COMPARATIVE

POLICE SYSTEM
 Compiled by;

Ms. MARICON C. PABLO

COMPARATIVE
using or introducing
comparison
POLICE
a department of government
responsible for the preservation of
public order, detection of crime and
enforcement of law.

 The act or process of putting and keep in in

order.
SYSTEM
an orderly,interconnected,
complex arrangement of parts.

A method of organization,
administration or procedure.
 COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
theories and practices in law enforcement have been
compared in several studies under diverse circumstances, the
goal is to test whether the theory and practice policing needs
innovation to meet the demands of the present trends in
crime fighting.
 As we compare our own police system with other models we
would be able to gain insights into how to deal with
transnational crime or borderless crimes. Besides, best
practices may be adopted from other police models in order to
make policing in the Philippines more current and effective.
2 METHODS OF
COMPARATIVE POLICE
SYSTEM RESEARCH
1. SAFARI METHOD- a researcher visits
another country

2. COLLABORATIVE METHOD- the

researcher communicates with a foreign
researcher
GLOBALIZATION AND LAW
ENFORCEMENT
 GLOBALIZATION
is a package of transnational flows of
people, production, investments,
information, ideas and authority.

Is the growing inter-penetration of

states, markets, communications, and
ideas.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON LAW
ENFORCEMENT
1. Threats on law enforcement
a. increasing volume of human rights violation
evident by genocide or mass killing.
b. the under-privilege gain unfair access to global
mechanism on law enforcement and security.
c. conflict between nations
d. transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
2. Opportunities for law enforcement
a. creation of International tribunals to
deal with human rights problems.
b. Humanitarian interventions that can
promote universal norms and link them
to the enforcement power of states.
c. Global groups for conflict monitoring
and coalitions across transnational
issues.
International undertakings to
safeguard life and human dignity
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
International Covenant on Social and
Economic Rights
Specific Treaties on War Crimes
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
UN Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women
4 TYPES OF POLICE
SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD
1. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS
are also known as Anglo-American Justice, and exist
in most English-speaking countries of the world,
such as the US., England, Australia and New Zealand.
They are distinguished by a strong adversarial system
where lawyers interpret and judges are bound
precedent. Common law system are distinctive in the
significance they attached to precedent (the
importance of previously decided cases). They
primarily rely upon oral systems of evidence in which
the public trial is a main focal point.
2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEM
are also known as Continental Justice or
Romano-Germanic Justice, and practice
throughout most of the European Union
as well as elsewhere, in places such as
Sweden, Germany, France and Japan. They
are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial
system where less right is granted to the
accused, and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation.
For example, a French maxim goes like this “If a
judge knows the answer, he must not be
prohibited from achieving it by undue attention
to regulations of procedure of evidence”. By
contrast, the common law method is for a judge
to at least suspend belief until the event of a trial
is over. Legal scholarship is much more
sophisticated and elitist and civil law system, as
opposed to the more democratic common law
countries where just anybody can get to the law
school.
Romano-Germanic systems are
founded on the basis of natural law,
which is a respect of tradition and
custom. The sovereigns or leaders of
a civil law system are considered
above the law, as opposed to the
common law notion that nobody is
above the law.
3. SOCIALIST SYSTEM
are also known as Marxist-Lenninist Justice,
and exist in many places , such as Africa and
Asia, where there had been a Communist
revolution or the remnants of one. They are
distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling
their responsibilities to the state. It is the
ultimate exorcession of positive law, designed
to move the state forward toward the
perfectibility of state and mankind.
It is also primarily characterized by
administrative law, where non-legal
officials make most of the decisions. For
example, in a socialist state, neither
judges nor lawyers are allowed to make
law. Law is the same as policy, and an
Orthodox Marxist view is eventually,
the law will not be necessary.
 4. ISLAMIC SYSTEMS
are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice,
and derived all their procedures and practices
from interpretation of the Koran. Islamic
system in general are characterized by the
absence of positive law (the use of law to move
societies forward toward some progressive
future) and are based more on the concept of
natural justice (crimes are considered acts of
injustice that conflict with tradition). Religion
plays an important role in Islamic Systems.
COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM
Court Systems of the world are of two types :
1. ADVERSARIAL- where the accused is
innocent until proven guilty. The U.S
adversarial system is unique in the
world. No other nation, not even the
U.K places as much emphasis upon
determination of factual guilt in the
court room as the U.S does.
2. INQUISITORIAL
where the accused is guilty until proven
innocent or mitigated, have more secret
procedures. Outside the U.S, most trials are
concerned with legal guilt where everyone
knows the offender did it, and the purpose
is to get the offender to apologize, own up
to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or
suggest an appropriate sentence for
themselves.
COMPARATIVE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
Correctional systems worldwide can be easily
distinguished by whether they support corporal
punishment (beatings) or not. Some so-called
“civilized” countries claim they are better than U.S
because they don’t perform death penalty but actually
practice such corporal punishments as beatings and
whippings. Nations that practice corporal punishments
do tend, however, to have less of a correctional
overcrowding problem. Probation and parole, where
they exist cross-culturally, are applied to the countrie’s
citizens, and not for foriegners or immigrants.
COMPARATIVE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Juvenile Justice System vary widely.
Scotland has the toughest system,
regularly sentencing juveniles to harsh
boot camps with a strict military
regiment and forced labor. Germany has a
juvenile justice system similar to the U.S.,
where more emphasis is upon education
as punishment.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. FOLK-COMMUNAL SOCIETY
has little codification of law, no
specialization among police, and a system of
punishment that just let things go for awhile
without attention until things become too
much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment
is resorted to. Classic examples include the
early Roman gentiles, African and Middle
Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in
North America.
2. URBAN SOCIETY
has civil law(some standards and customs
are written down), specialized police forces
(some for religious offenses, other for
enforcing the King’s law), and punishment
is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient. Most of continental
Europe developed along this path.
3. URBAN INDUSTRIALIST SOCIETY
not only has codified laws (statutes that
prohibit) but laws that prescribed good
behavior, police become specialized in how
to handle property crimes, and the system of
punishment is run on market principles of
creating incentives and disincentives.
England and the U.S followed this positive
legal path.
4. BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY
- has a system of laws (along with
armies of lawyers), a police who tend to
keep busy handling political crime and
terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization
and overcrowding.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE
POLICING
1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY
postulated that as a nation develops,
people’s alertness to crime is
heightened. They report more crime to
police and demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime
problems
2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY
Asserts that crime everywhere
is the result or unrestrained
migration and overpopulation
in urban areas such as ghettos
and slums.
3. OPPURTUNITY THEORY
is that along with higher
standards of living, victims
become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities
for committing crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHY THEORY
- Is based on the event when a
greater number of children are
being born. As these baby booms
grow up, delinquent subcultures
develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
holds the progress comes along
with rising expectations. People at
the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the
top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough.
6. MODERNIZATION THEORY
- sees the problem as society becoming
too complex.
7. THEORY OF ANOMIE AND
SYNOMIE
( the latter being a term referring to
social cohesion on values), suggests
that progressive lifestyles and norms
results in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people
together (anomie).
POLICE DEPARTMENTS IN ASIA
National Police Agency (Republic of
China)- an agency under the Ministry of the
Interior, Republic of China.
Rank insignias are worn over the right
breast pocket when in uniform
 RANKS OF POLICE OFFICER
RANK INSIGNIA
Police Rank 4 1 star on one horizontal bar

Police Rank 3 2 stars on one horizontal bar

Police Rank 2 3 stars on one horizontal bar

Police Rank 1 4 stars on one horizontal bar

Police Officer Rank 4 (Insp.) (Sub-Lieutenant) 1 star on two horizontal bars

Police Officer Rank 3 (Sr. Inspector.) (Captain) 2 stars on two horizontal bars

Police Officer Rank 2 (Superintendent) 3 stars on two horizontal bars

Police Officer Rank 1 (Sr. Superintendent) 4 stars on two horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 4 (Superintendent General) 1 star on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 3 2 stars on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 2 3 stars on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 1 4 stars on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General)

 POLICE MODEL COMPARISON
PARTICULAR
PHILIPPINES COLUMBIA MYANMAR JAPAN
Organizational
Name Philippine National National Police of People’s Police Force Law Enforcement in
Police Columbia Policia Japan
National

Agency
Department of the Ministry on National Ministry of Home National Police Agency
Interior and Local Defense Affairs or NPA
Government

Entrance Age
21 years old 21 years old 18 years old 21 years old
Retirement Age
56 years old 50 years old 60 years old 60 years old
Minimum Rank
Police officer One Patroller Constables Police Officer (Junsa)
(PO1)
Highest Rank
Police Director General Commissioner of Police Director General Chief Superintendent
Columbia/National (Keshie)
Police

Minimum Upper Secondary-

Qualification Baccalaureate Degree High School Graduate Baccalaureate Degree school graduate and
Holder or College Graduate Holder University Graduates
 PARTICULAR AUSTRALIA AFGHANISTAN SRI-LANKA SPAIN

Organizational
Name Australia Federal Afghanistan Sri Lanka Police Cuerpo Nationnal
Police (AFP) National Police Police

Agency
Federal Bureau of North Atlantic Ministry of Defense, Cuerpo Superior De
Narcotic Australia Treaty Organization Public Security Law Policia (CSP)
and Order
Entrance Age
21 years old 18 years old 22 years old 18 years old
Retirement
Age 57 years old 58 years old 58 years old 67 years old

Minimum
Rank Probation Constable Sergeant Police Constable Private
Rank 4

Highest Rank
Commissioner Master General Inspector General of Lieutenant
Chief Police

Minimum
Qualification Bachelor’s Degree Baccalaureate High School Secondary
Graduate Education
PARTICULAR MALAYSIA HONGKONG THAILAND CHILE
Organizational Royal Malaysia Hongkong Police Royal Thai Police Carabeneros de
Name Police Force (HKPF) Chile

Agency Malayan Union Security Bureau of Thailand National Ministerio de

Police Force (MUPF) Hongkong Police Department Defensa Nacional
(TNPD)

Entrance Age 20 years old 18 years old 20 years old 45 years old

Retirement Age 58 years old 60 years old 50 years old 49 years old

Minimum Rank Constable Police Constable Constable/Police Aspiranti a Official

(Officer aspirant)

Highest Rank Inspector General Commissioner of Police General Director General

Police Police (General Director)

Minimum Have a High school Five Subjects High School

Qualification Diploma including Chinese Graduate
Language and
English Language
PARTICULAR ARGENTINA INDONESIA BRUNEI LAOS
Organizational Name Police Federal of Indonesia National Royal Brunei Police Laos Nationnal Police
Argentina (PFA) Police Force

Agency Policia de Buenos Aires Under Secretary for Polis Diraja Burnei Ministry of Defense
Public Diplomacy and (PDRB)
Public Affairs

Entrance Age 21 years old 18 years old 18 years old 21 years old

Retirement Age 55 years old 45 years old 60 years old 60 years old

Minimum Rank Candidate or Cadet Second Bhayangkara Corporal Private

Dua (Bharada)

Highest Rank Superintendent Police Inspector General General

General or General/Jenderal Polisi
Commissioner General (Jend. Pol.)

Minimum University Degree Voluntary military service;
Qualification 2 years conscript service
obligation to age 45;
Indonesia citizens only
Required to possess at Bachelors Degree
least the Brunei Junior
Certificate of Education
(BJCE)
PARTICULAR URUGUAY ABU DHABI UNITED KINGDOM
GERMANY
Organizational Name National Police of Federal Police Of Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) Metropolitan Police
Uruguay Germany Service

Agency Ministry of the Interior Federal Ministry of Ministry of Interior Ministry of Defense
of Uruguay Interior

Entrance Age 21 years old 18 years old 18 years old 18 years old

Retirement Age 54 years old 60 years old 60 years old 62 years old

Minimum Rank Repubican Guard Senior Constable Policeman Policeman/Constable

Metropolitan Guard

Highest Rank Ministry of the Interior Inspector Police Commander General National Commissioner

Minimum High school/College High School Degree Complete College Bachelor’s Degree
Qualification Graduate Education
 PARTICULAR SUDAN SINGAPORE ISRAEL BRAZIL
Organizational Name Sudan Police Force Singapore Police Israel Police Policia Militar (PM)

Agency Ministry Interior Singapore Agency Minister of internal National Public

Affairs Security and Social
Defense System

Entrance Age 18 years old 18 years old 21 years old 18 years old

Retirement Age 55 years old 45 years old 55 years old 49 years old

Minimum Rank Lance Corporal Volunteer Special Constable Private (Soldado)

Constable

Highest Rank Inspector General Commissioner of Inspector general Colonel (Colonel)

Police

Minimum Secondary School  Must be proficient in Bachelor’s Degree High school Graduate
Qualification Certificate English
Examination  Minimum 3 GCE’O
level credited
 PARTICULAR NEW ZEALAND INDIA Pakistan FRANCE

Organizational Name New Zealand Police Indian Police Service Pakistan National Nationnal Police
(IPS) Police (PNP) France (Police
Nationale de France)

Agency New Zealand India Police Agency Federal Investigation Ministry of Interior
Government/Ministry (IPC) Agency
of police

Entrance Age 20 years old 21 years old 20 years old 17 years old

Retirement Age 55 years in service 60 years old 60 years old 60 years old

Minimum Rank constable Police Constable (PC) Constable Gardien de la Paix

(Keeper of the Peace)

Highest Rank Commissioner Director Intelligence Inspector General of Directeur General de la

Bureau (DIB) Police Police Nationale
( Director General)

Minimum Tertiary Education Bachelor’s Degree High School Degree French Baccalaureate
Qualification Degree
 PARTICULAR CHINA UNITED STATES OF MEXICO
AMERICA

Organizational Name National Police Agency State Police Federal Police of Mexico

 Secretariat of Public
Agency Ministry of Interior Department of laws and security
Public Safety  Mexican Army’s 3rd
Brigade of the
military Police
(Terecera Brigada E
Policia Federal de
caminos)
 Fiscal Police (Policia
Fiscal Federal)
 Interior Ministry’s
Investigation and
National Security
center (Center E
Investigacion Y
Seguridad nacional)
 PARTICULAR CHINA UNITED STATES OF MEXICO
AMERICA

Entrance Age 18 years old 21 years old 18 years old

Retirement Age 60 years old 55 years old 60 years old

Minimum Rank Police Rank 4 Trooper Sergeant/private

Highest Rank Police Supervisor Rank 1 Superintendent General/Colonel

(Police General)

Bachelors Degree of
Minimum Qualification High School Graduate Accredited University High School Graduate