HUMAN BEHAVIOR and CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Behavior
– any act of person which is observable; any observable responses of a person
in his environment; manner of ones conduct

Attitude
- Position of the body, as suggesting some thought, feeling, or action; state of
mind, behavior, or conduct regarding some matter, as indicating opinion or
purpose; internal processes
- Interest towards something, likes and dislikes
- Either positive or negative
- Favorable or unfavorable
- Learned or acquired

Habits
- Reaction often repeated

Personality
- That which distinguishes and characterizes a person

Character
- The combination of qualities distinguishing any person or class of persons;
any distinctive trait or mark, or such marks or traits collectively belonging to
any person, class or race

Human Behavior
- The acts, attitudes and performances of flesh and blood individuals
accordingly to their environment; properly the subject matter of psychology

Psychology
- The science that studies behavior and mental processes

Common Sense
- Commonly health notion where truth is not dependent on judgment which is
based purely on observations, thus it lacks the organization of thoughts and
jump to conclusion immediately

Nature of individual differences

- No two people are alike
- Men differs from women – qualitative differences; and physical differences

Homer is best known as the:

- The author of iliad and odyssey who described human behavior as the
modern sense of breath or sign of life

Socrates & Plato

- Person who described human behavior as having two parts; the rational part
and the irrational part
Aristotle
- The one who described human behavior as the principle of life; quality or
essence of that distinguish the living from non-living

Simple Behavior
- Behavior that requires less number of neurons are consumed in the process
of behaving
Complex Behavior
- Combination of simple behavior

Covert Behavior
- Those that are hidden from the view of the observer

Overt Behavior
- Behavior that is observable

Voluntary Behavior
- Full volition of will-
- Intentional

Involuntary Behavior
- Bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake or asleep
- Doing something against your will
- Action made without intent or carried out despite an attempt to prevent them

Rational
- Sanity or with reasons

Irrational
- Without reason nor awareness

Conscious
- state of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on in
the environment

Unconscious – kabaliktaran sa conscious

Aspects of Behavior

Intellectual Aspect
- Way of thinking , reasoning, solving problem. Processing info and coping with
the environment

Emotional Aspect
- Feelings, moods, temper, strong motivational force within the person

Social Aspect
- People interaction or relationship with other people
Moral Aspect
- Conscience, concept on what is good or bad

Psychosexual Aspect
- Being a man or a woman and the expression of love

Political Aspect
- Ideology towards society/government

Three level of Behavior

Vegetative Behavior
- Nurturing and reproduction, mostly found in plants; in human beings, for food
and reproduction

Animal Behavior
- Movement and sensation , mostly the use of the senses and sex drives

Human/Psyche/Rational Behavior
- Values and morals, reasons and the will (purpose and freedom)

Three Faculties of man

Will
- The power of consciousness deliberate actions
- The faculty by which the rational mind makes choice of its end of action and
directs energies in carrying out its determinations

Intellect
- The faculty of power of perception or thought

Soul
- The emotional and volitional faculties in man, conceived of as forming an
entity distinct from, often existing independently of his body

Libido
- The instinctual craving of drive behind all human activities especially sexual

Thanatos
- Death wish or love of death

Approaches in the Study of Human Behavior

Neurological
- Emphasizes human action in relation to events taking place inside the body,
especially the brain and the nervous system

Behavioral
- Focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be observed and
measured
Psychoanalytical
- Emphasizes unconsciousness motives stemming from repressed sexual and
aggressive impulses in childhood

Humanistic
- Focuses on the subjects experience , freedom , of choice and motivation
toward self-actualization

Methods used in assessing human behavior

Descriptive Method
- Observing the behavior either in the natural setting of the person’s
background, e.g. home, school, church, etch. Or by making use of the
adjective check lists, e.g., skills rating (inventories and questionnaires) test
given by the guidance counsel

Medical Methods
- Making diagnosis and treatment of serious emotional or mental disorders or
disturbances

Experimental Method
- Looking at the relationship between variables by the way of laboratory work.
Specimens are required for comparison and for contrast

Statistical Method
- Making use of researches that were conducted; measures of central
tendencies, mean, median, mode tests; (the use of the Uniform Crime Report
(UCR))

Defense Mechanism (Flight, Fight and Freeze)

- They are unconscious psychological processes that serve as safety valves to
provide relief from emotional conflict and anxiety
- A form of self deception which a person may not be aware of.
- They are resorted to whenever psychological equilibrium is threatened by
severe emotional injury arising from frustration

Objective in the study of Human Behavior

1. Aims to understand others
2. To determine how and why people behave the way they do

Definition of Terms

- Human Behavior – is refers to the manner, the way in which a human reacts
to his / her environment
- Personality – deeply ingrained and relatively enduring patterns of thought
feeling and behavior. Personality usually refers to that which is unique about a
person, the characteristics that distinguish him or her from other people
- Criminal behavior – is intentional behavior that violates a criminal code;
intentional in that did not occurs accidentally or under duress
 - Deviant behavior – a behavior that deviates from the norms and standards of
the society. It is not criminal behavior but it has the tendency to become
abnormal behavior, it will become criminals when it violates the provision of
the criminal law
- Criminal Psychology – a branch of psychology that deals with the study of
behavior and mental processes of the criminal
- Criminal sociology – studies about the criminal and to its relation to the
social structure or organization of society as well the process on how the
criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and non-criminal

DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

Heredity/ Biological Factors (nature) – are those that explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to
another

Environmental Factors (nurture) – refers to anything around the person that

influences his actions

PATHOGENIC FAMILY STRUCTURE

1. Inadequate Family – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary

problems of family living and lacks the resources, physical/psychological
demands of family satisfaction
2. Anti-social Family – unacceptable values as a result of the influence of
parents to their children.
3. Discordant / disturbed family – characterized by non satisfaction of one or
both parents from the relationship that may express feeling or frustration
4. Disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of
death, divorce, separation or some other circumstance

Psychology on human adjustment

- Most of mans behavior can be traced to his attempts to satisfy his needs. All
of us have certain fundamental needs that we seek to satisfy. These needs
create tensions in the human body. When we are able to satisfy our needs,
the tension disappears, adjustment has been made.
-
- Adjustment - is defined as the satisfaction of a need

What is normal behavior?

- Normal behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) is the standard behavior, the
totally accepted behavior because they follow the standard norm of the
society

Characteristics of a normal person (most common)

- Efficient perception of reality
- Self knowledge
- Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
- Self-esteem and acceptance
 - Productivity
- Ability to form affectionate relationship with others

What is abnormal behavior?

- Abnormal behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) is a group of
behaviors that are deviant from social expectation because they go against
the norms or standard behavior of society

Indication of and Abnormal Behavior

1. Deviation from statistical norm – many population facts are measured
such as height, weight, and intelligence and some do not adhere to statistical
norm. a person who is extremely intelligent would be classified as abnormal.
2. Deviation from social norms – behavior that deviates from that standard is
considered to be abnormal behavior. But those standards can change with the
time and vary from one society to another
3. Maladaptiveness of behavior – third criterion is how the behavior affects the
well-being of the individual and /or social group kana bitawng na sobraan
wala control sa kaugalingon , ge bulagan lang gani og uyab mag bigti na
dayun kanang ing ana ba
Examples : a man who attempts to suicide, an alcoholic who drinks so
heavily that he or she cannot keep

The legal definition of abnormality declares a person insane when he or she is

not able to judge between right and wrong

Description of Human Behavior

1. Human behavior is motivated. Motivation – driving force behind all action
of an organism
2. Human behavior has multiple causes. – influence usually by culture
3. Every person is different yet the same. Individual is a unique person
4. People play and integral part in creating their experience
5. Human lives are continuous process of change
6. Human behavior can be adaptive and maladaptive
 Human are social beings
 Any person depend upon each other for survival
 People need interaction

THEORETICAL APPROACHES ABOUT THE FACTORS THAT CAUSE ,

MAINTAIN , ALTER BEHAVIOR , AND MENTAL PROCESS:

1. Psychodynamic Approach – is based on the belief that childhood

experiences greatly influence the development of late personality traits
and psychological problems. It also stresses the influence of unconscious
fears, desires and motivations on thoughts and behavior.
2. Humanistic Approach – emphasizes that each individual has great freedom
in directing his/her future, a large capacity for personal growth, a
considerable amount of intrinsic worth & enormous potential for self-
fulfillment.
 3. Behavioral approach (reinforcement) – studies how organism learn new
behavior or modify existing one , depending on whether events in their
environment reward of punish these behavior.
4. Cognitive approach - examines how we process , store , and use
information, and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive,
learn, remember believe and feel.
5. Biological approach – focuses on how genes, hormones, and nervous
system interact with the environment to influence learning, personality,
memory, motivation, emotion, at coping techniques

HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS EXPLAINS MOTIVATION TO HUMAN

BEHAVIOR

1. Physiological needs – needs such as air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep,
activity, and temperature maintenance are crucial for survival
2. Safety and security needs – the need for safety has both physical and
psychological aspects. The person needs to feel safe both in the physical
environment and in relationship
3. Love and belonging needs – the third level needs includes giving and
receiving affection, attaining a place in group and maintaining the feeling of
belonging
4. Self-esteem needs – the individual needs both self-esteem (ex.feeling of
independence , competence, and self respect) and esteem from others (ex.
respect, recognition and appreciation.) esteem  pag papahalaga sa
tagalog
5. Self-actualization – when the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual
strives for self-actualization, the innate need to develop one’s maximum
potential and realize one’s abilities and qualities

Human needs cannot always be satisfied. Obstacles and difficulties

sometimes stand in the way between the individual and his goal. These
obstacles may lie in the individual himself.

Psychoanalytic theory
- This theory explained that human behavior is motivated by the inner force
called the human mind. Crime is cause by either weak conscience or
overbearing conscience
- Freud’s theory describes a conflict between a person’s instinctual needs for
gratification
- This theory proposes that conflicts among unconscious motivating factors
affect behavior

ID – operates on pleasure principle, does not care about morals, society and other
individuals , start from birth
2 types of Instinctual Drive
- Constructive Drives – are usually sexual in nature. Freud used term sex in
broader context, thus sex includes those things that give pleasure
- Instinctual drive – is destructive. This refers to things such as aggression,
destruction, and death
Ego – is the one that relates to the world or reality to satisfy the demands of the ID. It
uses problem solving based on how it judges reality. It controls the demands of &
mediates between the ID and Super Ego.
Begins in the first 6 to 8 months of life and fairly well developed at age 2 or 3 years
Servers to control and guide actions of an individual

Super Ego – is our conscience , a residue of internalized values & moral training of
early childhood. It rewards the moral behavior and punishes actions that are not
acceptable by creating guild
- Develops around the age of 3- 4 or 4- 5 and fairly well developed at 10 years

Freud believed these three pieces of the mind are in constant conflict, as the
primary goal is different for each piece. Sometimes, when the conflict is too
much for a person to handle, his or her ego may engage in one or many
defense mechanism to protect the individual

DEFENSE MECHANISM
- Repression – unconscious mechanism in which the ego pushes disturbing or
threatening thoughts out of consciousness. Involves intentional forgetting
- Denial – the ego blocks upsetting or overwhelming experiences from
awareness, causing the individual to refuse to acknowledge or believe what is
happening
- Projection (scape goating) – the ego’s attempt to solve discomfort by
attributing the individual’s unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to
another person (blaming).
- Displacement – a mechanism by which the individual can satisfy an impulse
by acting on a substitute object or person in a socially unacceptable way. (
e.g., ge kasab an ka sa imung mama dayun imung napang himungtan
kay ang inyong iring imung ge sipa ing ana ba)
- Regression – a defense mechanism in which the individual moves backward
in development in order to cope with stress (example: naglangi murag bata )
- Sublimation – similar to displacement , this defense mechanism involves
satisfying an impulse by acting on a substitute, but in a socially acceptable
way (example: ge bulagan ga sa imung uyab na frustrate ka pero imung ge
buhat ni simba ka or nagpa rebond ba kaha. Positive gihapon ba)

Freud stages of psychosexual development

Oral 0-18 months

- The infants pleasure is believed to center around gratification from using his
mouth for sucking and satisfying hunger. Feeling and activities are focused on
& expressed by the mouth and are orally dominated. Weaning a child can
lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Fixation can lead to oral activities in
adulthood
Anal 18mos. To 3 years
- Begins w/the attainment neuromuscular control of the anal sphincter
- Toilet training is the crucial issue for the toddler. Fixation can lead to anal
retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood
Phallic 3 to 6 years old
- Increased curiosity re: the genitals, questioning and self-stimulation or
masturbation. Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals. Sexual attraction for
opposite sex
- Boys cope with incestuous feelings toward their mother and rival feelings
toward their father (Oedipus complex)
- For girls it is called electra complex
- Child identifies with and tries to mimic the same sex parent to learn gender
indentity

Latent (latency) 6-12 years old

- The child realizes that desires directed to the parent of opposite sex are not
feasible, and become occupied with peers, refining roles and relationships.
Sexuality is repressed (latent means “hidden”). Children participate in hobbies
, school, and same sex friendships that strengthen their sexual identity

Genital 12-20 years adult sexuality

- Develops awareness of body and sexual part
- Incestuous sexual feeling re-emerge but being prohibited by the super ego
are redirected toward others who resemble the person’s opposite sex parent
- Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy
tied up in earlier stages

CAUSES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

- The primary cause – the main reason of the existence of the disorder
- The predisposing cause – a condition that comes before and paves the way
for a possible later occurrence of disorder under certain condition
- The precipitating cause – a condition that proves too much for the individual
and triggers the disorder
- The reinforcing cause – a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive
behavior that is already occurring

Stress – refers to the negative emotional experiences associated behavioral ,

biochemical, and psychological changes that are related to perceived acute or
chronic challenges
Form of stress
1. Acute stress – is the most common form of stress. It comes from demands
and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of
the near future. Acute stress is thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too
much is exhausting
2. Episodic acute stress – these are those who suffer acute stress frequently,
whose lives are so disordered. They take on too much, have too many irons in
the fire, and cant organized the slew of self inflicted demands and pressures.
3. Chronic stress – chronic stress destroys bodies , minds , and lives. It’s the
stress of poverty , of dysfunctional families , of being trapped in unhappy
marriage or in a despised job or career

ADJUSTMENT DISORDER
 - Is a group of symptoms, such as stress, feelings sad or hopeless, and
physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event.
The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping. Your
reaction is stronger than expected for the type of event that occurred.

Neurosis
- A relatively mild mental illness that is involving symptoms of stress
(depression, anxiety, obsessive, behavior, hypochondria) but not a radical
loss of touch with reality

Common Neuroses

Neurasthenia – manifest fatigue and nervousness and sometimes pain

characterized by lassitude, headache, and irritability, associated chiefly with
emotional disturbance.

Anxiety – a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent

event or something with an uncertain outcome

Phobia – exaggerated fear of things that normal people fear only in some degree

Panic Disorder – in panic disorder, a person suffers from brief attacks of intense
terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness,
difficulty breathing

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – a type of anxiety disorder primarily

characterized by repetitive obsession and compulsion to perform specific acts or
rituals

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder – an anxiety disorder which result from a traumatic

experience. Common symptoms include hyper vigilance, flashbacks, avoidant
behaviors, anxiety, anger and depression

Separation Anxiety Disorder – is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels

of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. It is only when this feeling is
excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder

Body Dysmorphic Disorder - is a mental disorder in which you can’t stop thinking
about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance – a flaw that, to
others, is either minor or not observable. But you may feel so ashamed and anxious
that you may avoid many social situations

Somatoform Disorder – complains of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence

of physical problem but no organic basis can be found

Forms of Somatoform Disorder

 - Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about state of health or physical
condition (multiplicity about illness)
- Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized by the report of severe and
lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is greatly in
excess of what would be expected from the physical abnormality
- Conversion disorder – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some
physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic
abnormality
- Briquets Syndrome – factitious disorder by proxy symptoms are voluntary
induced by the patients, presumably in an effort to receive attention and care
- Munchausen Syndrome – is an extreme form of disorder in which the person
deliberately simulates the symptoms of a disease by faking a symptoms and
even manipulating the result of the test
- Malingering – the person reports the symptoms in order to achieve some
specific goal, i.e., insurance

Sexual Deviation
- A type of mental disorder characterized by a preference for or obsession with
unusual sexual practices
Forms of Sexual Deviation
- Exhibitionism – a mental condition characterized by the compulsion to
display one’s genital in public
- Fetishism – is sexual attraction to objects, situation, or body parts not
traditionally viewed as sexual.
- Paraphilia – a condition characterized by abnormal sexual desires, typically
involving extreme or dangerous activities
- Pedophilia – sexual feelings directed toward children
- Sadism – the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification,
form inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others
- Masochism – the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification,
from one’s own pair or humiliation.
- Sadomasochism – is the giving or receiving of pleasure, sometimes sexual,
from own acts involving the infliction or reception of pain or humiliation
- Transvestism (transvestitism) – is the practice of dressing and acting in a
style or manner traditionally associated with another gender
- Voyeurism – watching others while naked or having sex, generally without
their knowledge. Also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia . RA 9995
ANTI-PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT OF 2009
- Zoophilia – is a paraphilia involving cross-special sexual activity between
human and non human animals or a fixation on such practice
- Erotomania – a morbid propensity to love or make love; uncontrollable sexual
desire by members or either sex
- Incest – sexual intercourse with relatives

Mental Disturbances
1. Mental Deficiency – this is a condition of arrested or incomplete development
of the mind existing before the age of eighteen arising from inherited causes
or induced by disease or injury
CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY
 - IDIOT – persons with mental defect to a degree that they are unable to guard
themselves against common physical dangers, their mentality is compared to
a 2 year old child . IQ is 0-25
- IMBECILES – persons whose state of mind is similar of a child 3 to 7 years
old. It does not amount to idiocy but is incapable of managing themselves or
their affairs. IQ is 26-50
- Feeble – minded – persons whose state of mind manifest cases where there
exist mental defectiveness that do not amount to imbecility. Person in this
state requires care, supervision, and control for their own or from others.
IQ is 51-70
- Morally Defective – persons with strong vicious or criminal propensities. In
the case of children, they appear to be permanently incapable of receiving
benefits from proper instruction in ordinary schools

Psychosis
- A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that
contact is lost with external reality. It is an abnormal condition of the mind
described as involving a “loss of contact with reality”

Common Psychosis
- Hallucination – a sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli.
Hallucinations are different from illusions, or perceptual distortions, which are
the misperception for external stimuli
- Delusion – are false beliefs that a person holds on to, without adequate
evidence. It can be difficult to change the belief, even with evidence to the
contrary
- Schizophrenia – is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social
behavior and failure to understand reality. Common symptoms include false
beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing voices

What is Narcissistic Personality?

- People with narcissistic personality disorder have a grandiose sense of self
importance. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about
unlimited success or power. They believe they are special, unique, or superior
to others

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

CRISIS – comes from the greek word “krisis” which means to separate an unstable
or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending; a situation
that has reached critical phase.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT – consist of skills and techniques required to assess,

understand, and cope with any serious situation, especially from the moment it first
occurs to the point that recovery procedures start.

What are the Objectives of the Crisis Management?

 1. Resolve without further incident
2. Safety of all participants
3. Apprehension of all perpetrators
4. Accomplish the task within the framework of current community standards

DEMAND TYPOLOGIES
1. Instrumental Demand and characteristics best described as “objective”,
e.g., money, transportation, food, liquor and drugs.
2. Expressive Demand characteristics best described as “subjective”, e.g.,
perpetrator wants to talk to family member, perpetrator want to make a
statement to the media regarding delusional beliefs.
3. Substantive demands occurs when victims are threatened to obtain
concessions from a third party, the demands may be instrumental or
expressive.
4. Non-substantive demands are not made, or , if they are, they are trivial and
not related to the reasons the victims are threatened.

THE 4P CRISIS MANAGEMENT MODEL (4 STAGES)

1. Prediction – this stage involves foretelling of the likelihood of crises occurring
either natural or man-made through the continuous assessment of all possible
threats and threat groups as well as the analysis of developing or reported
events and incidents
2. Prevention – involves the institution of passive and active security measures,
as well as the remedy or solution of destabilizing factors and security flaws
leading to such crisis/ emergencies.
3. Preparation – entails planning, organizing, training and stock piling of
equipment’s and supplies needed for such crises / emergencies.
4. Performances- which is the actual execution or implementation of any
contingency plan when a crisis situation occurs despite the pro-active
measures.

PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

- Proactive phase – designed to predict or prevent the probability of
occurrence of crises at the same time prepares to handle them when they
occur. It encompasses the first 3p’s of the 4p’s crisis management model:
prediction, prevention and preparation
- Reactive phase – this phase covers the last of the 4 p’s, performance of
crisis management model. The objectives in this stage are:
- A.to ensure a high probability of success in neutralizing the perpetrators
- B.to minimize , or cushion the adverse effects of the crisis incident
- C.to ensure a smooth and speedy rehabilitation or return to normalcy

NEGOTIATOR OBJECTIVES AND TACTICS

- Prolong the situation ensure the safety of the hostages keep things calm
- Foster the growth of relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker and
between hostage-taker and hostages
- Making and not making a deal

CRISIS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

LOCATE ISOLATE  EVALUATE  EVACUATE ELIMINATE

FIVE CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKERS

1. Person in Crisis – are people who take hostages during a period of
prolonged frustration, despair and problem
2. Psychotics – are mentally-ill people who take hostage during a period of
psychiatric disturbance.
3. Common Criminals – are people who take hostages for personal, rather than
ideological, reasons.
4. Prisoners – are people who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and
discontent their living condition in prison
5. Political Terrorist – are ideologically-inspired individuals or groups of people
who take hostages because of political and ideological beliefs.

REASON WHY COMMON CRIMINALS TAKE HOSTAGES

1. ESCAPE
2. MONEY
3. TANSPORTATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGOTIABLE INCIDENTS

1. There has to be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker
2. There has to be a threat of force on the part of the authorities
3. There must be demands by the hostage takers

CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM

1. FIELD COMMANDER
2. TACTICAL OFFICER
3. NEGOTIATOR
4. TRAFFIC/PATROL SUPERVISOR
5. INTELLIGENCE/ COMMUNICATION OFFICER

NEGOTIATING TEAM
1. PRIMARY NEGOTIATOR (communicates negotiates)
2. SECONDARY NEGOTIATOR (documents, coordinates info)
3. TERTIARY NEGOTIATOR (carries out task)
4. INTELLIGENCE OFFICER
5. POLICE PSYCHOLOGIST

NEGOTIATING STEPS: (PNP RULES OF ENGAGEMENT)

1. There shall be an organized Crisis Management Task Group in every
Region/Province/ Municipality trained and ready for deployment anytime.
2. There shall be only one ground commander in the area
3. The incident area shall be cordoned
4. Negotiators shall be designated and no one shall be allowed to talk to the
suspects without clearance from the negotiating panel/ ground commander
5. Any assault must be well planned and assaulting teams alerted for
deployment in case the negotiation fails
6. An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at the
incident area
 7. Proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to unify
efforts is solving the crisis

RULE 22 OF THE POLICE OPERATING PROCEDURES

Section 9 of the rule outlines the procedures for hostage negotiation

1. Stabilize and contain the situation

2. Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker
3. Take time when negotiating
4. Allow the hostage-taker to speak
5. Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the
negotiations
6. Avoid directing frequent attention to the victims when talking to the hostage
taker.
7. Do not call them hostages. Be as honest as possible, avoid tricks and be
sincere
8. Never dismiss any request from the hostage taker as trivial or unimportant
9. Never say “NO”
10. Soften the demands
11. Never set a deadline; try not to accept a deadline
12. Do not make alternate suggestion not agreed upon in the negotiations
13. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation
process unless their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the
crisis, and provide they shall be properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of
hostage negotiations
14. Do not allow any exchange of hostages unless extremely necessary; in
particular do not exchange a negotiator for a hostage
15. Avoid negotiating face to face
16. Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to
participate in hostage negotiations