Comprehensive Notes on

Human Behavior and

Crisis Management

Vinz Reginald O. Pangilinan, R. Crim
4th Placer, December 2017 C.L.E
Junior National Review Lecturer for Criminologist Licensure Exam
 Human Behavior

Anything an individual does that
involves self-initiated action
and/or reaction to a given
situation.
 The sum total of man's reaction to
his environment or the way human
beings act
 Human Beings

Human beings are intelligent
social animals with the mental
capacity to comprehend, infer and
think in rational ways.
 Views in Human Behavior

 Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to
events taking place inside the body such as the brain and the
nervous system.
 Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the
human being that can be observed and measured.
 Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain
processes and transforms information into various ways.
 Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that
originate from aggressive impulses in childhood.
 Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience,
freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization.
Different Typologies of
Human Behavior

 Inherited (Inborn)
behavior

Refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes
exhibited by people because of their inherited
capabilities or the process of natural
selection.
These behaviors are modified through
adaptation as the environment acts on the
individual. Most scientists believed that both
physical and metal traits can be inherited by
children from their parents.
 Learned (Operant) behavior

involves knowing or adaptation that enhances
human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the
environment in ways which improve the chances of
survival. The key to this behavior depends in its end
results for the person and the environment. Learned
behavior may be acquired through environment or
training.
Those normal human beings exhibit both types of
behaviors simultaneously and are able to integrate
them into a fairly stable person.
 Other Typologies of Behavior

Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the
socially accepted behavior because they follow the
standard norms of society.
Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant
from social expectations because they go against
the norms or standard behavior of society.
 Normal and abnormal behaviors depend relatively
on the culture of people since a normal behavior to
one society may not be accepted or allowed to
other societies or individuals.
 Attributes or Characteristics of
Behavior

 Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable.
 Covert behavior – those that are hidden from the view of the
observer.
 Simple behavior – less number of neurons are consumed in
the process of behaving
 Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior
 Rational behavior - acting with sanity or with reasons
 Irrational behavior – acting without reason/ unaware
 Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will.
 Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on even
when we are awake or asleep.
 Aspects of Behaviors

 Intellectual Aspect – way of thinking, reasoning, solving
problem, processing info and coping with the environment.
 Emotional Aspect – feelings, moods, temper, strong
motivational force with in the person.
 Social Aspect – people interaction or relationship with other
people.
 Moral Aspect – conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
 Psychosexual Aspect – being a man or a woman and the
expression of love.
 Political Aspect – ideology towards society/government.
 Value/ Attitude – interest towards something, likes and
dislikes.
Factors that affect
Human Behavior

 Factors that affect
Human  Behavior
 Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its
parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an
offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed
to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.
 Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists
of conditions and factors that surround and influence
behavioral pattern.
 Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior
changes as a result of experience or practice
Heredity

 Causes of Human Behavior

Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a
given stimulus or cause that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior.
Human Senses
Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a
given stimulus which largely help to determine the
actual behavioral response in a given situation
Awareness – refers to the psychological activity
based on interpretation of past experiences with a
given stimulus or object.
 Pathogenic family
structure

 The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with
the ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources,
physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of family
satisfaction.
 The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as
a result of the influence of parents to their children.
 The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by unsatisfaction
of one or both parent from the relationship that may express feeling
of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common
sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
 The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as
a result of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances
 Other Factors as
Determinants of Behavior

 Needs, Drives and Motivations

 Drives are aroused state that results from some
biological needs. The aroused condition motivates
the person to remedy the need. Needs are the
triggering factor that drives or moves a person to act.
It is a psychological state of tissue deprivation.
Motivation on the other hand refers to the causes and
“why’s” of behavior as required by a need.
 Drive and motivation covers all of psychology, they
energizes behavior and give its direction to man’s
action. For example, a motivated individual is
engaged in a more active, more vigorous, and more
effective that unmotivated one, thus a hungry person
 Biological Needs

Food
Water
Air
Rest
Sex
Avoidance of Pain
Stimulus Seeking Curiosity
 Psychological Needs

Psychological needs are influenced
primarily by the kind of society in which
the individual is raised. Psychological
motives are those related to the individual
happiness and well being, but not for the
survival, unlike the biological motives that
focuses on basic needs – the primary
motives.
 Frustration

Refers to the situation which blocks
the individual’s motivated behavior.
Sustained frustration may be
characterized by anxiety, irritability,
fatigue or depression.
 Sources of Frustration

Physical Obstacles – are physical barriers or
circumstances that prevents a person from doing his
plan or fulfilling his wishes.
Social Circumstances – are restrictions or
circumstances imposed by other people and the
customs and laws of social living.
Personal shortcoming – such as being handicapped
by diseases, deafness, paralysis, etc. which serves as
a barrier to the things one ought to do.
Conflicts between motives
 Conflict

Refers to the simultaneous arousal of
two or more incompatible motives
resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is
a source of frustration because it is a
threat to normal behavior.
 Types of Conflicts

 Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two
desirable activities that can not be pursued simultaneously.
 Double Avoidance Conflict - a person faces two undesirable situations
in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to
an intense emotion.
 Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces a situation having both
a desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”,
because some negative and some positive features must be accepted
regardless of which course of action is chosen.
 Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice
must be made between two or more alternatives each of which has
both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve
because the features of each portion are often difficult to compare.
 Anxiety

an intangible feeling that seems to
evade any effort to resolve it. It is
also called neurotic fear. It could be
intense, it could be low and can be
a motivating force.
 Coping Mechanism

It is defined as the way people react to
frustration. People differ in the way they
react to frustration. This could be attributed
to individual differences and the way
people prepared in the developmental task
they faced during the early stages of their
life.
 Frustration Tolerance

It is the ability to withstand
frustration without developing
inadequate modes of response such as
being emotionally depressed or
irritated, becoming neurotic, or
becoming aggressive.
 Broad Reactions to
Frustration

Fight – is manifested by fighting the
problem in a constructive and direct way
by means of breaking down the obstacles
preventing the person reaching his goals.
Flight – it can be manifested by sulking,
retreating, becoming indifferent and giving
up.
 Different Types of Reaction
to Frustration

 Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in
a very objective way. They identify first the problem, look for the most
practical and handy way to solve it, and proceeded with the constructive
manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results.
 Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution
of the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or result. Thus,
he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find out if the
solution or remedy is there.
 Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an
original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended
result, thus the most practical way to face the problem, is to look for most
possible or alternative means.
 Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the
problem or flight which to some is the safest way.
 Different Types of
Reaction to Frustration

 Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is
unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive
result. Being discourage to go on working for a way to handle
a frustration could result to diminishing self-confidence, until
the time when inferiority complex sets in.
 Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to
handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior
can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both
in the personal and professional aspect.
 Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of
handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person
attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or
event.
 The Ego Defense
Mechanisms

 The defense mechanisms are the unconscious
techniques used to prevent a person’s self image
from being damage. When stress becomes quite
strong, an individual strives to protect his self-
esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego defense
mechanism to protect us from anxiety and maintain
our feeling of personal worth. We consider them
normal adjustive reactions when they are use to
excess and threaten self-integrity.
 Common Defense
Mechanisms

 Denial of reality – protection of one self from unpleasant
reality by refusal to perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding
something that is unpleasant.
 Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary
achievement. Paying attention not to what is going on around
him but rather to what is taking place on his thoughts.
 Projection – placing blame for difficulties upon others or
attributing one’s own unethical desires to others in an effort
to prevent ourselves being blamed.
 Rationalization – the use of excuses an individual to him and
to others. Attempting to prove that one’s behavior is
justifiable and thus worthy of self and social approval.
 Common Defense
Mechanisms

 Reaction Formation – it occurs when someone tries to
prevent his submission to unacceptable impulses by
vigorously taking an opposite stand. Preventing dangerous
desires from being expressed by exaggerating opposed
attitudes and types of behavior and using them as barriers.
 Displacement – discharging pent-up emotion on objects less
dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotion.
 Emotional Insulation - withdrawal into passivity to protect
self from hurt.
 Isolation/Intellectualization – serves to cut off the emotions
from a situation which is normally is full of feeling.
 Common Defense
Mechanisms

 Regression – revert from a past behavior or retreating to
earlier developmental level involving less mature
responses and usually a lower level of aspiration.
 Sublimation – gratification of frustrated sexual desires in
substitutive men sexual activities.
 Identification – increasing feeling of worth by identifying
self with person or institution. The person can associate
himself with something or someone to elevate position.
 Introjection – incorporating external values and standards
into ego structures so individual is not at their mercy as
external threats. The acceptance of others’ values even
they are contrary to one’s own assumption.
 Common Defense
Mechanisms

Undoing – Apologizing for wrongs, repentance,
doing penance and undergoing punishment to
negate a disapproved act.
Sympathism – striving to gain sympathy from
others. The person seeks to be praised by relating
faults or problem.
Acting-out – reduction of the anxiety aroused by
forbidden desires by permitting their expression.
The individual deals with all his impulses by
expressing them.
 Normal Behavior

This refers to a lack of significant deviation
from the average. Another possible
definition is that "a normal" is someone who
conforms to the predominant behavior in a
society.
Social norms – rules that a group uses for
appropriate and inappropriate values,
beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
 Abnormal Behavior

Literally means "away from the normal". It
implies deviation from some clearly
defined norm. In the case of physical
illness, the norm is the structural and
functional integrity of the body.
BEHAVIORAL
DISORDERS

 PSYCHOSOMATIC
DISORDER

A disorder in which the physical
illness is considered to be highly
associated with emotional factors.
The individual may not perceive
that his emotional state is
contributing to his physical illness
 Neurosis

Neurosis is a class of functional mental
disorders involving distress but neither
delusions nor hallucinations, whereby
behavior is not outside socially acceptable
norms. The distinguishing feature of neurosis
is a sustained characteristic of showing
anxiety, fear, endless troubles that carries
significant aspects of the individual’s life.
 ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety disorders are blanket terms
covering several different forms of
abnormal and pathological fear and
anxiety. People experience excessive levels
of the kind of negative emotions that we
identify as being nervous, tense, worried,
scared, and anxious. These terms all refer to
anxiety.
 Phobias

This is an intense, unrealistic fear. In
this case, anxiety is focused so intensely
on some objects or situations that the
individual is acutely uncomfortable
around it and will often go to great
pain to avoid it.
Some Examples of Phobias
1. Achluphobia or nyctophobia- fear of
dark
2. Acrophobia- fear of high places
3. Aerophobia- fear of flying
4. Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces
5. Ailurophobia- fear of cats
6. Anglophobia- fear of pain
7. Amaxophobia- fear of vehicles and
driving
8. Anthophobia- fear of flowers
9. Antrophobia- fear of people
10. Aquaphobia- fear of water
11. Arachnophobia- fear of spiders
12. Astraphobia- fear of thunder, lightning or
storms
13. Cheimophobia- fear of cold
14. Claustrophobia- fear of closed places
15. Gynophobia- fear of dogs
16. Dipsophobia- fear of drinking
17. Ecophobia or Oikophobia - fear of home
18. Electrophobia- fear of electricity
19. Erythrophobia- fear of blushing
20. Gamophobia-fear of marriage
21. Hematophobia- fear of blood
22. Hydrophobia- fear of water
23. Ideaphobia- fear of thoughts
24. Ochlophobia- fear of crowds
25. Ophidiophobia- fear of snakes
26. Ornithophobia- fear of birds
27. Pathophobia- fear of disease
28. Phobophobia- fear of developing a
phobia
29. Rypophobia- fear of dirt
30. Sitophobia- fear of eating
31. Taphophobia- fear of being buried alive
32. Thermophobia- fear of heat
33. Xenophobia- fear of stranger
 Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorders

 Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts
that will not go away. Thoughts and impulses which
occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep
them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do not
belong to the individual's mind.
 Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is
compelled to perform some actions against his free
will and with duress as a result of external factors.
This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain
pattern of behavior.
EXAMPLES OF COMPULSION

1. Arithomania – the impulse to count

anything.
2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.
3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.
4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.
5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or
power.
6. Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.
7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s
life.
 SOMATOFORM
DISORDERS

 "Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders
involve a neurotic pattern in which the individuals
complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the
presence of a physical problem, but for which no
organic basis can be found. Such individuals are
typically preoccupied with their state of health and
with various presumed disorders or diseases of
bodily organs.
 Dissociative Disorders

 This covers a broad category of loosely related rare
conditions involving sudden alterations in cognition,
characterized by change in memory, perceptions or
"identity".
 Defined as conditions that involve disruptions or
breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity and/or
perception
 Amnesia

This refers to loss of memory that can
have either physical or psychological
cause. It most often occurs after a
period of intense stress and involves
loss of memory for all or part of the
stressful experience itself.
 Types of Amnesia

Anterograde- the inability to retain
information which has just been seen or
read.
Retrograde- the inability to recall any
event which took place during certain
period of time.
Localized- the inability to recall events
which are related to a particular situation.
 Depersonalization

This refers to experiences in which the
individual feels that he or she has become
distorted or "unreal" or that distortions have
occurred in one's surroundings. One might
feel that she is a real robot even though she
knows she is a real person or that her room is
not real or that her parents are not real
people.
 Multiple Personality

This is a dissociative disorder in which
the individual shifts abruptly and
repeatedly from one personality to
another as if more than one person were
inhabiting the same body. This is
commonly known as "split personality
disorder."
 Somnambulism

A dreamlike state where the
person walks about and
carries on certain activities
which are not remembered
later.
Personality Disorders

 Personality Disorders

 Personality disorders, formerly referred to as
character disorders, are a class of personality types
and behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of
inner experience and behavior that deviates
markedly from the expectations of the culture of the
individual who exhibits it”. This category includes
those individuals who begin to develop a
maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a
result of family, social, and cultural influences.
Types of Personality Disorders
 
1. Paranoid Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,
excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own
mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
2. Schizoid Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close
relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect.
- characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle,
secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
3. Schizotypal Personality – Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors
based on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.
4. Histrionic Personality – this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the
use of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal
relationships are stormy.
 characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for
approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.
5. Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-
importance.
A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in childhood,
particularly that from parental figures.
6. Antisocial Personality – This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to
social norms. They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These
individuals also have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.
7. Borderline Personality – This is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic
mood shifts and behavior problems. Individuals with this type of personality are
acutely sensitive to real or imagined abandonment and have a pattern of repeated
unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that alternate between extreme
idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances or food, or
be sexually promiscuous.
8. Avoidant Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming
involved with people because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.
9. Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to make even daily
decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others
to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life.
10. Compulsive Personality – This is characterized by excessive concern with
rules, order efficiency, and work coupled with insistence that everyone do things
their way and an inability to express warm feelings.
11. Passive-Aggressive Personality – The individual with personality disorder is
usually found to have overindulged in many things during the early years to the
extent that the person comes to anticipate that his needs will always be met and
gratified.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

- a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from

reality, indifference concerning everyday problems,
and tendency to live in a world of fantasy.
- formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin,
a German psychiatrist.
- the term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler
which literally means “splitting of minds”.
Types of Schizophrenia
 
1. Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual decline of
interest and ambition. The person withdraws from social contacts
as well as irritable and inattentive.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by
delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur. Hallucinations,
usually auditory, are most of time present.
3. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of
personality and can be observed through inappropriate giggling
and smiling without apparent reasons which to an untrained
observer may only be childish playfulness.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia- it is marked by cycles of psychomotor
reactions in stupor (partial or complete loss of consciousness)
and excitement phases.
SEXUAL DEVIANCY

 Sexuality

Behavior associated with
relation between sexes and
reproductive organ.
 Normal Sexuality

Sexual completion that leads to
mature and adjusted individual
capable of entering relationships
with a member of the opposite sex
which are physically and mentally
stable and satisfying heterosexual.
 Abnormal Sexuality/
Sexual Deviancy

Sexual behavior which seek
stimulation and gratification
by means other than
heterosexual.
Classification of Sexual
Abnormalities

 As to Choice of Sexual
Partner

 Heterosexual- Sexual desire towards opposite sex;
socially And medically acceptable
 Homosexual- Sexual desire towards the same sex
 Infantisexual- Sexual desire towards an immature person
 Bestosexual- Sexual desire towards animals
 Autosexual- A form of self abuse or solitary vice carried
without the cooperation of another person
 Gerontophilia- Sexual desire with elder person
 Necrophilia- Sexual perversion characterized by erotic
desire or actual sexual intercourse with a corps
 Incest- Sexual relations between person who by reason of
blend relationship cannot legally married
 As to Instinctual Sexual
Urge

Satyriasis- Excessive sexual desire of men to
intercourse
Nymphomania- Strong sexual feeling of a woman
Sexual Anesthesia- Absence of sexual desire or
arousal during sexual act in women
Dyspareunia- Painful sexual act in women
Vaginisimus- Painful spasm of the vagina during
sexual act
Old Age- Weakening of sexual feeling in the elderly
 As to the Mode of Sexual Expression
or Way of Sexual Satisfaction

Oralism( Irrumation)- The use of mouth as a way
of sexual gratification such as Fellatio,
Cunnilingus, Anilingus
Sado- Masochism (Algolagnia)- Pain or cruel acts
as a factor for gratification such as: sadism and
masochism
Fetishism - A form of sexual perversion where in
the real or fantasized presence of an object or
bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation or
gratification.
 As to the Parts of the
Body

 Sodomy - Sexual act through the anus of another
human being
 Uranism - Sexual gratification is attached by fingering,
fondling the breast, licking parts of the body, etc.
 Frottage- A from of sexual gratification characterized by
the compulsive desire of a person to rub his sexual
organ against some parts of the body of another
 Pantialism- A form of sexual deviation wherein a
person has special affinity to certain parts of the female
body
 As to Visual Stimulus

Voyeurism- A form of sexual perversion
characterized by a compulsion to peep to see
a person undress or perform other activities
Scoptophilia- Sexual perversion wherein
sexual pleasure is attached by watching a
couple undress or during their sex intimacies
 As to Number

Troilism- A form of sexual perversion
in which three (3) persons are
participating in the sexual orgies.
Pluralism- A form of sexual deviation
in which a group of person
participate in the sexual orgies (sexual
festival).
 Other Sexual Deviates

Corpolalia- A form of sexual deviation characterized
by the need to use obscene language to obtain
orgasm.
Don Juanism - It describes a form of sexual
deviation characterized by promiscuity and making
seduction of many women as part of his career.
Indecent Exposure (Exhibitionism) - The willful
exposure in public places of one’s genital organ in
the presence of other person’s usually of the
opposite sex.
Crisis Management

 Crisis

 Is a state provoked when a process faces
obstacle/hazard to important life goals that is far a
time insurmountable for the customary methods of
problem solving (Caplan, 1961)
 Greek word “crisis” which means to separate
 A turning point in a series of events (Wagnalls, 1987)
 Crisis Theory

Equilibrium-state of adjustment of an individual,
internal and external influences of a person with
regards to psychological balance
Time-coping mechanisms of the person
confronted with crisis
Change- the aftermath of the crisis on an
individual.
 Emergency

 Latin word “Emergentia” which means
dipping/plunging into the unknown.
 It is the sudden state of affairs or condition calling
for immediate action.
 Crisis Intervention

refers to the methods used to offer
immediate, short-term help to individuals
who experience an event that produces
emotional, mental, physical, and behavioral
distress or problems. (Hoff, 1989)
 Crisis Management

 refers to the sequence of actions to be undertaken in
case of disturbance of public safety or order as a
result of a crisis, to mitigate its effects and expediting
the return to normalcy. (PNP Three Tiered Defense
System Handbook)
 is the process by which an organization deals with a
disruptive and unexpected event that threatens to
harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the
general public. (Lanceley, 1999)
 General Tasking of
different Gov’t Agencies

 Peace and Order
Council

 Organizational Committee that shall respond on
crises that stem from man-made emergencies
 Caters various aspects of national security especially
those affecting Peace and Order
 Incorporeal entity in the formulation of crisis
management procedures, guidelines regarding
utilization of local government, police and military
units towards the prevention and control of crisis
incidents
National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council

Concerned with Natural Disasters and
Calamities.
National Commission on Civil
Aviation Security

 Acts on crises involving aircraft hijacking,
disturbances in Civil Aviation and terrorism cases in
different airports in the country with close
coordination with other government agencies.
PHASES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT

 Prediction

Diagnosis within and outside of the PNP
organization so as to curtail the likelihood of
impending crises and to develop plans to
forestall such threats
Intelligence Efforts
News and Events Inputs
Threat Analysis
 Prevention

 Based on the results of the Prediction activities,
concerned agencies, business concerns and
individuals establish passive and active security
measures and systems , lessen the chances of success
of terrorist-based crises/emergencies.
 Operations Security
 Personnel Security
 Threat Assessment and Threat Level Appraisal
 Physical Security and Target Hardening Measures
 Prepare

Plan
Organize
Train
Equipment
Maintain Readiness
Hostage Incident
• It is any incident in which people
are being held by another person or
persons against their will, usually by
force or coercion, and demands are
being made by the hostage taker.
Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident
• There must be a need to live on the part of a hostage taker.
• There must be a threat of force on the part of the authorities.
• There must be demands by the hostage taker.
• The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker as a person
who can hurt the hostage taker but is willing to help him.
• There must be time to negotiate.
• A reliable channel of communication must exists between the
hostage taker and the negotiator.
• Both the location and the communications of the incident
need to be contained in order to encourage negotiation.
• The negotiator must be able to deal with the hostage taker
making the decisions.
Hostage - Is a person held as a security for the
fulfillment of certain terms
Negotiate - It means to arrange or settle by
conferring or discussing.
Crisis Negotiation - means the use of
communication techniques and strategies to
influence a person to change his behavior in
accordance with goals within legal, ethical and
moral constraints
PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE SITUATION
 
 Preservation of live
 Apprehend hostage taker
 To successfully negotiate; there must be
need to live on the part of the hostage taker
and a threat of force by the authorities.
CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKER
 PERSONS IN CRISIS
- people who take hostages during a period of prolonged
frustration, despair and problems.
 PSYCHOTICS
- mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of
psychiatric disturbance.
 COMMON CRIMINALS
- people who take hostages for personal reason.
 PRISONER
- people who take hostage because of dissatisfaction and
discontent regarding their living condition in prison.
 POLITICAL TERRORIST
- people who take hostages because of political and ideological
beliefs.
 
Performance Phase
(Reactive
 Phase)
 Initial Action

 Nearby police and military respond to a certain crisis situation (Initial Action
Unit)
 (1) Take immediate appropriate action to resolve problem. If the situation is
beyond its capability to handle, the matter should be reported to the Crisis
Management Committee (CMC).
 (2) The unit should take the necessary measures to initially contain the
situation.
 (3) The unit shall monitor and report the progress of the incident until CMC
takes cognizance of the situation.
 (4) The unit shall likewise secure the scene, protect itself as much as possible
without gunfire, establish perimeter security and command, evacuate
innocent civilians if possible, and prevent escape of the perpetrators, until the
tactical action/intervention elements/units gradually take over as they
arrive.