PUBLIC

UBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT

ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT

REAS ORG. & MGT AREAS POLITICAL: peace,

Development of Administration of people participation.,
VOLUTION PERSONNEL ADM Administration Development democracy,
ECONOMIC: Strong Republic, etc.
F PA PA as an end PA as a means High GNP, saving
FISCAL ADM SOCIAL: High literacy
Investment,
rate & Low mortality
Cameral Science Administrative 1.. Goals Employment, etc.
rate
Capability 2. Structure
3. Personnel Rostow’s Take-
US W. Wilson Politics-Adm. Dichotomy 4. Fiscal Off
INDICATORS 5. Technology Models of
1.Pre-conditions
2.Take-Off Development
Nicholas Henry’s Paradigms of PA
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: 3.Drive to Matrty.
PHILIPPINE SETTING Hammarskjold
Paradigm 1: Politics-Adm. Dichotomy Towards Another
Todaro Dominance Development
PRE-MARTIAL LAW Major Goals Dependency Theory 1.Elimination of
Paradigm 2: Principles of Adm. PERIOD Elimination of: 1.Co-existence of rich poverty
Adm………… Administration MARTIAL LAW & poor 2. Self-reliance
1.Poverty 3. Harmony w/ the
Paradigm 3: PA as Political Science
(192373727) AQUINO REGIME 2. Widening gap
2. Illiteracy between rich & poor environment
RAMOS REGIME 3. Diseases 3. Gap is permanent 4. Restructuring
Paradigm 4: PA as Administrative Sci. 4. Rich indifference
ESTRADA REGIME 4. Injustice 5. Immediate Action is
necessary
Paradigm 5: PA as PA? ARROYO REGIME
Major Programs CHALLENGES & PROBLEMS
s PA a separate field of study? AQUINO 1. Matuwid na 1.Peace & order 7. Destabilization
daan 2.Terrorism 8. Impeachment Threat
dentity Crisis 1. Definitional Problems 2. New politics 3.Human Rights 9. Govt.-Church Relation
2. Scope/Boundary Disputes 3. Peace 4.War on corruption 10. Rising poverty
3. Politics-adm, Dichotomy DUTERTE Negotiation 5.War on Drugs
FACTORS 4. Science/Art Controversy 6.Int’l image
5. Means-End Controversy War on Crimes,
Illegal Drugs&
Corruption
Regime
 Approaches in the Study of Public
Administration
 Philosophical Approach
The Philosophical approach takes within its
purview all aspects of administrative activities.
Its goal is to find out and enunciate the
principles or ‘ideals’ underlying these activities
 Legal Approach

The legal approach is the systematically formulated

approach and traces its ancestry to the European
tradition of rooting Public administration in law. Public
administration was considered to be a part of law,
concentrating on legally prescribed structure and
organization of Public authorities
 PA Approaches
 Historical Approach
The historical approach to the study of public
administration seeks to recreate a segment of history. It
studies the public administration of the past with a
particular time span, organizing and interpreting the
information in a Chronological order
 Scientific Approach
Public administration like many other social sciences
makes use of the inductive method of proceeding from
particular to general through observation for collecting
the data, classification of data and verification of the
hypotheses
 PA Approaches
 Case Study Method Approach
A case is a narration of what has actually taken place in
administration, keeping in fact the context and all
relevant dimensions. . In Public administration, case
study is essentially historical method.
 Institutional and structural Approach
This approach to the study of public administration is the
oldest and in point of number, it has the largest
following. But it is least homogenous of all schools of
public administration as it includes among its
protagonists, teachers and research workers with varied
training, ranging from political scientist to specialists in
scientific management techniques.
 PA Approaches
 Behavioural Approach
This approach examines public administration by studying
individual and collective human behavior in administrative
situation. It brings to bear upon administrative problems on
inter-disciplinary approach which includes Sociology,
individual and social psychology and cultural anthropology
 The Consensus Approach
The principles of public administration developed at the time
were devices suggested to achieve efficiency. This efficiency-
oriented approach coupled with the anti- patronage
movement was strengthened by the view that policy making
and policy implementing are two different things. Policy –
determining was considered to be field of politics, and
policy-implementation, the field of administration.
Summary

The approaches to the study of public administration can be summarized as:

Public administration was studied from the background of administrative law .The emphasis
in this jurisdical approach is on formal structures both constitutional and administrative. It has
been concerned with officers, with duties, limitations, prerogatives and disabilities of officers
and with legal, litigation and rights of Citizen.
In the comparative public administration approach stimulated by the United Nations, the
emphasis is on understanding the problems of administration operating under different socio
–political and cultural settings.
Another approach is to study public administration in relation to political parties and
pressure groups.
Historical approach is also a fascinating area of study. Many lessons can be learnt by
studying the history of administration.
Institutional approach is to study the structure. It deals with the study of organs of the
State.
The Behavioural approach claims to explain administrative processes that are common to
many forms of organization. The focus is on human behavior, including Psychology, Sociology
and anthropology.
 
 PARADIGMS OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
 Paradigm 1: Politics-
Administration Dichotomy
(1900-1926)
 Paradigm 2: Principles of
Administration
(1926-27)
 THE CHALLENGE (1938-
1950)
 Paradigm3: Public
Administration as Political
Science (1950-1970)
 Paradigm 4: Public
Administration as
Administrative Science
(1950-1970)
 Paradigm 5: Public
Administration as Public
Administration?(1970
onward)
Paradigm 2: Principles of Administration
 Discovery of certain universally applicable
principles
 Classical School
1. Scientific Mgt. (F. Taylor)
2. Bureaucratic Mgt. (M. Weber)
3. Administrative Mgt. (H. Fayol)
 PA’s LOCUS is everywhere
 Administrative Principles are important but
where they should be applied is not
 FOCUS is favored over LOCUS
 Paradigm 1: Politics –Administration
Dichotomy
 W. Wilson “Study of  PA also refers to the
administration” implementation of
 Separation of policy policies
making from policy
implementation  Political neutrality
 Separation of powers among civil servants is
 Presidential System encouraged
 PA refers to the  It is concerned with the
executive branch of the LOCUS of PA: Where is
government or
executive branch in PA?
action
 THE CHALLENGE
 Separating politics from administration is
unrealistic (politics-adm. dichotomy?)
 Administrative principles are contradictory to
each other, e.g., centralization vs.
decentralization, effectiveness vs. efficiency,
etc.
 Two kinds of PA: “pure science of
administration” & “prescribing for public
policy” (H. Simon)
 Paradigm 3: Public Administration as
Political Science
 There is continuing domination of Political
Science over Public Administration
 Political Science is the mother discipline of PA
 PA was treated as a second class discipline
under the political science department
 PA faculty were discriminated by political
science department
 Paradigm 4: Public Administration as
Administrative Science
 Administrative Science is an
alternative paradigm vis-à-vis  Differences of public
political science
 It provides more a FOCUS rather and business
than a LOCUS because
administration is administration administration are
 Application of certain universal
administrative principles is still being emphasized,
recognized
 Emergence of organization
e.g., what is public
development as a specialty of
administrative science
and what is
 Administrative science cannot
comprehend the supra value of
everything else?
public interest
 Paradigm 5: Public Administration as
Public Administration?
 PA seeks autonomy from political science and
administrative science
 PA becomes insecure with Political Science due
to academic discrimination, and with business
administration due to its profit-orientedness
 IS PA A SEPARATE FIELD OF STUDY?
 IS PA A SEPARATE

FIELD OF STUDY?

 YES:
It is unique
It is an inter-intra-cross discipline
It is a academic
It is scientific
It is systematic
 NO:

It is vocational (skill development)

It is a common sense
It is not academic
It is not scientific
It is not systematic but “scattered thoughts”
IDENTITY CRISIS ISSUE IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
CAUSES OF THE IDENTITY CRISIS

Definitional Problems
Scope & Boundary Disputes
Politics-Administration Dichotomy
Science-Art Controversy
Means-End Controversy
 DEFINITIONAL PROBLEMS
 No precise or accurate definition of PA (Caiden)
 Contradictory Definitions of PA
 PA is concerned only with policy implementation vs. PA as
concerned with both policy making & policy implementation
 Different scholars coming from other social science disciplines
defined PA differently
 Is it a requirement for becoming a separate discipline to have a
precise definition of PA?
 POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION
DICHOTOMY
 Separation of powers
 Check & balance
 Political neutrality vs. Filipino Culture
 Presidential vs. Parliamentary system
 PA relationship w/ BA & Political Science
 Is it applicable to Philippine Setting?
 Is it necessary to resolve it for PA to become a separate
field of study?
SCOPE & BOUNDARY DISPUTES
History

Law Sociology

PA
Pol. Sci.
BA

Philosophy
Psychology
SCIENCE-ART CONTROVERSY
 It is both a science and art.

 As a discipline, it is a science, but as  It is an art because PA deals with

a profession, it is an art (Waldo) people, i.e, flexibility in using
style of leadership
 Science is concerned with true or
false  It is more of one than the other
 Science is concerned with the
application of scientific methods,
i.e., thesis writing
 Art is concerned with value
judgment
 Value Judgment is concerned with
right or wrong
 MEANS-END CONTROVERSY
 PA IS EITHER OR BOTH A  PA as a means or end
MEANS OR AN END
 PA is a means towards is related to
development development
 PA is an end in itself & it administration
needs to strengthen its
administrative capability
 PA must have the minimum
administrative capability in
 PA may be similar or
order to become an effective different from
means towards development
development
administration
 RESOLUTION OF THE IDENTITY
CRISIS
NEW PUBLIC  Administrators should be
ADMINISTRATION committed to the
 Emphasizes the values of enhancement of social
social equity, relevance & equity, effectiveness,
client orientation efficiency, economy and
 Politics-administration good mgt.
dichotomy was rejected  Modified organizational or
because administrators alternatives to the Weberian
should not be neutral bureaucratic set-up was
encouraged
 Counter-bureaucratic  FOUR BASIC
actions include: PROCESSES IN PA
 Decentralization  Distributive process
 Project mgt. (it is concerned w/
 Private contracts the distribution
 Organizational external goods and
development services to particular
 Confrontation sector in terms of
 Client involvement benefit received)
 INTEGRATIVE  BOUNDARY-
PROCESS EXCHANGE
Authority hierarchies PROCESS
are the primary Describes the general
means by which the relationship between
work of a person in the publicly
publicly administered administered orgns.
orgns. is coordinated Its reference groups &
clients.
 SOCIO-EMOTIONAL PROCESS
It requires individual & group changes through
the use of such techniques as organizational
development or other alternative models to the
Weberian Bureaucracy.
 NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
 A new managerial approach in the public
sector emerged in the 1980s and early 1990s
and it was named New Public Management.
This new approach lays the emphasis on the
economy, efficiency and effectiveness of
government organizations, instruments and
programs, and higher quality service delivery.
 NPM
 In the United Kingdom during the Thatcher
government there was a concerted effort to
implement the three ‘e’s of economy, efficiency and
effectiveness at all levels of British government.
 In 1992 Osborne and Gaebler published Reinventing
the Government in the United States, which it
became a major event. Even the presidential
candidate Bill Clinton showed a keen interest in
reforming government through changing the
culture of the American federal government
REINVENTING THE GOVERNMENT

Entrepreneurial Government
Mission Oriented
Client-oriented/market-oriented
Steering not Rowing Role (recognize options,
and not a “single objective”)
Privatization
Community Empowerment (empower, “don’t
just serve”)
Decentralized (participation and teamwork)
Comparison Between Traditional/Old and
NPM
 What shall be done (Policy Direction)?
In the traditional model of public administration
fundamental control lies in the laws enacted by the
legislature and their faithful execution by the executive
authority

The new public management would alleviate the

problems caused by tight, hierarchical control by
delegating greater flexibility and discretion to lower
levels in the production of goods and services. It
would delegate implementing discretion to those
closest to service delivery.
 Old and New PA Comparison…
 Who shall do it? That is, personnel control
In traditional public administration the personnel of
government are hired through a merit system designed by
the government personnel agency and often enacted in
law. A merit system is designed to prevent partisan
political interference in the implementation of policy

 The new public management approach would carry out

the policies of the state largely with employees who are
not directly employed by the government. Control would
be achieved through the market system
 Old and New PA Comparison
 How shall success be measured? That is, inputs,
outputs, or outcomes
The traditional model of public administration places
its major emphasis on accomplishing the mission
and accountability for resources. A hallmark of
the traditional model is its rhetorical stress on
efficiency.
The New Public Management approach rejects measuring
inputs and advocates the use of “performance measures”
to evaluate programs and management. Accountability for
resources is less important than the accomplishment of
goals at a given cost
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
DEFINITIONS
It is concerned with maximizing innovation for development
(Weidner)
It is a development-oriented type of PA
It is public administration as applied in developing countries
It is a planned change in the economy
It is the process of carrying our development programs
directed towards nation building & socio-economic progress.
It is also focused on increasing the administrative capability
for development
 DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION
Development of Administration
 It involves the strengthening and
improvement of the administrative capabilities
as a means of achieving development goals
Administration of Development
 It is a means of achieving development goals.
 PROBLEMS RELATED TO
DEVELOPMENT ADM.
 Lack of well-experienced  Poor organization of public
administrators or highly developed
technocrats enterprises, govt.
 Lack of modern mgt. techniques departments & other
 Poor methods adopted in planning agencies of the govt.
budgeting & policy making
 Procedural delays
 Existence of traditional
 Lack of sufficient discipline & attitudes, customs,
commitment to plan/program inappropriate languages, &
implementation
 Poor direction, coordination &
religious beliefs
relationship between the
generalists & the specialists
 DEVELOPMENT: MEANINGS
 It is change plus growth in GNP.
 It is a change that is  It is composed of three
desirable major elements, areas or
dimensions: economic,
 It is a positive change in political & social
the economy  It is defined in terms 3
 It is traditionally core values: life
associated with sustenance, self-esteem,
economic development freedom from servitude
 It is the capacity to
generate 5-7% increase
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT
Increase & widen the Expand the range of
distribution of life choices among
sustaining goods like individuals by
food, shelter, clothing emancipating them
& health from servitude, and
Improve the levels of promoting their self-
living through higher esteem
incomes, employment
opportunities, quality
education & health
 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEVELOPING NATIONS
 Low levels of living  High unemployment &
characterized by low underemployment levels
incomes, inequality, poor  Too much dependence on
health & inadequate agricultural production &
education primary product export
 Low levels of productivity  Prevalence of imperfect
 High population growth & market & limited
dependency burden information
 Dominance, dependence &
vulnerability to int’l.
relations
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS Foreign Debt Level
GNP or GDP Balanced of Payment
Rate of Savings & Prices of commodities
investment Food production level
Levels of Living Birth Rate
Income &
Employment Rate
Inflation Rate
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS Degree of freedom of the
opposition & press
Degree of People Degree of natl. integration
participation (elections, Degree of modernization of
CSOs, etc.) outlook
Strength of democratic Degree of centralization of
institutions political power
Peace & order Condition People trust & confidence in
Crime Rate the govt.
Political strength of the Political strength of the
Traditional elite military
Degree of Adm. efficiency
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 Standards of Living
 Extent of Literacy
 Degree of Social Tension
 Degree of Cultural/Ethnic Homogeneity
 Quality of Education
 Quality of Health Services
 Extent of Mortality
 MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
 W. Rostows “Take-  OTHER MODELS
Off” Classical
 M. Todaro’s Neo-classical
“Dominance- Maoist
Dependency” Theory
Marxist
 Hammarskjold
Capitalist
“Towards Another
Development” Basic Needs
 ROSTOW’S TAKE-OFF
 Stage 1: Establishment of the Pre-conditions to
Take-Off (up to 100 yrs.)
 Stage 2: Take-Off (20 – 30 yrs.): Interval Period
when the rate of savings & investment increase
 Stage 3: Drive to Maturity: Self-Sustaining
Growth
 TODARO’S DOMINANCE
DEPENDENCY THEORY
FOUR MAJOR ELEMENTS 3) This gap between the rich
1) Coexistence of the and poor will not
superior (rich) and the
inferior (poor) in a diminish but
given space at the same continuously increase
time 4) The rich will never allow
2) The co-existence is the poor to become least
continuous and not
merely temporary poorer.
 HAMMARSKJOLD TOWARDS
ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT
FIVE MAJOR ELEMENTS
DEVELOPMENT MUST BE:
1) Focused towards the satisfaction of needs
starting with the elimination of poverty
2) Endogenuous and self-reliant or relying on the
strength of the society which implements it
3) In harmony with the environment which
means that it does not create ecological
problems
4) It requires structural transformation such as
political restructuring
5) Immediate action is necessary
OTHER MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT

CLASSICAL MODEL
1) Economic Growth
2) Savings & investment
3) Free Competition
NEO-CLASSICAL MODEL
1) Comparative advantage
2) Int’l. division of labor
3) Less government intervention
STRUCTURALIST
1) Rejects the comparative advantage
2) State Intervention necessary
3) Development constraints coming from outside
 MAOIST MODEL
1) Material abundance
2) Abolition of income inequality
3) increased capital accumulation
BASIC NEEDS MODEL
1) Elimination of poverty & unemployment
2) Use of low-cost and labour intensive methods
MARXIST MODEL
1) Closed interconnection of socio-economic &
political factors
2) Anti-capitalism
3) Development as historical progression
 CHALLENGES TO POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Unstable peace and  Shift from presidential
order condition to parliamentary
 Very high crime rate system
 Culture of corruption  Decentralization
 Terrorism  Military control
 Lost of public trust &
confidence in the
govt.
The Philippines by 2040: matatag,
maginhawa, at panatag na buhay. The
country is a prosperous middle-class society
where no one is poor. Pe
ople live long and healthy lives and are
smart and innovative. The Philippines is a
high-trust society where families thrive in
vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient
communities.

Ambisyon Natin 2040

Philippine Development Plan
2017-2022 Overall Framework

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 is the first medium-

term plan anchored on the AmBisyon Natin 2040, consistent with
Executive Order No. 5, s. 2016. The priorities are guided by the
Duterte Administration’s 0 to10-point Socioeconomic Agenda, the
regional consultations conducted by the various planning committees,
and the social development summits that culminated in the 20@22
Agenda: Malasakit at Pagbabago.

The goal of the PDP 2017-2022 is to enable Filipinos to attain a

matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay. It acknowledges the
accomplishments of the previous administrations, adopts the good
practices and carefully considers the lessons gleaned from these
experiences.
Under the current plan, the target is to reduce poverty
incidence from 21.6 percent in 2015 to 14.0 percent by 2022. This
is equivalent to lifting about 6 million people out of poverty.
Specifically, poverty in agriculture and in lagging regions with high
poverty incidence and inequality will be targeted. Individuals and
communities will also be made more resilient by reducing their
exposure to risks, mitigating the impact of risks, and accelerating
recovery when the risk materializes. Moreover, innovation will be
encouraged as the country sets its eyes on graduating to a
knowledge economy in order to accelerate growth in the future.

The strategies to achieve the targets cited above are grouped under
three pillars:Malasakit or enhancing the social fabric, Pagbabago
or reducing inequality, and Patuloy na Pag-unlad or increasing
growth potential. Chapter 4 discusses the strategic framework of
PDP 2017-2022.
Strategic Framework

By the end of 2022, more Filipinos will

be closer to achieving their AmBisyon to
have a “matatag, maginhawa at panatag na
buhay.”
TARGETS
1)The Philippines will be an upper middle income
country by 2022.
2)Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by
a lower poverty incidence in the rural areas, from
30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022.
3)The Philippines will have a high level of human
development by 2022
4)The unemployment rate will decline from the
current 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent in
2022.
5) There will be greater trust in government and
in society
6) Individuals and communities will be more
resilient.
7) Filipinos will have greater drive for innovation.
STRATEGIES
The strategies to achieve the targets cited above
fall under the three major pillars of “Malasakit,”
“Pagbabago,” and “Patuloy na Pag-unlad”.
There are cross-cutting strategies, as well, to
support the other interventions and to provide a
solid bedrock for all strategies to work.
 Marcos Martial Law Regime (1972-
1986)
 Philippine economy began to decline as President Marcos
and other high-level martial law officials began to enrich
themselves through open and widespread corruption
 Marcos failed to take into account the many symptoms of
deep-seated discontent with his regime's policies like
increased foreign travel and
emigration, crime rate increases, flight of capital, drops in
investment, the recent defection of top
business leaders, massive street demonstrations, and an
increase in the number, strength, and activities of
opposition groups, including the Communist New
People's Army and Moro liberation front
 Martial law….
 Marcos is one of the most brilliant political
leaders of the post-World War II era. But
Marcos's beliefthat he could remain in power
until the last desperate moment clearly was not
the reasoning of a rational
person
 CORRUPTION
DEFINITION OF CORRUPTION:THREE
MAJOR CATEGORIES
A. MARKET-CENTERED ORIENTATIION
 Is concerned with the process of exchange &

the balance of supply & demand

 A corrupt official is just like a businessman

who tends to use his office as a device for

maximizing his own profit.
B. PUBLIC-INTEREST CENTERED
 Defines corruption in terms of its consequences

 It is an act of an office holder which favors one

special section of the public who gives the

reward not legally provided for, thus, resulting
to damage to public interest.
 C. PUBLIC-OFFICE CENTERED
 Defines corruption as an act which violates or
deviates from, the formal rules of public office
because of private gains
 Norms vary from one society to another, hence,
what is corruption may not be corruption in
another.
 It focuses on the formal rules of public office or
legal norms.
 CAUSES OF CORRUPTION
 Low morality of both bureaucrats & clients
 Inadequate or unrealistic compensation
 Inadequate control in areas susceptible to
corruption
 Lack of explicit standards of performance for
both employees & organizational units
 Poor recruitment & selection procedures for
employees
 Too much red tapes in govt. procedures
 Strict adherence to what appears to be rules &
regulations
 Inability of the organization to provide
adequate services to meet the volume of
demand
 Poor working conditions & facilities in public
offices
 Lack of information made to the public
 Employee dependence on patronage
 To maintain good relationship with colleagues
& superiors
 Poor organizational leadership which cannot
serve as role model for integrity & discipline
 Societal Tolerance of corruption
 Incongruency between legal & social norms
 Value of particularism that prevails in both
organization & society
 Lack of political will to eliminate corruption
 EFEFCTS OF CORRUPTION
 It increases administrative
cost or makes delivery of
goods & services
unnecessarily expensive.
 It makes administration
difficult because of the
existence of two parallel
types.
 Corruption is toxic with
very few exceptions of
advantages.
 It results in goal
displacement replacing it
with personal economic
interests
 While it results to efficiency
thru speed money, it
deprives those who cannot
afford the cost
 It causes big losses in both
govt. incomes &
expenditures.
HOW WORST IS CORRUPTION IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
 World Bank Report ($48 B loss in 20 yrs.)
 Asia Development Bank Report (Philippines
second to Bangladesh)
 Political & Economic Risk Consultancy Ltd.
(PERC) Philippines second to Indonesia
 Morgan Stanley Report ($204 B 1965-2001)
 STRATEGIES FOR FIGHTING
CORRUPTION
 LIFE STYLE CHECK
 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT (PLUNDER)
 EXECUTION
 STRONG POLITICAL WILL
 CORRUPTION PREVENTION PROJECT
(OMBUDSMAN)
 CHALLENGES TO ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
 High incidence of  Frequent imposition
poverty of taxes
 High unemployment  High inflation
rate  Low business
 Low agricultural confidence
production  Frequent fuel increase
 Low savings &  Peso Devaluation
investment  Low salaries/wages
 High foreign debt
 High population growth
 High budgetary deficit
 Low revenue collection
 Low GNP increase
 Feudalistic land tenure
 SPECIAL ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE
POLITICS & ADMINISTRATION
 War on Terror  Human Rights
 Revenue Raising violations
Measures (e.g., VAT)  Politics of change:
 Global Economic New Leadership
Crisis  Fight Against Poverty
 Debt Crisis
 Fight against
 Peace Negotiation
with MILF/NDF corruption
 Charter Change
 War on illegal drugs