Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meaning:
The word administer is derived from the Latin word administere, which means to
care for or to look after people, to manage affairs.
It has four different meaning depending upon context.
1. As a discipline
2. As a vacation/occupation
3. As a process
4. As a syn0onym for word “Executive” or “Government”
William Schulze: Administration sets the goals, management stives to attain it and
organization is the machine of the management for the attainment of the ends
determined by the administration.
Peter Drucker: have some other view about it. Consult main notes.
Integral view
According to this view top to bottom are included in public administration. Henri
Fayol and L.D. White are supporters of it.
Managerial view
According to this view only management is included in public administration.
Luther Gullick, Herbert Simon, Smithburg, and Thompson are supporter of it.
Difference between these two views
1. The integral view includes the activities of all the persons engaged in
administration whereas the managerial view restricts itself only to the
activities of the few persons at top.
2. The integral view depicts all types of activities from manual to managerial;
from non-technical to technical whereas the managerial view takes into
account only the managerial activities in an organization.
3. According to integral view administration may differ from one sphere to
another depending upon subject matter, whereas in managerial view it is
identified with the managerial techniques common to all the fields of
administration.
4. Doing things and getting things done.
I. As an activity
II. As a discipline
i. As an activity
It embraces all the activities of the government. Hence as an activity the scope
of public administration is no less than the scope of the state activity.
ii. As a discipline
Public administration covers all aspects of our life today. Now a day the idea of police
state is substituted by the concept of welfare state. The role of public administration is
evident as under.
Administration and policy
Administration and society
Administration and individual
Administration and democracy
Administration and social change
Administration and war & peace
CHARACTERISTICS
THEORIES OF BUREAUCRACY
4) Woodrow Wilson
“The study of administration argued for a bureaucracy as a professional cadre,
devoid of allegiance to fleeting politics of the day.
5) Ludwig Von Mises (1944)
In his 1944 work “Bureaucracy”, the Austrian economist was highly critical of all
bureaucratic systems. He believed that bureaucracy should be the target of universal
opprobrium, and noticed that in the political spheres it had few defenders, even among
progressive.
6) Robert K. Marten
The American sociologist expanded on weber’s theories of bureaucracy in his
work social theory and structure, published in 1957.
LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
Leadership qualities are broadly divided into following three categories.
Personal qualities
Interpersonal qualities
Qualities of vision and action
PERSONAL QUALITIES
1. Moral courage
2. Will power
3. Integrity
4. Self-sacrifice
5. Administrative and technical ability
6. Vitality and endurance
7. Enthusiasm
8. Good memory
9. Sense of humor
10. Emotional control
INTERPERSONAL QUALITIES
FORMS/TYPES OF LEADERSHIP
1. Autocratic leader
2. Democratic or participative leader
3. Liassez-faire leaders
4. Task oriented/Production oriented
5. People oriented leaders
Dr.L.D. White:
It is the sum total of the constitutional, statutory, administrative and judicial rules and
procedures and the established practices by means of which public officials may be
held accountable for their official action.
TYPES OF CONTROL
There are two types of controls
Internal Control
External Control
INTERNAL CONTROL:
It is that control which is fitted into the administrative
machinery and operates from within the administrative organization. It is exercised
through the following mechanism.
Administrative process
Hierarchical order
Annual confidential reports
Budgetary control
Professional ethics
Efficiency survey
Administrative leadership
EXTERNAL COTROL:
It is that kind of control which is fitted outside the
administrative machinery and works within the general constitutional framework of the
system. It may be considered from following main standpoints namely: of the
legislation; of the executive; of the judiciary and of the public and sometimes
federal ombudsman. All of these are discussed in brief as under.
A) LEGISLATION CONTROL
Questions
Resolutions and motions
Debates and discussions
Passing laws
Control of appropriations
Audit and report
Committees of legislature
B) EXECUTIVE CONTROL
Policy making
Budgetary system
Recruitment system
Staff agencies
Executive orders
C) JUDICIAL CONTROL
Judiciary is one of the most important external agencies, which exercises
control over administration. There are two systems of judicial control which
are as under.
Rule of Law system
Administrative Law system
WRIT IN PAKISTAN
D) PUBLIC CONTROL
Election
Re-call
Pressure groups
Advisory committees
Vigorous public opinion
E) OMBUDSMAN
Internal and External Controls; Executive Control, Legislative Control, Judicial Control,
Ombudsman, Public Opinion and Pressure Groups; Problems of Administrative
Accountability in Pakistan;
TYPES OF PLANS
1. Development planning
2. Economic planning
3. Administrative planning
a. Policy planning
b. Program planning
c. Operational planning
PLANNING PROCESS
1. Early beginning
2. Direct contact
3. Reciprocity
4. Continuity
5. Cooperative and willingness
6. Objective oriented
7. Balanced coordination
8. Mutual trust and confidence
FORMAL METHODS
INFORMAL METHODS
1. Personal contacts
2. Informal consultation
3. Informal dinners
4. Disciplined party system
VIII. Federal Public Service Commission Ordinance 1977 and Rules made
thereunder;
Part-II: 50 Marks
(Human Resource, Financial Management,
Quality Management and Information Technology)
ORGANIZATION
Simplest definition of organization can be “when two or more than two people
work together to achieve a common purpose” it is called an organization.
The term organization is used in public administration I three different meanings.
TYPES OF ORGANIZATION
1. Formal organization
2. Informal organization
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
1. Hierarchy
2. Span of control
3. Unity of command
4. Integration v/s Disintegration
5. Delegation
6. Centralization v/s Decentralization
(write details of each I printable format)
FUNCTIONING
1. Ministry
2. Division
3. Attached department
4. Subordinate offices
5. Autonomous/semi-autonomous bodies
TRANSACTION OF BUSINESS
1. Prime minister
2. Federal cabinet
3. Secretary
4. Additional secretary
5. Joint secretary
6. Deputy secretary
7. Section officer
PROVINCIAL ORGANIZATION
Administration
Functioning
1. Chief minister
2. Chief secretary
3. Territorial division
4. District coordination officer
5. Tehsil municipal officer