

⮚ Bipolar Disorder- This refers to a state wherein the person

experiences alternating periods of depression and periods of
mania, which is the feeling of being extremely positive and
active.

⮚ Anxiety Disorder- The different types of anxiety disorders

are all characterized by feelings of anxiety, fear, and
nervousness.
C. Paranoia
❖ This is another type of
psychotic reaction, the main
symptom of which is
characterized by suspicion.
 Types of Paranoia

⮚ Persecutory Paranoia- This refers to having delusions of persecution.

The person believes that some people are plotting to harm him/her in
some way.

⮚ Litigious Paranoia- This refers to having delusions of both persecution

and grandeur; a person may go to great lengths to bring alleged
persecutors to court.

⮚ Erotic Paranoia- Also called amorous paranoia, this refers to having

delusions that a certain person is in love with him/her.

⮚ Exalted Paranoia- Having grandiose delusions and believes

himself/herself as someone with great power or importance, usually a
social reformer or religious crusader.

⮚ Jealous Paranoia- The state of having extreme and irrational jealousy.

D. Anti-Social Personality
❖ A person with an anti-social
personality is a mentally-
disturbed person who is
opposed to the normal
principles upon which a society
is based.
 Characteristics of Anti-Social
Personality

⮚ Sociopath
o Refers to a person who dislikes any sense of social or
moral responsibility due to mental illness.

⮚ Psychopath
o Refers to a person with a personality disorder that is
characterized by anti-social behavior, indifference to
immorality, and abnormal changes in mood or
activity. A psychopath is a classic manipulator or con
artist.
 SEXUAL DEVIANCY

⮚ Sexuality
o The behavior associated with the relation between sexes and their
respective reproductive organs.

⮚ Normal Sexuality
o Sexual completion that leads to a mature and well-adjusted individual,
capable of entering relationships with a member of the opposite sex,
and who is physically and mentally stable and satisfying heterosexual
needs.

⮚ Abnormal Sexuality/Sexual Deviancy

o A kind of sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and gratification by
means of other than normal, heterosexual norms.
Classification of Sexual Abnormalities
◼As to Choice of Sexual Partner
Types of Characteristics
Abnormality
Pedophilia Sexual desire towards an immature person.
Bestosexual/ Sexual desire towards animals
Bestiality
Autosexual A form of self-abuse or solitary vice carried out
without the cooperation of another person
Gerontophilia Sexual desire towards an elder person
Necrophilia Sexual perversion that is characterized by erotic
desire or actual sexual intercourse with a corpse
Incest Sexual relations between persons who, by
reason of blood relationship, cannot legally marry
◼As to Instinctual Sexual Urge
Types Characteristics

Satyriasis Excessive sexual desire of men to perform

intercourse

Nymphomania Strong sexual feeling of a woman

Sexual Absence of sexual desire or arousal during

Anesthesia sexual act in women
Dyspareunia Painful sexual act in women

Vaginismus Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act

◼As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way
of Sexual Satisfaction
Types Characteristics

Oralism (Irrumation) The use of mouth as a way of sexual

gratification, such as fellatio, cunnilingus,
and anilingus
Sado-Masochism Pain or cruel acts as a factor for gratification,
(Algolagnia) such as sadism and masochism
Fetishism A form of sexual perversion, in which the real
or fantasized presence of an object or bodily
part is necessary for sexual stimulation or
gratification.
Transvetism Refers to the achievement of sexual
excitation by dressing as a member of the
opposite sex such a man who wears female
apparel
◼As to the part of the body
Types Characteristics
Sodomy Sexual act through the anus of another human
being
Uranism An act in which sexual gratification is attained by
fingering, fondling the breast, licking parts of the
body, etc.

Frottage A form of sexual gratification that is characterized

by the compulsive desire of a person to rub his
sexual organ against the body parts of another
person
Pantialism A form of sexual deviation, in which a person has a
special affinity to certain parts of the female bod.
◼As to Visual Stimulus
Types Characteristics

Voyeurism A form of sexual perversion that is

characterized by compulsion to covertly
look at a person undress or perform other
activities

Mixoscopia Sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure

(Scaptophilia) is attained by watching a couple undress or
during their acts of sexual intimacy
◼As to Numbers
Types Characteristics

Froilism A form of sexual perversion, in which

three persons participate in the sexual
orgy

Pluralism A form of sexual deviation, in which a

group of persons participate in the
sexual orgy
◼Other Sexual Deviations
Types Characteristics
Coprolalia A form of sexual deviation that is
characterized by the need to use
obscene language to obtain orgasm

Don Juanism A form of sexual deviation that is

characterized by promiscuity and
seduction of many women as part of a
male’s sexual career

Indecent Exposure Willful exposure of one’s genital organs

(Exhibitionism) in public places and in the presence of
other persons, usually those of the
opposite sex.