LEA-1POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING

POP SHEETS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION LEA-1 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING Law
Enforcement Administration (LEA) The course deals with the study of principles underlying police organization and management with particular
focus on the Constitutional mandate, Republic Acts 6975 and 8551, and previous laws and issuances relating thereto.
 It includes the organizational structure and organization of the Philippine National Police, on the national and local levels. Emphasis
is given on direction, supervision, coordination and control of all local police forces as a homogeneous body under a single
command.
 It also includes the basic management functions in so far as these are applied to the police organization. Police planning is integrated
into this course, and it is designed to equip the students with knowledge on the development of effective plans, particularly on
strategies and tactics for effective operations.
 The emphasis is on the special techniques and procedure applicable to unusual needs like unusual criminal activities, civil
disturbances, special community events, disaster plans, and civil defense.

Introduction: The organization with management and administration is directed towards the achievement of goals and objectives.

 Goals are broad statements of general and long-term organizational purposes often used to define the role of the police, for
instance, to prevent crime, maintain order or help solve community problems. Objectives are specific short-term statements
consistent with an organizations goal.
 The organization guides members in its operation of the assigned duties. It enhances better administration of the department. Good
organization and administration would eventually mean effective and efficient police work. Organization can also distinguish by their
degree of formality and structure:

1. Formal Organization-is defined as those organizations that are formally established for explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable
social institutions.)
2. Informal Organization- are those sharing the basic characteristic of all organizations arise through the social interactions of individuals or
through family grouping.

What is Organization?
It is a form of human association for the attainment of goal or objective.
It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority establishing
relationships for the propose of enabling people work effectively.

What is Police Organization?

Police organization- is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and
objectives that promotes the maintenance of crimes.

Administration of Police Organization - It is the systematic structure of management of a police organization.

What is Police?
 Police is a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law and order and combating crime
within the society.
 The term police are derived from the word POLITIA, meaning condition of a state, government and
administration, POLITIA organization is from the Greek word POLITEIA which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of
a POLIS, a city.
 POLICE (broadest sense) means the internal organization or regulation of a state, the control and regulation of a community or state
through the exercise of the constitutions power of the government.
 POLICE (less broadest sense)it denotes the power of the government which concerns the tranquility, public order, peace, security of
persons and property and the protection of the public health and moral.
 In the very restricted sense, the word police refer exclusively to that body of armed men which as an institution is capable of
exercising its duties by armed physical forces in the preservation and detection of crime and the execution of laws.
Police Activities:
1. The prevention of Criminality.
2. Repression of Crime.
3. Apprehending of offenders.
4. Recovery of Property.
5. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
6. Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.

The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:
Functional Units:
1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of numbers of divisions:
2. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section -functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit -functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an organization.

Territorial Units:
1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross
walk from traffic duty.It is a spot location for general guard duty.
2. Route -a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes, or post.
5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
6. Area- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

Other Items and Terminologies

1. Sworn Officers-all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses the power to arrest.
2. Superior Officer- one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank.
3. Commanding Officer- an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
4. Ranking Officer- the officer who has the senior rank in a team or group.
5. Length of Service- the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was administered. Previous active services may be
included or added.
6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.
7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.
8. Special Duty -the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused from the performance of his active regular
duty.
9. Leave of Absence- period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any valid\acceptable reason, approved by higher
authority.
10. Sick leave -period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.
11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of performing his duties as result of
violating directives or other department regulations.
12. Department Rules- rules established by department directors\superiors to control the conduct of the members of the police force.
13. Duty Manual -describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to specified post or position.
14. Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either:
a. General Order,
b. Special, or
c. Personal
15. Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbal reports should be confirmed by
written communication.
Nature of Police Organization
 The police department is truly a complex bureaucracy. It is mostly a multi-level organization, organized in the form of a pyramid
with the top-level administrator being the chief of police.
 At the bottom level of the organization, one finds the patrolman or line officer.
 The patrol officer is the backbone of the police department.
 The lowest level worker found in many, if not most, complex organizations who usually performs the routine, repetitive kind of work
necessary to keep the organization functioning.
 The police department by its very nature places the line officer in a position where he is a decision maker and manager of his area o
responsibility from the first time he is given a beat to patrol.
 There are indeed few agencies in which the efficiency and parameter of the law enforcement functions are vested in those
individuals quite likely have the least amount of experience and expertise in the organization.

Types of Police Organizational Structures

 An organizational structure is a mechanical means of depicting, by an arrangement of symbols, the relationships that exist between
individuals, groups, and functional relationships between groups and individuals clearly defined to ensure accountability and
compliance.

Line Organization
 The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental types of organization, is the simplest and perhaps
the oldest types; but it is seldom encountered in its channels of authority and responsibility extends in a direct line from top to
bottom within the structures, authority is definite and absolute.
 While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some inherent weaknesses which, for many organizations, make
its use impractical.
 Perhaps its greatest advantages it that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the work into units of eight people with a person
in charge who has complete control and who can be hold directly responsible or accountable for result, or lack of them.

Quick decisions can be made in the line organization because of the direct lines authority.

Because of these direct lines, each member in the chain of command knows to whom he is clearly fixed.

Discipline is administered in this type of the organization.

Responsibility for making decisions is well identified. Singleness of purpose is fostered.

-Coordination of effort is relatively easy to achieve because functional overlapping in between units, a prime cause of friction in any
organization can be minimized.

Functional Organization
 The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day organizations, except at or near the top of the very large
organizations.
 Unlike the type of structure, those establishment organized on a functional basis violate the prime rule that men perform best when
they have but one superior.
 The functional responsibility of each functional manager is limited to the particular activity over which he has control, regardless of
who performs the function.
 Coordination of effort in this type of organization becomes difficult since the employees responsible for results may be subject to
functional direction of several persons.
 Discipline is difficult to administer because of this multi-headed leadership.
 There may be considerable conflict among the functional administrators, resulting in much conclusion among line personnel.
 Line of authority and responsibility are fragmented into many functional channels, making each superior responsible to several
superiors depending upon the function he happens to be performing.
 The functional organization in its purest form is rarely found in present-day organization except at or near the top level.
Advantages
1. divides responsibility and authority between several specialists;
2. Functional responsibility is limited to the particular activity over which he has control regardless of who performs the functions.

Disadvantages
1. Coordination of effort becomes difficult;
2. Discipline is difficult to administer;
3. Conflict among the functional administrators.

Line and Staff Organization

 The line and staff organization is a combination of the line and functional types.
 It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers, the research and development specialists, etc. channels of
responsibility is to think and provide expertise for the line units.
 The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff specialist.
 In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with recognized limitations such as coordination between line and
staff personnel can be achieved without undue friction.
 Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is the greatest and most frequent source of friction and a barrier to effective
coordination.
 The advantage of this kind would be- it combines staff specialist or units with line organization so that service of knowledge can be
provided line personnel by specialist.

POLICE SERVICE
Fundamental Theories of Police Service

1. The Continental Theory - police are servant of higher authorities and the people have little or no share at all in their duties, nor any
direct connection with them.
2. The Home Rule Theory - policemen are considered as servants of the community who defend for the effectiveness of their function
upon the express wishes of the people.

Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concepts -this old philosophy means throwing more people in jail rather than keeping these out jail. Punishment is the sole
instrument of crime control. The yardstick of efficiency of the police is more on arrests.
2. Modern Concept - police service today has broadened its activities to include certain aspect of social service for the welfare of the
people. Their yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime.

All police function and activities can be categorized as their line or non-line. Line functions are those tasks that directly facilitate the
accomplishment of organizational goals, whereas non-line functions are those tasks that supplement the line its task performance.

Line activities are further broken into the sub-categories: primary line and secondary line functions, both of which are field service.

1. Line Function
1.1. Primary Line Function

 The primary line function is police patrol; that is the patrol activities of a police organization are considered basic and the first
priority.
 The patrol division has the initial responsibility for crime prevention and dictation of the apprehension of offenders.
 It also assists in the preparation in the facts for presentation in a court of law.
 Theoretically, if the patrol force were 100 percent effective in the execution of its assigned tasks, the need for specialized units
(traffic and detective) would be eliminated.
 The patrol function is accurately called the backbone of the police service.
1.2. Secondary Function
 Historically, police department were established only as police patrols, however as municipalities increased in population, area, and
technology (for example, the invention of the automobile), the burden of this patrols was greatly increased.
 The department, were unable to provide additional personnel because of budgetary limitations, were unable to increase the number
of the officers on the patrol beat in proportion to the rising population and rate of crime and was force to enlarge each officers beat.

2. Non-Line Function
 Simply put, non-line functions are those services that support the line. Whereas the line provides services directly to the citizens,
non-line activities help the line to accomplish its primary task.
 Traditionally non-line or support activities consist of two major categories: staff and auxiliary services.

2.1. Staff Services
 These activities that have the responsibility and personal development and department management are staff services.
 Personal development includes recruitment, selection, training, and supervision.
 Budget, planning and research, inspection, and similar activities fall under the heading of managerial activities.

2.2. Auxiliary Services
 All non-line not regarded as staff service are classified as auxiliary services.
 Typically, they provide support service of both a technical and non-technical nature to both line and non-line activities.
 Polygraph examiner, photographer, fingerprint and crime scene technicians, and the police laboratory are technical auxiliary services
that support the line activities.
 The jail and the communication system and non-line (staff) activities.
 Some activities are extremely difficult to classify as either the staff or auxiliary.
 In many instances they perform a dual service. Police community relation units, although performing secondary line service, may be
designated as an auxiliary or even a staff function

LINE FUNCTION
Primary Secondary Staff Auxiliary
-Patrol
-Criminal Investigation
-Vice Investigation
-Planning and Research
-Inspection
-Police record System
-Identification service
-Traffic Regulation and control
-Crime Prevention
-Personnel Administration
-Training
-Budgeting Control
-Purchasing
-Public Relation
-Property control
-Communication
-Crime Laboratory
-Jail-Supply
-Transportation
-Maintenance
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
 To understand the organization and operation of public departments certain general basic principles of organization must be
understood.
 These principles of organization were generated by the experience of industry, business, and the military services.
 They have no absolute values, but they do provide a check list against which an organization can be structurally and functionally
evaluated.
 This notion will become more defined as each principle is considered.

Division of Labor
 For a police organization to be effective, work assignments must be designed so that similar tasks, functions, and activities are given
to an individual or group for accomplishment.
 Police functions are sub-divided into units that are described as follows:
1. Branch -usually the largest unit within station

2. Division - part of the branch having a department-wide function

3. Section -basically one of the several functional elements of a division

Unity of Command
 Unity of command requires that an individual be directly accountable to only one superior. No person can effectively serve two
superiors at a given time.

Chain of Command
 Primarily this principle provides for the vertical movement of authority up and down established channels in the organizational
hierarchy.
 To illustrate this concept, consider a directive originating in the office of the patrol chief intended for the patrol force (downward
movement).
 Two levels of authority fall between the patrol chief and the patrol officer inspector.
 Because both levels are held responsible for various aspects of patrol supervision, both must be aware of such directives.
 If either supervisor is by-passed, that one cannot be held accountable for the lack of knowledge.
 Further, performance of supervisory duties is greatly hindered, and potentially serious problem is created.

Delegation of Responsibility and Authority

 There must be a clear line of normal authority running from the top to bottom of every organization.
 Ultimate authority and responsibility for a police organization lies at the top of the chain of command-with the chief.
 However, if a subordinate is to be held responsible for the accomplishment of a given task, he or she must be given the authority to
carryout those responsibilities.
 It is important, also the responsibility and the authority be clearly defined.
 If the patrol officers are given the responsibility for evaluating police response time on a given day or in a specific situation, the
officer must be given the authority to procure the communication logs from the communication center. Without this authority, the
entire task cannot be accomplished.

Delineation of Responsibility and Authority

 A clear-out delineation of responsibility and authority is essential to prevent confusion of lines of authority.
 If responsibility and authority are not clearly defined, conflicts, duplication and overlaps of function lead to confusion and
inefficiency.
 Each officer and each organization segment of authority delegated to accomplish the job.
Span of Control
 The number of officers or units reporting directly to the supervisor should not exceed the number that can be feasibly and
effectively coordinate and directed.
 There is an innumerable factor that limits the span control including distance, time, knowledge, personality, and the complexity of
the work to be performed.
 It is not unusual to fine fifty or sixty workers to perform identification function reporting to one supervisor.
 On the other hand, as we ascend the chain of command and the diversity of functions increases, the number of individuals that a
police executive supervises decreases rapidly.

Objective
 All organizational elements must contribute, directly or indirectly, to the accomplishment of the objectives of the enterprise.
 Each organizational element should be formed for a definite purpose, and these purposes must be accomplishing the major
objective.

 Any police function and organizational elements that is not required in the accomplishment of the overall objectives should be
eliminated.

Coordination
 The organizational structure must facilitate the development of close, friendly, and co-operative relations, especially between line
and staff activities.
 Effective coordination is dependent almost entirely upon adequate communication among all element of a police organization.

Time
 The police service is among the few public services that maintain a twenty-four hour schedule. It is necessary to the department to
assigned officers in sufficient number to meet the demands at any given time.

Watch or Shift
 A time division of the day to ensure proper allocation of personnel. Shifts are normally eight consecutive hours, five days, giving an
officer a forty-hour a week.
 However, longer working hours and work weeks are common. Further, shifts frequently overlaps to provide additional personnel
during peak period.

Territory
 Territorial distribution is necessary to ensure the availability and general suitability of the patrol service throughout a jurisdiction.
Geographical or territorial divisions of the department can beer described as follows:

1. post-a fixed- or stationary-point location (e.g., a specified street intersection, surveillance site, or an assigned desk or office).
2. Route or Lined Beat- a length of street normally assigned to the traffic and patrol officers whether foot or mobile. The rout has the
characteristics of being continuous, in a straight line, or the line sight.
3. Beat - a geographical area, once again assigned to either foot or mobile patrol and traffic officer.
4. Section - two or more beats, routes, posts, or any combination thereof.

Clientele
 The distribution of patrol services with respect to the characteristics of the population served must be recognized and dealt with in
contemporary law enforcement. The development of specialized functional units expresses the principle of the organization by
clientele.

Nature of the Office ofa Policeman

 A police man must have a mind of a lawyer the soul of a clergyman, the heart of the social worker, discipline of an army sergeant,
the integrity of a saint. He must believe in a community of law, while seeing little but lawlessness; believe in the goodness of man,
while seeing the man most often at his worst, depend on his faithfulness, know his jurisdictions like a sociologist, and he must
understand people like a psychologist. He must take long view of life like a philosopher and yet never losing his common touch.
POLICE OPERATIONS
 Police Operation
 Another word in the large collection of police service terminology is operations. For the most part, operation is synonymous
with line function. In accordance with previous definitions, operations are inclusive of both primary and secondary line functions.

Subdivision of the Operation

Area.
1. District - is a subdivision of a province and shall consist of a metropolitan city or a metropolitan city and adjacent municipalities\
small cities, or several adjacent municipalities and small cities.
2. Station -is a subdivision of a district and shall consist of a large municipality or a small city or municipalities\small city and some
adjacent smaller municipalities or several adjacent municipalities.
3. Sub-station -is a subdivision of a station and shall consist of a large municipality or small city or a municipality itself.

Operating Unit of a Police Station

1. Patrol Division\Section - shall be responsible for crime prevention; general preservation of peace and order; crime suppression, and
other public safety services.
2. Investigation Division\section - shall be charged with the duty of carrying on the objectives of criminal investigation, that is, to
identify and locate the guilty party and provide evidence of his guilt through criminal proceedings.
3. Vice Control Division\Section - shall be responsible for the neutralization or suppression of vices such as gambling, prostitution and
drug abuse.
4. Juvenile Division\Section - shall be primarily concerned with children and youth, the correction and rehabilitation of youth
offenders.
5. Intelligence Division\Section - shall work for the detection of syndicated crimes and subtle criminal activities, including subversion
and threats to the security of the state.
6. Traffic Division\section - shall be responsible from the enforcement of traffic laws and regulation of traffic. This section is primarily
concerned with the motorist and pedestrians.
7. Homicide Division\Section - shall be charged with the duty to investigate homicide and murder cases.
8. Municipal Police Sub-station - shall be concerned with the general maintenance of peace, order and public safety within their
respective jurisdictions. The Municipal Police Sub-station shall consist of two principal sections with corresponding functions as
indicated below:

a. Patrol Section
1. Preservation of peace and order
2. Suppression of criminal activities
3. Crime prevention
4. Inspection activities
5. Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations
6. Fire prevention and control

b. Investigation section
1. Crime investigation
2. vice control
3. Control of juvenile delinquency
4. Custody of prisoners

Peace Officer of Small Police Station

 Peace officers of small Police stations are considered as generalist. Most small police station within the limits of their capabilities, are
responsible for all activities in the fields of law enforcement and public safety. They provide routine patrol, conduct premise
inspection, make criminal and traffic investigations, make arrest, and in other ways, provide for the community security. In such
stations, its members and officers are by and large generalist.
Historical Background on Policing
 Primitive Policing Law enforcement can be traced back to the cave dwellers, who were expected to follow certain rules or face
banishment or death. The customs depicted in early cave dwelling may represent the beginning of law and law enforcement. The
prehistoric social order consisted of small family groups living together as tribes or clans. Group living gave rise to customs everyone
was expected to observe. The tribe’s chief had executive, legislative and judicial powers and often appointed tribe members to
perform special task to include guarding the community against depredation of lawless elements.

Ancient Law Enforcement

The Sumerians
 The earliest record of ancient peoples need to standardize rules and methods of enforcement to control human behavior dates to
approximately 2300 B.C., when the Sumerian rulers Lipithstar and Eshumma set standards on what constituted an offense against
society.

The Babylonians
 The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) –during the time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established rules for his kingdom that
designated not only offenses but punishment as well. The principle of the code was that the strong shall not injure the week.
Hammurabi originated the legal principle of LEX Talionis- the eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth doctrine.

Ancient Egypt
 The early Egyptians established laws and court and a rudimentary rule of law. The first account of a developing court system
originated in Egypt in approximately 1500 B.C. the court system was presided by judges who were appointed by the pharaoh. They
later organized marine patrols and customhouses to protect commerce.

Ancient Greece
 The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement called the Ephori. Each year at Sparta, a body of Ephors was elected and given
almost unlimited powers as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. These five men also presided over the senate and assembly,
assuring that their rules and decrees were followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from 427 to347 B.C., was the
idea that punishment should serve the purpose rather than simple retaliation.

Ancient Rome
 The Romans had a high development system of administering justice. The 12Tabulae (12 tables) were the first written laws of the
Roman Empire. It deals with legal procedures, property ownership, building codes, marriage customs and punishment for crimes. At
the reign of Emperor Augustus, he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about 7000 men\soldiers to protect the palace
and the City of Rome, together with the Urban Cohorts to patrol the city. He created the so called Vigiles who were assigned as
firefighters and eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police force the Vigiles sometimes kept the
peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes. Another important event was the time of JustinianI, ruler of the Eastern Roman
Empire (527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman laws and put it into his Justinian Code-they became known the Corpus Juris
Civilis which means Body of Law.
 The Early Policing System
The policing system is divided into different systems namely:

The Anglo-Saxon Period

 The Anglo-Saxons were influential in developing the early police forces. The following are the features of this period:
1. Tun Policing System- Tun is the forerunner of the word town. Under this system all male residents are required to guard the town and to
preserve the peace and control, to protect life and property from harm or disturbance.

2. Hue and Cry - a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a complaint goes to the middle of the street and shouts to call all males to
assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly and gives the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then
proceed to locate and apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trial is conducted giving the culprit a chance to depend himself.

3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal investigation and gives punishment. Punishment usually fits the crime committed.

4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and innocence in the ancient times which was based on painful test of skills. It is usually
accompanied by harsh punishment. For instance, suspects were required to place their hands in boiling oil or water. When not hurt, it indicated
guilt and the suspect placed under punishment.

The Normal Period of Policing (1066-1285)

1. Shire-Rieve System- England at the time of William Norman, divided England into 55military districts known as the Shire-Rieve. Shire was
the district, Rieve was the ruler who makes laws, pass judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a constable (forerunner of the
word constabulary).

2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment which was taken from the Shire-Rieve in view of some abuses by the Rieves.

3. Leges Henri -the law of King Henrie I. During this period:

a. offenses were classified as against the king and individual
b. police men were considered public officials
c. police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest
d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.

4. The Magna-Carta- laws were enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table and forced the king to sign the same. Examples of
the principles of law include the following:
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.

The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)

1. The Statute of 1295- this law prescribed the closing of the gates of London at sundown. Start of curfew systems.
2. Justice of the Peace - this was position which gives a person the power to arrest, pursue and impose imprisonment.
3. The Star Chamber court - a special court which try offenses against the state.

Modern policing System

 This period came to the limelight when a bill creating the Scotland Yard was passed by the parliament of England. It was sponsored
and expanded by Sir Robert Pell who was made to be the first head of the police organization. He was referred as the  Father of
Modern Policing system due to his contributions in the modernization of the police force. The following are the principles were
considered inorganizing and administering the Scotland Yard known as the Peels Principles:
 1. Stable and effective police force should be under government control.
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency.
3. Fast distribution of new to the people is essential.
4. Proper distribution of personnel according to shift and by hour.
5. The best qualification of peace officers is control of temper.
6. Proper selection and training is the basis of efficiency.
7. Police cannot function properly without wholehearted support of the people.
8. Every police must sell himself to the people.
9. Police officers must go out to their way to help or assist the people.

Philippine National Police

 The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national police force of the Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of
113,928 as of end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement services through its regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police
units all over the islands. Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990", the PNP came into being on January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when the Philippine
Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired as mandated by law.

History Early Policing

 Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of Manila. The nightmen were under the
direction of the alguacil mayor who provided them with muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication. In
1836, the Spanish colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force, to enforce peace in the countryside. Six years later,
its general function was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica.
 The Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the Spanish government. Native
Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant under the command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of mounted riflemen in
the history of the Philippine police system.
 In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping duties in the islands under a Royal Decree. Guardia Civil in
the provinces was composed mainly of Filipinos who worked under the jurisdiction of the alcaldes or mayors. They followed a
military structure and received semi-military training yet lacked other dimensions of today’s police service.
 The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine Republic, signaled the start of the American occupation of
the Philippines. Maintaining peace and order, particularly in the countryside, remained the biggest problem of the Americans.
 The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen. Macario Sakay. Hostilities continued in Batangas, Mindoro,
Cebu, Bohol and Samar. A military solution to the peace and order problem was ruled, hence, the birth of the Philippine
Constabulary.

Pacification Campaigns
 To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the entire country into constabulary districts. Banditry was
rampant in Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early American Constables and
the bandits was “man-to-man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos.”
 The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanesin their fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with
the terrain. Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in
the hinterlands.

The Insular Force

 The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary, the principal instrument of the civil authorities for the
maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a small unit—the Insular Force in 1901.
 It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Second Philippine Commission on July 18, 1901.The Constabulary
then was composed of six thousand men led by American officers and former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close
American direction and control, it functioned as a military organization.
 Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging police law enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers
and men had served with distinction both in the field of law enforcement and in combating violence and lawlessness, and in various
aspects of public service.
 There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of teachers, sanitary inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters.
  The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization on March 15, 1945 when it was placed under the general
supervision of the Interior then later transferred to the Secretary of National Defense on March 30, 1950.
 The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as early as January 13, 1939 until the outbreak of World War II.As
an insular police force, the officers of the Constabulary carried the civilian title of “inspector.” Its peacekeeping duty was limited to
areas where military rule had been lifted.

The Constabulary At War

 The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second World War began upon President Roosevelt’s declaration of a
state of emergency in the United States. Manila prepared for war.
 The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally in Asia, would soon attack the Far East. Filipinos woke up on the morning
of December 8, 1941 to the news that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.
 The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of Pan-American Airways installation at San Pedro, Makati in the
afternoon of December 8. Six Constables from the Headquarters Company were wounded.
 The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the country’s landmarks, airfields and naval bases.

The Death March

 The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces were waiting to be captured. The Japanese forces then
began the siege of Bataan, ordering four infantry regiments with artillery and tank support to crush the American and Filipino
soldiers.
 The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o’ Donnel in Capas, Tarlac in what has been
known as the “Death March.” Because of torture and starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the infamous march.

The Postwar Constabulary

 The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in ruins. Loose firearms and dead bodies littered the
streets. This was also the period when communist ideology had been propagated in the countryside and hard-line supporters had
been won.
 The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a force to reckon with in Central Luzon.
 The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal land system in the province dominated by landlords.
Pampanga was an “ideal ground” for the agrarian unrest. It achieved legal status during the Japanese occupation when it merged
with the guerilla forces in fighting the Japanese.
 The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian problems of the country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest
was prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the sprawling haciendas in the south.
 Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own government in Central Luzon. It was during this turbulent period that
the Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into the Military Police Command.
 Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was suffering from its own internal crises.
 The last war had killed many Constables. There was a dearth for trained personnel who would be utilized to address the problems.
 Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000Hukbalahaps in Luzon in 1946. The Military Police Command, on the
other hand, had 23,000 informal enlistees.

Reorganization
 On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A.
Roxas. The Command’s 12,000 officers and men were absorbed by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC
was in charge of the country’s peace and order “except those which were purely military in nature.”
 Brig. Gen. Mariano Castañeda became chief of the PC and instituted reforms. On June 21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered
general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a member of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila. But
Taruc had no plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and used the money for his comrades’
operations in Central Luzon.
 President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay
used the “friendly touch “for winning over the Huks, building roads for them and giving them lands.
The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines
 The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain peace and order did not end with the decimation of the Huks.
 On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student at the University of the Philippines, founded the Communist
Party of the Philippines.
 The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues
in the middle sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the New People’s
Army.
 But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9,1969 in the hands of the Constabulary who killed the most number of
communist leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.

The PC Metropolitan Command

 The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of the 60s and the expansion efforts of the communist
movement triggered the creation of the PC Metropolitan Command.
 To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order Number 76 on July 14, 1967establishing the PC
Metrocom which became the PC’s striking force as it was authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and was
tasked to “supplement or complement local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes…”

Martial Law and the PC

 The Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos declared Martial Law on September21, 1972.
 Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the military to dismantle the “unconstitutional opposition” and to
prevent widespread hooliganism and gangsterism. Convinced that there was a need to restructure the social base that bred
lawlessness, Marcos reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in the social, economic and political
structures.
 On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential decree 421 unifying all the police, fire and jail services in
Metro Manila. The move was significant as it created an elite force, the Metropolitan Police Force that was placed under the aegis
of the PC Metrocom. The decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional mandate for an integrated national police force.
 The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all police units nationwide.  Brigadier General Prospero A.
Olivas, commanding general of the Metrocom, was assigned the task of launching the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V.
Ramos and Brigadier General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters.
 General Olivas would have the power and direction over the Metrocom, including tactical, strategic movements, deployments,
placements and utilization of the entire force and the training thereof.

 On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine
Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as components.
 They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.
 The Creation of the Philippine National Police
 The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be
“national in scope and civilian in character.”
 In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the“Department
of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.”
 The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S.
Cojuangco Jr. and Rodrigo Gutang.
 Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period; and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon
Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police.
 On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired
officially and the Philippine National Police was born.
 Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.
 This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP “into a more responsive, effective and relevant police
organization.”
 Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented
and fully accountable in the performance of its action.
Officer
 Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine National Academy as well as through lateral entry,
for specialized disciplines and requirements such as doctors, engineers and other technical positions.
 The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is the primary training school for the PNP.

Recruitment and Training

 The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on annual budget allocations. The entry level for non-commissioned
officers is the rank of Police Officer 1 or PO1, with a starting salary of P14, 265.00 inclusive of allowances.
 The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course for six months and a Field Training Program for another six months prior to
deployment to various units.
 Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990 -An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized
Department of the Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) The Philippine
National Police (PNP) has been established initially consisting of the following:

On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine Constabulary as
the nucleus and all police officers as components.

They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National Defense.

The Creation of the Philippine National Police

The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution that included a provision on the PNP which was to be “national in scope
and civilian in character.”

In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.”

The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S. Cojuangco Jr. and
Rodrigo Gutang.

Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a transitory period; and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon Aquino
named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the Philippine National Police.

On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired officially and the
Philippine National Police was born.

Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP “into a more responsive, effective and relevant police organization.”

Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly efficient police force that is community and service-oriented and fully
accountable in the performance of its action.
Officer
 Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the Philippine National Academy as well as through lateral entry,
for specialized disciplines and requirements such as doctors, engineers and other technical positions.
 The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is the primary training school for the PNP.

Recruitment and Training

 The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on annual budget allocations.
 The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Officer 1 or PO1, with a starting salary of P14, 265.00 inclusive of
allowances.
 The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course for six months and a Field Training Program for another six months prior to
deployment to various units.
 Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990
 -An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government, and for
other purposes. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been established initially consisting of
the following:

Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990 -An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of
the Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) The Philippine National Police (PNP) has been
established initially consisting of the following:

a. Members of the police force who were integrated into the Integrated National Police (INP)pursuant to PD 765;
b. Officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) which include:
•Those assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM);
•Those assigned with the Criminal Investigation Service (CIS);
•Those of the technical services of the AFP assigned with the PC.
•Civilian operatives of the CIS.

c. Regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM Inspection, Investigation and Intelligence Branch may also be absorbed by the PNP. In
addition, the PNP shall absorb the Office of the National Action Committee on Anti -Hijacking (NACAH) of the DND, all the functions of the
Philippine AirForce Security Command (PAFSECOM), as well as the police functions of the Coast Guard.