CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW 1

By: RKManwong

STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. This
means that psychologists use the methods of science to investigate all kinds of
behavior and mental processes, from the activity of a single nerve cell to the social
conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991). In particular, criminal
Psychology is a sub-field of general psychology where criminal behavior is only, in
part by which phenomena psychologists choose to study. It may be defined as the
study of criminal behavior, the study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt
to discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior.
A major description of criminal psychology is the word behavior. Behavior
refers to actions or activities (Kahayon, 1985). To the criminologist, behavior is the
observable actions because he is more interested in actions and reactions that can
be seen and verified than in concepts, which cannot be directly verified.

Classification of Behavior
Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the standard behavior,
the totality accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of society.
understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing what characterized a
normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by: Efficient
perception of reality, Self-knowledge, Ability to exercise voluntary control over his
behavior, Self-esteem and acceptance, Productivity, Ability to form affectionate
relationship with others.

Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) - A group of

behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go against the
norms or standard behavior of society.
A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following
definitions:
Abnormal behavior according to deviation of statistical norms based in
statistical frequency: Many characteristics such as weight, height, an intelligence
cover a range of values when, measured over a population. For instance, a person
who is extremely intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as abnormal.
Abnormal behavior according to deviation from social norms: A behavior that
deprives from the accepted norms of society is considered abnormal. However, it is
primarily dependent on the existing norm of such society.
Behavior as maladaptive: Maladaptive behavior is the effect of a well being
of the individual and or the social group. That some kind of deviant behavior
interferes with the welfare of the individual such as a man who fears crowd can’t
ride a bus. This means that a person cannot adopt himself with the situation where
in it is beneficial to him.
Abnormal behavior due to personal distress: This is abnormally in terms of
the individual subjective feelings of distress rather than the individual behavior. This
includes mental illness, feeling of miserably, depression, and loss of appetite or
interest, suffering from insomnia and numerous aches and pains.
Abnormality in its legal point: It declares that a person is insane largely on
the basis of his inability to judge between right and wrong or to exert control over
his behavior (Bartol, 1995).

KINDS OF BEHAVIOR

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Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those

that are directly observable are overt behaviors. On the other hand, covert behavior
are behaviors that are hidden – not visible to the naked eye.
Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when acts are
with in the level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s
subconscious – unaware.
Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts categorized according to the
number of neurons involved in the process of behaving. Simple behavior involves
less number of neurons while complex behavior involved more number of neurons,
a combination of simple behaviors.
Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a person
acted with sanity or reason and there is irrational behavior when the person acted
with no apparent reason or explanation – as when a man loses his sanity and laugh
out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done with
full volition or will such as when we discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary
behaviors refers the bodily processes that foes on even when we are awake or
asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.

ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

Intellectual Aspect – this aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking,

reasoning, solving, problem, processing info and coping with the environment.
Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our feelings, moods, temper, and strong
motivational force.

Social Aspect – this pertains to how we interact or relate with other people
Moral Aspect – this refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or
bad.
Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man or a woman and the
expression of love
Political Aspect – this pertains to our ideology towards society/government
Value/Attitude – this pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and
dislikes

THE CRIMINAL FORMULA

C=T+S
R

Where:

C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Total Situation (Opportunity)
R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)

The formula shows that a person’s criminal tendency and his resistance to
them may either result in criminal act depending upon, which of them is stronger.
This means that a crime or criminal behavior exist when the person’s resistance is

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insufficient to withstands the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity
(Tradio, 1983).

In understanding this, the environment factors such as stress and strains are
considered because they contribute in mobilizing a person’s criminal tendency and
the individual’s psychological state while resistance t temptation arises from the
emotional, intellectual and social upbringing and is either manifestation of a strong
or weak character.

DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

The answer to these questions requires the study and understanding of the
influences of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT. As cited by Tuason:

Heredity (Biological Factors)

This refers to the genetic influences, those that are explained by heredity,
the characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation
to another. It explains that certain emotional aggression, our intelligence, ability
and potentials and our physical appearance are inherited.
It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept
that “criminals are born”. It also considers the influences of genetic defects and
faulty genes, diseases, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition and other physical
deprivations that can be carried out from one generation to another.

Environmental Factors

Family Background – it is a basic consideration because it is in the family

whereby an individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another. The
family is said to be the cradle of personality development as a result of either a
close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed
family, broken family, separated or maladjusted relations.
Childhood Trauma – the experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a
child undergoing developmental processes. The development processes are being
blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack of
adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection, overprotection,
restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
Pathogenic Family Structure – those families associated with high frequency
of problems such as:

a. The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with the

ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical of
psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
b. The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result
of the influence of parents to their children.
c. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by non-satisfaction of one or
both parent from the relationship that may express feeling of frustration.
This is usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict and
dissatisfaction.
d. The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result
of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.

In the environment, the following are also factors that are influential to one’s
behavior:

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1. Institutional Influences such as peer groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO’s, etc.
2. Socio-Cultural Factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and
discrimination, economic and employment problems and other social
changes.
3. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that
influence man to commit crime because poverty is one of the may reasons to
criminal behavior.

OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

In order to further understand and provide answers on the question that
why do some people behave criminally, it is important to study the other
determinants of behavior. These are needs, drives and motivation.

Needs and Drives

Need, according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for
well being of the individual. This need creates drives – a psychological state of
arousal that prompts someone to take action (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive
therefore is an aroused state that results from some biological needs.
The aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For
example, If you have had no water for some time, the chemical balance of the body
fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need for water. The psychological
consequence of this need is a drive – thirst – that motivates you to find and drink
water. In other words, drives push people to satisfy needs.

Motivation
Motivation on the other hand refers to the influences that govern the
initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior (Bernstein, et al, 1991).
Thus motivation refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior as required by a need.
Motivation is the hypothetical concept that stands for the underlying force
impelling behavior and giving it s direction (Kahayon, 1975).
Drives are states of comfortable tension that spur activity until a goal is
reached. Drive and motivation are covered in the world of psychology, for they
energize behavior and give direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated
individual is engaged in a more active, more vigorous, and more effective that
unmotivated one, thus a hungry person directs him to look for food.

Biological needs Motivational Systems

Food Hunger – the body needs adequate

supply of nutrients to function
effectively. “An empty stomach
sometimes drives a person to steal.”

Water Thirst – just like food, the body needs

water.
Sex A powerful motivator but unlike food and
water, sex is not vital for survival but
essential to the survival of species.
Pain Avoidance The need to avoid tissue damage is
essential to the survival of the organism.
Pain will activate behavior to reduce
discomfort.

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Stimulus seeking Curiosity is most people and animal is

motivated to explore the environment
even when the activity satisfies no bodily
needs.

Psychological Needs

Psychological needs are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which

the individual is raised. Psychological motives are those related to the individual
happiness and well being, but not for he survival, unlike the biological motives that
focuses on basic needs – the primary motives.
Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a hierarchy from
the most basic biological requirements to the needs for self-actualization – the
highest of all needs.

The pyramidal presentation shows that from the bottom to the top of the
hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive according to Maslow, are:
1. Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include the need for
food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep.
2. Safety Needs – these pertains to the motives of being cared for and
being secured such as in income and place to live.
3. Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into various kinds of
social groups or social organizations. Love needs means need for affection.

4. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration

5. Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a
person as a useful and honorable human being.
6. Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
7. Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction, when people
are motivated not so much by unmet needs, as by the desire to become all
they are capable of (self-realization).

According to the Maslow”s formulation, the levels that commands the

individuals attention and effort is ordinarily the lowest one on which there is an
unmet need. For example, unless needs for food and safety are reasonably well-met
behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher motives are of little
significant. With their gratification, however, the individual is free to devote time and
effort to meet higher level. In other words, one level must at least be partially
satisfied before those at the next level become determiners of action.

Frustration, Conflict and Anxiety

Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of
motive satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that
is experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and
expectations (Coleman, 1980).

Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible

motives resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a
threat to normal behavior (Berstein, et al, 1991).

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Types of Conflicts

1. Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two desirable

activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously.
2. Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two undesirable situations in
which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an
intense emotion.
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation having both a
desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”, because
some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless
which course of action is chosen.
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must be
made between two or more alternatives each has both positive and negative
features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of each
portion are often difficult to compare.

Anxiety is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it.
It is also called neurotic fear. It could be intense, it could be low and can be a
motivating force (Coleman, 1980).
Stress is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that
disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a person’s physical or psychological functioning
(Bernstein, et al, 1991)

The Ego Defense Mechanisms

The defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a

person’s self image from being damaged. When stress becomes quite strong, an
individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego defense
mechanisms to protect us from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal worth.
We consider them normal adjustive reactions when they are use to excess and
threaten self-integrity (Bernstein, et al, 1991).

Example: Denial of Reality – protection of oneself from unpleasant reality by

refusal to perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant.
Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary achievement. Paying
attention not to what is going on around him but rather to what is taking place in
his thoughts.

Perspective on the Causes of Criminal Behavior

1. Anxiety (Psychological Perspective) – stressful situations that when become

extreme may result to maladaptive behavior.
2. Faulty Learning (Behavior Perspective) – the failure to learn the necessary
adaptive behavior due to wrongful development. This usually result to
delinquent behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values
and norms.
3. Blocked of Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective) - presumably,
human nature tends towards cooperation and constructive activities,

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however, if we show aggression, cruelty or other violent behavior, the result

will be an unfavorable environment.
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship - self concept in early childhood by
over critical parents or by rigid socialization measures usually causes deviant
behaviors among individuals because they are not contented and even
unhappy among individuals because they are not contented and even
unhappy to the kind of social dealings they are facing.
5. Pathological social conditions – poverty, social discrimination, and destructive
violence always results to deviant behavior.

PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Neurotic/Psychoneurotic Behaviors
Neurotic/Psychoneurotic behaviors are groups of mild functional personality
disorders in which there is no gross personality disorganization, the individual does
not lose contact with reality, and hospitalization is not required.

A. Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it is

occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is
called “worry” which is usually accompanied by physiological symptoms such as
sustained muscular tension, increased blood pressure, insomnia, etc. They are
considered as the central feature of all neurotic patterns. This disorders are
characterized by mild depressions, fear and tensions, and mild stresses.

Obsessive-compulsive disorders - Obsessions usually centered on fear that one

will submit to an uncontrollable impulse to do something wrong. Compulsion on
the other hand resulted from repetitive acts (Wicks, 1974). An obsessive-
compulsive disorder is characterized by the following: When an individual is
compelled to think about something that he do not want to think about or carry
some actions against his will, and the experience of persistent thoughts that we
cannot seem to get out of our minds such as thoughts about haunting
situations.

Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic

mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains. Symptoms include
spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feel worse upon
awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness.

Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or

situation that present no actual danger to the person. Examples of Phobia:
Acrophobia - fear of high places

B. Somatoform Disorders

Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical

problem but no organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-occupied with his
state of health or diseases.

Hypochondriasis - This refers to the excessive concern about state of health

or physical condition (multiplicity about illness)

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Psychogenic Pain Disorder - It is characterized by the report of severe and

lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent reaction greatly in excess of
what would be expected from the physical abnormality.
Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) - It is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms
of some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying
organic abnormality.

C. Dissociative Disorders

A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality,

and depersonalization.

Amnesia - The partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences

following a traumatic incident. Brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and
it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication.
Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath
the level of consciousness but “forgotten material.”

Multiple Personality - It is also called “dual personalities.” The reason manifests

two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.

Depersonalization - The loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body

experience. There is a feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body
or being in a dream state. Cases of somnambulism (sleep walking) may fall under
this disorder.

D. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)

Mood disorders often referred to as affective disorders however the critical
pathology in these disorders is one of mood which is the internal state of a person,
and not of affect, the external expression of emotional content (Manual of Mental
Disorder).

Depressive Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder) – Patients with depressed

mood have a loss of energy and interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in concentrating,
loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide, they are not affected with manic
episodes.
Dysthymic Disorder – a mild form of major depressive disorder
Bipolar Disorders - those experienced by patients with both manic and
depressive episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder – a less severe form of bipolar disorder

Psychopathic Behaviors

The second group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from

immature and distorted personality development, resulting in persistent
maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They are generally called “personality
or character disorders”. These groups of disorders are composed of the following:

A. Personality Disorders

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The disorders of character, the person is characterized as a “problematic”

without psychoses. This disorder is characterized disrupted personal relationship,
dependent or passive aggressive behavior.

 Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity,

envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and
tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.
 Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form
social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The person seem to
express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”.
 Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over
sensitivity, avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is
common.
 Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity, excitability,
emotional instability and self-dramatization.
 Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an exaggerated sense
of self-importance and pre-occupation with receiving attention. The person
usually expects and demands special treatment from others and disregarding
the rights and feeling of others.
 Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by instability reflected in
drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. The person usually displays
intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive,
unpredictable, and periodically unstable.
 Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by hypersensitivity to
rejection and apprehensive alertness to any sign of social derogation. Person
is reluctant to enter into social interaction.
 Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme dependence
on other people – there is acute discomfort and even panic to be alone. The
person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
 Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by being hostile
expressed in indirect and non-violent ways. They are so called “stubborn”.
 Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by excessive concern
with rules, order, and efficiency that everyone does things their way and an
ability to express warm feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious,
and with difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
 Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by continuing violation
of the rights of others through aggressive, anti-social behavior with out
remorse or loyalty to anyone.

The Psychotic Behaviors

The Psychotic Behaviors are group of disorders involving gross structural

defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of
contact with reality.

A. Organic Mental Disorders - A diagnosis of organic mental disorder is associated

with a specific, identified organic cause, such as abnormalities of the brain
structure. These are mental disorder that occurs when the normal brain has
been damage resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.
Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function.
Its symptoms range from mild mood changes to acute delirium.
Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases,
drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its symptoms includes impairment of

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orientation (time, place and person), impairment of memory, learning,

comprehension and judgement, emotion and self-control.

Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

Delirium – the severe impairment of information processing in the brain
affecting the basic process of attention, perception, memory and thinking.
Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain
maturation. The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem
solving, and judgement.
Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going events more than a
few minutes after they have taken place.
Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false
perception that arise in full wakefulness state. This includes hallucinations on visual
and hearing or both.
Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a setting of known
or suspected brain damage.
Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or depressive state
with the impairment of the cerebral function.
Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality changes following
brain damage.
General Paresis – also called “dimentia paralytica”, a syphilitic infection o f
the brain and involving impairment of the CNS.

B. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth involving abnormal

enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can cause a variety of personality
alterations, and it may lead to any neurotic behavior and consequently psychotic
behavior.

C. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of falls, blows
and accidents causing sensory and motor disorders.
D. Senile and Presenile Dementia

E. Mental retardation
Metal retardation is a mental disorder characterized by sub-average general
functioning existing concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common
mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low I.Q.,
difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in fast learning.

F. Schizophrenia and Paranoia

Schizophrenia – refers to the group of psychotic disorders characterized by

gross distortions of realty, withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers to terms such as
“mental deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or “split mind”.
Paranoia – it is a psychosis characterized by a systemized delusional system.
A delusion is a firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in spite of strong
evidence to the contrary. It is also a psychosis characterized by delusion of
apprehension following a failure or frustration.

The Addictive Disorders

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Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism affects millions of

people. Addiction and psychological dependence on these substances create
disastrous personal and social problems (Bernstein, 1991).

The Sexual Deviations

Sexual deviations to the impairment to either the desire for sexual

gratification or in the ability to achieve it (Coleman, 1980).

Those Affecting Males

1. Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it is a sexual disorder characterized by

the inability to achieve or maintain erection for successful intercourse.
2. Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the unsatisfactory brief period of sexual
stimulation that result to the failure of the female partner to achieve
satisfaction.
3. Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability to ejaculate during intercourse –
resulting to worry between partners.

Those Affecting Women

1. Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a sexual disorder characterized by partial or

complete failure to attain the lubrication or swelling response of sexual
excitement by the female partner.
2. Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by the difficulty in
achieving orgasm
3. Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the
vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex organ.
4. Dyspareunia – it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women.
Sexual behaviors leading to Sex Crimes

As to Sexual Reversals

 Homosexuality – it is a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex. It is

also called “lesbianism/tribadism” for female relationship.
 Transvestism – refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as
a member of the opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel.
 Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts,
underwear of the opposite sex or other objects associated with the opposite
sex.

As to the Choice of Partner

 Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire

to have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.
 Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse
with animals
 Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) – it is also called “self abuse”,
sexual satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation of another.
 Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
 Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
 Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.

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As to Sexual Urge
 Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual
intercourse
 Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual
urge.

As Mode of Sexual Expression

 Oralism – it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual
satisfaction.
a. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the
act of sucking that initiates orgasm.
b. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the external
female genitalia.
c. Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner

 Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification.

Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the
infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with
animals or objects instead of human beings.
Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure.

As to Part of the Body

 Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.
 Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the
breast of licking parts of the body.
 Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another
person.
 Partailism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual
partner.

As to visual stimulus
 Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the peeping Tom”, an
achievement of sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as
peeping to dressing room, couples room, toilets, etc. and frequently the
person masturbate during the peeping activity.
 Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people undress or during
sexual intimacies.

As to Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

 Troilism – three persons participate in sex orgy such as two women versus
on man or vice versa.
 Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual
relations. It is also called “sexual festival”.

Other Sexual Abnormalities

 Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of
genitals to members of the opposite sex under inappropriate conditions.
 Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction.
 Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career with out permanency
of sexual partner or companion.

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