COMPARATIVE COMMUNITY POLICING

(A Comparative Study of Police System Throughout the world)

Prepared By:
Mr. KIER GABRIEL E. TAMPOS
RCrim, BS.Crim, BS.Ed.(u),MA.Ed, MS.Crim, CSP, CST, CSMS, CII, CBIDA
POLICE INSTRUCTOR II, PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE (PPSC)
NATIONAL POLICE TRAINING INSTITUTE (NPTI)
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP)

What is Comparative Police System

 Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover
insights in the field of international policing.
 Seeming to be something when compared with other law enforcement structure
 Involving the act of looking at the ways that system are alike or different.

What is POLICE?
A civil body of authority which is task to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, protect lives and property
and ensure public safety with the active support of the community.

There are Three Styles of Policing

 Legalistic: an emphasis on violations of law, and the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes.
 Watchman: an emphasis on informal means of resolving disputes.
 Service: an emphasis on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing the law.

Comparison
Theories and Practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under diverse circumstances.
The goal is to test whether the theory and practices in policing needs innovation to meet the demands of the
present trends in crime fighting.

Comparing policing system by means of:

 Safari – researcher visits another country.
 Collaborative – researcher communicates with foreign researcher

Globalization-It is the growing interpenetration of states, markets, communications and ideas.A leading characteristic
of the contemporary world.Brought on remarkable opportunities and security concerns for states and its peoples.
One of these security issues is the emergence of transnational organized crime that are complex, interconnected,
multidimensional, and non-military in nature.

Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement

 The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
 There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organizations in the world is vital.
 Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare them as
cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber crimes.
 Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
 Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theories of crime

TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS
Recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons WITH OR WITHOUT THE
VICTIM’S CONSENT OR KNOWLEDGE, within or across national borders by any means for the PURPOSE
OF EXPLOITATION (e.g. prostitution, forced labor, slavery, servitude, removal or sale of organs)

SMUGGLING OF HUMAN ORGANS - RA 9208 as amended by RA. 10364

The illegal procurements and/or sale of human organs per se.

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Famine
Poverty
Unemployment
Uneven economic development
Break down of the society
Family orientation & values
Police oppression
Poor enforcement of laws
Corruption
Online updates
Immediate benefits of working abroad

Environmental Crime
the deliberate evasion of environmental laws and regulations by individuals and companies in the pursuit of personal
and financial benefit.
The most common types are: Biodiversity, natural resources-related crime, such as illegal fishing and illegal logging,
trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes, toxic substances, and recyclable materials and illegal dumping of oil
and other wastes in oceans;

Economic Crime
Economic crimes or referred to as “commercial crimes” or “white collar” crimes are illegal acts that are characterized
by fraud, concealment, or a violation of trust and are not dependent upon the application of threat, physical force or
violence.
It is perpetuated in creative manners which can be classified among, but not limited to wit:
 Asset Misappropriation
 Financial Misrepresentation
 False Pretences
 Corruption and Bribery (racketeering and extortion)
 Money Laundering
 Counterfeiting (product piracy and industrial espionage)

Cybercrime- is also referred to as computer crimes, which are characterized by hacking or unauthorized access to
computer systems or networks, or forcibly taking over a computer network to destroy the system or data, modify data
and programs, and stealing information that can cause disruption to the network for personal gain or political reasons.

CYBERLAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

R.A. No. 9995- Anti- Photo and Voyeurism act as of 2009.
R..A.No. 9775-Anti-Child Pornography act as of 2009.
R.A.No. 8792 or the E-commerce Law was signed into law which punishes certain crimes such as computer
hacking and intrusion of viruses and worms to computer networks.
R.A. No. 8484 or the Access Device Regulation Act was also singed into law to punish crimes related to credit
card fraud.
R.A. No. 10175 - AN ACT DEFINING CYBERCRIME, PROVIDING FOR THE PREVENTION,
INVESTIGATION, SUPPRESSION AND THE IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

WHAT IS PIRACY?
Piracy is typically an act of robbery or criminalviolence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land,
in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore.
It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator
(e.g. one passenger stealing from others on the same vessel).
PD 532 – ANTI PIRACY LAW
Piracy tends to be concentrated in areas of heavy commercial maritime activity or in regions with little or no
maritime law enforcement capacity. Today’s pirates are usually well organized and well equipped with
advanced communications, weapons, and high-speed craft. The capabilities to board and commandeer large
underway vessels – demonstrated in numerous piracy incidents – could also be employed to facilitate terrorist
acts.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT

the act of any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of persons nor force
upon things, shall take personal property, including intellectual property rights, of another without the latter’s
consent.
Intellectual property theft includes pirating, copyright infringement, counterfeiting, license Infringement, and
corporate espionage.

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

 RA 8293 - Jun 6, 1997 - This Act shall be known as the "Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines."

Intellectual property (IP) is a legal concept which refers to creations of the mind for which exclusive rights
are recognized.
Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets,
such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and
designs.
Common types of intellectual property rights include copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights,
trade dress, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets.

CULTURAL PROPERTY THEFT

Cultural properties include among others, antiques, relics, artifacts and historical/ archeological/
anthropological sites
The National Museum spearheads the campaign against smuggling of cultural properties together with the
National Historical Institute

Illegal Trafficking of Small Arms

Small arms are easy to buy, easy to use, and easy to conceal or transport. Since they require little maintenance, they can
last for decades
Small arms, but ‘BIG’ problems. They are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in terms of casualties even
in times of peace, - especially during election in the country.

Money Laundering - RA. 9160 - RA. 9194

Money laundering is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity are transacted making them appear to have
originated from legitimate sources.
Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the link between money laundering and terrorism has become more
pronounced as international authorities focus their energy and expertise on a world-wide effort to combat terrorist
financing.

THREE STEPS TO MONEY LAUNDERING

 Placement, Layering, Integration (PLI)

PLACEMENT
Process of moving money from the location of the criminal activity
Getting currency into the bank, around the reporting system, at home or abroad.
“Smurfing”

LAYERING- Involves the frequent series of money transfers and transactions used to “cover the tracks” of the illegal
funds.

INTEGRATION
When the money is returned to the regular economy through purchase of investment.
The launderer then makes the proceeds available to the criminals in a apparently legitimate form.

TERRORISM
The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property
to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any segment thereof,
in furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997)

TWO GENERAL TYPES OF TERRORISM

 Domestic terrorism ex. Philippine setting: MNLF, MILF, ASG, BIFF, MAUTE GROUP etc.
 International terrorism ex. HEZBOLLAH
ISIS-Global Jihadist
AL QAEDA-Sunni Jihadist, recognized as transnational terrorist group.

DOMESTIC AND/OR NATIONAL TERRORISM- Involves persons or groups committing a terrorist act/s in their
own country.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM- Involves citizens or the territory of more than one country.
Vulnerability of the Philippines to Transnational Organized Crime
 As a developing country with scarce resources at its command, the Philippines has become a haven for certain
transnational organized crime:
 First, it’s very porous borders and coastlines provide ideal entry and exit points for terrorists and criminals
smuggling contrabands.

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

  Second, the country’s socio-economic condition further makes the country susceptible to certain TOC activities.
 Third, the internal conflicts provide a fertile ground for the profusion of small arms that raises the levels of
political and personal violence
 Fourth, there is the problem of the absence or ineffectiveness of laws against TOC.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION-INTERPOL

 International Criminal Police Organization
 An international organization of police forces from about 179 countries.
 Members of INTERPOL exchange information about international criminals and corporate in fighting
transitional crimes such as counterfeiting, smuggling, illegal buying and selling o f weapons.
 the world’s largest international police organization.
 Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946.
 facilitates cross-border police cooperation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services
whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.

OICP means– organization internationale de police criminelle

ICPO means – international Criminal Police Organization

The current emblem of Interpol was adopted in 1950 and has the following symbolism:
• the globe indicates worldwide activity
• the olive branches represent peace
• the sword represents police action
• the scales signify justice
on 3 April 1992, fifteen months into its reconstitution, the PNP began sending its international contingent to peace
support operations and humanitarian relief missions in conflict areas around the world. Although most of these
endeavors were United Nations-launched, there were some deployments made under the "lead-nation" concept or as an
initiative of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines.
• UN Peace Support Operations requiring UN Civilian Police services may be armed or unarmed peacekeeping,
peace-building, or specialized efforts.
• The PNP's international deployments are:
CAMBODIA: 1992-93
♦United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
• HAITI: 1994-95; 2004–present
♦Operation Uphold Democracy in Haïti - International Police Monitors component
♦UN Mission in Haïti (UNMIH)
♦la Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti/
UN Stabilization Mission in Haïti (MINUSTAH)
• EAST TIMOR: 1999-2002
♦UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET)
♦UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)
• TIMOR-LESTE: 2002–present
♦UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET)
♦UN Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL)
♦UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
• KOSOVO: 1999-2009
♦UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
• IRAQ: 2003-04
♦Philippine Humanitarian Contingent in Iraq (PHCI)
• LIBERIA: 2004–present
♦UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
• AFGHANISTAN: 2004–09
♦UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)
• THE SUDAN (Southern): 2005–present
♦UN Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
• CÔTE D'IVOIRE: 2005-07
♦l'Opération des Nations Unies en Côte d'Ivoire/
UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI)

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

 • NEPAL: 2007-08
♦UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN)
• GEORGIA: 2007–09
♦UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
• LEBANON: 2008
♦UN Independent International Investigation Commission in Lebanon (UNIIIC)
• THE SUDAN (Western): 2008–present
♦UN-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).
• Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent is Police Director Rodolfo A Tor, who became the first Filipino
police commissioner of a UN operation. In 2006, he was tasked to head the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-
Leste, one of the largest civilian police operations established by the UN. The PNP Contingent's first female
member was noncommissioned Senior Police Officer 2 Ester AMardicas (deployed to East Timor in August
1999), while its first female police commissioned officer was Police Inspector Aurisa I Mitra (deployed to
Kosovo in July 2000).
• The PNP Contingent has no fatalities in the line of fire. The 1993 deaths of Senior Police Officers 4 Winston
Zerrudo and Edilberto Evangelista, both UNTAC Police, were due to non-hostile causes.
• As of 30 June 2010, the PNP Contingent has sent 1,600-plus police officers to UN and other international
peace support operations and humanitarian relief missions. (Several police officers have been deployed more
than once in their careers.) It has delivered an estimated minimum of 3.5 million (wo)man-hours in the mission
areas.
• The PNP Contingent awaits the deployment of the Philippine Formed Police Unit, or FPU, of which creation
was approved by the National Police Commission in 2006.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 62. The Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC)
 INTERPOL Manila, is the national law enforcement agency which carries investigations beyond the borders of
the Philippines. Its priority crime areas include:
 Illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;
 Money laundering;
 Terrorism;
 Arms smuggling;
 Trafficking in persons;
 Piracy;
 Any crime which impacts the stability and security of the Philippines.

INTERPOL’s Four Core Functions

 Secure Global Police Communications Services
 Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
 Operational Police Support Services
 Training and Development

Secure Global Police Communications Services Worldwide:

INTERPOL subsequently designed and implemented a state of-the-art global communications system for the
law enforcement community, called “I-24/7”. “I” stands for INTERPOL; 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

I-24/7- network that enables investigators to access INTERPOL's range of criminal databases.

INTERPOL’S NOTICE SYSTEM AS FOLLOWS:

Red Notice- To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition.

RED NOTICES DETAILS

 BUKCHULUUN, SOLONGO
 Wanted by the judicial authorities of Philippines for prosecution / to serve a sentence
 Identity particulars
 Present family name :BUKCHULUUN
 Forename :SOLONGO
 Sex :Female
 Date of birth :13/11/1965 (47 years old)
 Place of birth :Mongolia
 Language spoken :Nationality :Mongolia
 Charges Published as provided by requesting entity

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

  Charges :Abuse of Children
 If you have any information please contact your national or local police

Blue Notice- To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in relation to a crime.
Green Notice- To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences
and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.
Yellow Notice- To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify
themselves.
Black Notice- To seek information on unidentified bodies.
Orange Notice- To warn police, public entities and other international organizations about potential threats from
disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous materials.
INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice
Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
Purple Notice- To provide information on modi operandi, procedures, objects, devices and concealment methods used
by criminals.

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE USED BY THE

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)
 Spanish S
 Arabic A
 French F
 English E

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE USED BY THE UNITED NATION (UN)

 Chinese C
 Arabic A
 French F
 English E
 Russian R
 Spanish S

ASEANAPOL - After 24 years, it has grown from 5 police chiefs to a solid force of the ASEAN TEN , signaling the
emergence of a regional alliance that is determined to secure not only our own individual sovereignties but also the
peace and progress of our community.

ASEANAPOL MEMBERS COUNTRIES:

 INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, THAILAND (IMPST)

Goals and Objectives of ASEANAPOL:

 Enhancing police professionalism
 Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work
 Promoting lasting friendship amongst the police officers of ASEAN countries

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

The world's oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in
over 89 different countries. IACP's leadership consists of the operating chief executives of international, federal, state
and local agencies of all sizes.

WHAT IS THE BASIS OF POLICE SYSTEMS

 Continental Policing – traditional in nature as is it based its crime control efficiency to the number of arrests
and people being put to jail for punishment.
 Modern System – uses measurement of crime control efficiency and effectiveness based on the absence of
crime or low crime rate.

MODEL POLICE SYSTEMS

 SWITZERLAND POLICE, JAPAN POLICE, IRELAND POLICE, EGYPT POLICE (SJIE)

SWITZERLAND POLICING SYSTEM

For many years, travel brochures used to mark “ There is no crime in Switzerland”. Criminologists were
puzzled and attributed it to either the high rate of firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system. It turn out
that they were not reporting all their crime rates. However, it was true that that their crime rate was low.
Features:
Management of underclass populations

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

 Effective use of an “iron fist, velvet globe” approach to offenders. Ex: A criminal’s personal
circumstances is analyze and long term treatment plan is put into effect.

SWITZERLAND POLICE FORCE

Law Enforcement is a responsibility of the 26 cantons of Switzerland- who each operate cantonal police
agencies.
The federal government does not run a general purpose law enforcement agency.
National level is provided by a board of cantonal police commanders.

JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

Their crime rates are not necessarily low, but stable.
Features:
 Community policing
 Patriarchal family system
 Importance of higher education
 Businesses serve as surrogate families
 “Shame-based” rather that “guilt-based” attitude

JAPAN POLICE FORCE

National Public Safety Commission – supervises National Police Agency and has the authority to appoint or
dismiss police officer. 1 chairman and 5 commissioner.
National Police Agency – central coordinating body for the entire police system and commands prefectural
police forces. Agency head is a Commissioner General appointed by the NPSPC and approved by the Prime
Minister.
Central office_ secretariat, general operations, planning, information, finance, management and procurement
and five bureaus;
 Police administration bureau
 Criminal investigation
 Traffic bureau
 Security bureau
 Regional public safety bureau – 7 bureaus each responsible for the prefectures. Each headed by a Director and
located in major cities. Tokyo Metropolitan police and Hokkaido Police are excluded.
 Koban system – substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas.

IRELAND POLICING SYSTEM

Low Crime Rate despite of serious unemployment problem, large urban ghettos and a crisis with religious
terrorism
Features:
 Sense of hope and confidence among people
 High degree of confidence in authorities and felt that they had a high degree of popular participation in crime
control

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime

The Philippines is signatory to UNCTOC which entered into force on 29 September, 2003. The Convention represents
a major step forward in the fight against TOC and signifies the recognition by Member States of the seriousness of the
problems posed by it, as well as the need to foster and enhance close international cooperation in order to tackle those
problems.

POLICE FORCES IN OTHER COUNTRIES (UNITED STATES POLICE)

There are about 40,000 separate police agencies in US that operate under city, county, state or federal
governments.
Police officers are often called COPS

Four Types of Police Force in US

 City Police
enforce law within their own city. NYPD is the largest with 29,0000 police officers.
Mayor appoints the head of the police department.
This official may have the title of chief, commissioner, director

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.

  County Police
powers of a county police force extend throughout the country. In some states, however, these powers
are restricted in towns and cities that have their own force.
 State Police
every state Hawaii, has either a state police force or state highway patrol force. Both types of agencies
are headed by a commissioner or superintendent appointed by the state governor.
State police are called TROOPERS because they were originally organized along military lines and
often rode horses.
 Private Police Agencies
licensed by federal state government to perform limited police works. Provide services to companies.

CHINA POLICE
 A national Police force called the People’s Police is directed locally by provincial public security bureaus.
These bureaus function under the Ministry of Public Security, an agency of the national government.
 Chinese Triad- A secret Chinese criminal organization. Also recognized as Chinese Trinity.
CANADA POLICE
ROYAL CANADIAN POLICE FORCE
 Enforce federal laws throughout Canada. Provide services to 175 cities.
 Members are traditionally called as MOUNTIES.
AUSTRALIAN POLICE
EACH OF THE STATE AND TWO MAINTAINED TERRITORIES IN Australia has a police force.
Has a National Police Force - Commonwealth Police Force.
LONDON POLICE
Metropolitan Police Service (Scotland Yard) – territorial police force responsible for policing Greater London,
excluding the square mile of the City of London, which is the Responsibility of City of London Police. –
protects royal family and senior figures.
FRANCE POLICE
SURETE NATIONALE
 National law enforcement agency.
 Part of the Ministry of the Interior.
JAPAN
 0% crime rate-crime does not even disseminate to the proper authority.
 Yakuza-an organized crime syndicate in Japan
RUSSIAN POLICE
The Ministry of Internal Affairs is in charge of providing general police services.
provides border guards and investigates activities considered a threat to the security of the national government.
EGYPT POLICE
 Also with little or no crime. The population of 23,000 consist of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient
greeks and it is said that Plato himself fashioned his model of perfect government.
Features:
 Conflicts are resolved by tribal council

Prepared By:
Mr. KIER GABRIEL E. TAMPOS
RCrim, BS.Crim, BS.Ed.(u),MA.Ed, MS.Crim, CSP, CST, CSMS, CII, CBIDA
POLICE INSTRUCTOR II, PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE (PPSC)
NATIONAL POLICE TRAINING INSTITUTE (NPTI)
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP)

RANK ONE REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER CO.