GROUP1- Philippines Public Administration
It's Evolution in Practice and discipline
 The Philippines Public Administration
- PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IS THE
CULTIVATION OF THE HUMAN RACE TO
ORGANIZE SOCIETY AND ITS CAPACITY
TO DIRECT IT BY VIRTUE OF LAWS AND
REGULATIONS. IT PUSHES
COMMUNITIES TO ACHIEVE A
COMMON GOAL THAT IS PUBLIC-
ORIENTED.
 When the Philippine Public
Administration started as a practice
and field of study?
- IT WILL BE RECALLED THAT PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION AS ACADEMIC FIELD
OF STUDY FORMALLY BEGUN WITH THE
ESTABLISHMENT BY THE AMERICANS OF
THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION (IPA) IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (UP) IN
1952.
 Who is the father of Public
Administration in the Philippines?
- DR. RAUL DE GUZMAN
 Who is the father of Public
Administration in the Philippines?
- Woodrow Wilson
 How important Public Administration is
as a field of discipline?
- THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION IS INCREASING WITH
TIME FOR ENSURING SUSTAINABLE
GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IRRESPECTIVE
OF THE COUNTRY'S CONTEXT.
- ACCORDING TO BRILLANTES AND
FERNANDEZ (2008), THE EVOLUTION OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HAS TWO
MAJOR PHASES NAMELY
TRADITIONAL/CLASSICAL AND MODERN
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.
 Traditional Phase
- TRADITIONAL PHASE IN 1800S TO 1950S
IS CHARACTERIZED BY BEING CLIENT
ORIENTED AND IS ROOTED IN ANCIENT
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. IT WAS THE
PERIOD WHEN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION STARTED AS A FIELD
OF STUDY. IT FLOURISHED IN 1950S AS
COMPLEXITIES EMERGED DUE TO THE
GROWTH OF POPULATION AND
INCREASE IN DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
OF PUBLIC PRACTITIONERS.
- PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CAN BE
TRACED BACK TO HUMAN HISTORY. IT
HAS BEEN SUGGSTED THAT IT IS AS OLD
AS THE ANCIENT EMPIRES OF CHINA,
INDIA, EGYPT, GREECE, ROME AND
MESOPOTAMIA.
- THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY FOR
COLLECTIVE PURPOSES IS THE
FOUNDATION OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION. SUCH
ARRANGEMENT HAS EXISTED IN ALL
SOCIETIES (CAIDEN 1982).
 The beginning of the modern phase
- WHICH ACCORDING TO BRILLANTES
AND FERNANDEZ (2008) WAS THE
PERIOD OF "MANAGEMENT OF
INNOVATION" THAT FOCUSES MORE
ON THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OR
TERMED AS "THIRD WORLD" BY
ALFRED SAUVY. STUDIES AND
APPLICATIONS DEALT MUCH ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY AND
SOCIAL CHANGES BY IMPROVING THE
CAPACITY IN PRODUCTION AND
DELIVERY OF GOODS AND SERVICES
(ILCHMAN, 1970 IN BRILLANTES
&FERNANDEZ, 2008).
 Modern Phase
 THE INDICATIVE PERIODERN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION IN THE 50'S. THE
SUB PHASES INCLUDE:
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION;
 NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION;
 NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND
REINVENTING GOVRNMENT; AND
PA AS GOVERNANCE.
 Identify Crisis
- THE DISCIPLINE OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN
CHARACTERIZED AS ONE WITH A
CONTINUING 'IDENTIFY CRISIS' THAT
SERVED AS THEME THAT LED TO THE
EMERGENCE OF THE NEW PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION MOVEMENT IN THE
70'S. RUTGERS (1998) ARGUED IN
"PARADIGM LOST: CRISIS AS IDENTIFY
OF THE STUDY OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION," THAT PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION LACKED AN
"EPISTEMOLOGICAL IDENTITY".
- IN THE PHILIPPINES, REYES (2003)
REVISITED THE SO-CALLED "IDENTITY
CRISIS" OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
INITIALLY RAISED BY VARIOUS
SCHOLARS OF THE DISCIPLINE IN HIS
VARIOUS WRITINGS. HE CONTENDED
THAT THE CRISIS REVOLVED AROUND
THE IMPERATIVE TO DEFINE A PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION ROOTED TO THE
DVELOPMENT ASPIRATIONS OF THE
PHILIPPINES. THE IDENTITY CRISIS,
HOWEVER, CONTINUES UP TO TODAY IN
THE PHILIPPINES.
 Development of administration
- FOCUSES ON EMERGING / DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES AFTER WORLD WAR II,
THESE THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
STRUGGLED TO REBUILD IN TERMS OF
ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY IN THE
PHILIPPINES, IT WOULD BE MORE
APPROPRIATE FOR IT TO REFERRED TO
AS A NATION TRYING TO RESTABLISH ITS
DEMOCRATIC FRAMEWORK OF
ADMINISTRATION (BRILLANTES AND
FERNANDEZ, 2008).
 New Public Administration
 THE EMERGENCE OF NEW PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION (NPA) CAN BE
TRACED BACK TO THE LATER 1960'S.
 THE EARLIER DOGMAS OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION "ECONOMY" AND
"EFFICIENCY" WERE FOUND
INADEQUATE AND INCOMPLETE
OBJECTIVES OF ADMINISTRATIVE
ACTIVITY.
 THIS "NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION"
WAS USED TO DESCRIBE THIS NEW
TREND IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION.
 "TOWARD A NEW PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION, THE MINNOWBROOK
PERSPECTIVE" AND "PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION IN A TIME OF
TURBULENCE".
 Public Administration as Governance
 1990'S 2000'S
 ENDORSED BY UNITED NATIONS,
WORLD BANK AND ASIAN
DEVELOPMENT BANK.
 INVOLVES THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION
OF A SYSTEM THROUGH WHICH
CITIZENS, INSTITUTIONS,
ORGANIZATIONS, AND GROUP IN A
SOCIETY ARTICULATE THEIR INTEREST,
EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS AND MEDIATE
THEIR DIFFERENCES IN PURSUIT OF THE
COLLECTIVE GOOD. (ADB 1995 AS CITED
IN BRILLANTES AND FERNANDEZ 2008).
 DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTALLY-
SOUND ADMINISTRATION, AND
GLOBALIZATION.
 SOME PRINCIPLES OF
DECENTRALIZATION, PARTICIPATION,
RESPONSIVENESS, AND
ACCOUNTABILITY.
  How it helped shape the nature of
administration in the Philippine?
 THE PHILIPPINES CAN BE CONSIDERED
TO HAVE COMPARED ITSELF TO OTHER
COUNTRIES IN ORDER TO STRENGTHEN
ITS ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM.
 GOOD GOVERNANCE IS THE PROCESS
OF MAKING THE GOVERNMENT MORE
TRANSPARENT AND ACCOUNTABLE
 EXAMINE THE EXISTING LITERATURE,
THEORY, PRACTICE, AND APPLICATION
IN OUR LOCAL CONTEXT.
GROUP2- Philippine Administrative System
Components and Sources of Power
 COMPONENTS of PAS
- PUBLIC ORGANIZATION- Legal
mandates major function and Structure,
etc
- INTERNAL PROCEDURES AND
INTERACTIVE EFFORTS-Perform public
functions thru defined rules and
procedures internal to the organization.
 RESPONSIBLE for IMPLEMENTING
PUBLIC POLICIES-Formulated jointly by
the legislative and executive branches.
• Conscious of different kinds of Clientele that it
deals with.
• SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT-PAS as a part of the bigger
social system with competing claims to limited
resources and institutions play a role in
determining the utilization of resources.
 SOURCES of POWER of the PAS
- INSTRUMENT OF THE STATE-
Government are exercised legitimately,
supported by enabling state policies and
authority.
- ENFORCER and IMPLEMENTOR of
PUBLIC POLICY-Discretion in policy
implementation
- SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM-Discretion
to determine quantity, quality,
adequacy and timeless of services it
provide.
- PARTICIPANT in POLICY FORMULATION-
Advice is sought on legislation and
policy-making
- TECHNICAL EXPERTISE- Professional
training of civil servants in areas of
competence on policy issue.
- NATIONWIDE PRESENCE- Expansive
reach to mobilize support for programs
all over the country.
GROUP3- PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE
SYSTEM:
CAPACITY BUILDING AND POLITICAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE ACCOUNTABILITY
 CAPABILITY-BUILDING (CB)
- refers to the "building of people-based
structures and institutions which is the real
essence of the concept. It means enabling
people to organized themselves around
common needs and to work together
towards common ends. It is addressed to
policy makers, program implementor, and
program beneficiary".
 FOUR STAGES OF CB PROCESS STAGES OF
CB PROCESS
STAGES OF CB PROCESS
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
 OBJECTIVE SETTING
 PROGRAM PLANNING
 STRUCTURE BUILDING
 FOUR OUTPUTS OF CB PROCESS
OUTPUTS OF CB PROCESS
 EFFECTIVE SELF SUSTAINING COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS
 INSTALLATION O COMMUNITY SELF
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
 PARTNERSHIP/LINKAGE WITH OUTSIDE
STRUCTURES
 COMMUNITY PROBLEM SOLVING
CAPABILITY

 POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
ACCOUNTABILITY
ACCOUNTABILTY - is defined as a condition
in which individuals who exercise power are
constrained by external means by normal
norms.
- It refers to the institution of checks and
balances in an organization thru which an
administrator accounts for his stewardship
of resources or authority.
FOUR TYPES OF ACCOUNTABILITY
1.INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY - public employees
are answerable for the responsible, efficient and
effective performance of their tasks.
2. ACCOUNTABILITY OF ADMINISTRATORS -for their
stewardship of the administrative authority,
resources and information placed at their disposal as
leaders of public organization.
3. POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY - of institutions that
must answer for their organizational mandate and
functions, particularly as they form part of the
incumbent government strategy or national
development.
4. ACCOUNTABILITY OF NATIONAL LEADERS - elected
national leadership must answer for the
performance in pursuing their programs of
government and their use of national resources,
given the authority, power and resources vested in
them by their constituency.
 POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
ACCOUNTABILITY
- THE POLITICAL - administrative continuum
means that elected officials are politically
accountable to the electorate or their
constituencies who voted them to their
positions. These elected officials are held
responsible thru regular elections and other
means, recall and referendum. Appointive
public officials answer to the people thru
the elected officials who appointed them
directly to the public whom they serve.
 ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
If an office is under the supervision and control
of another unit, it means that the higher office:
• Has authority to act directly, whenever specific
function is entrusted by law or regulation to a
subordinate.
• Directs the performance of a duty.
Restrains the commission of acts.
•Reviews, approves, reverses or modified acts or
decision of subordinate officials and units.
• Determines priorities in executing plans and
programs.
• Prescribes standards, guidelines, plans and
programs.
 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION AND
ATTACHMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION:
• Oversee the operations such agencies to insure
these are managed effectively, efficiently and
economically; no interference in day to day
activities.
• Require submission of reports;
• Review and pass upon budget proposal of such
agencies, but may not increase or add to them.
 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION AND
ATTACHMENT
- ATTACHMENT (Attached agencies or
corporations)
 Department represented in the
board, chair or member.
 Comply with periodic reporting.
 Department provides general
policies thru its board
representatives.
GROUP3- PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE:
BUREAUCRACY AND PERSONNEL SYSTEM
 PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY AND
PERSONNEL SYSTEM
 WHAT IS BUREAUCRACY? (rule by
desks)
A system of administration based upon
organization into bureaus, division of labor,
hierarchy of authority, designed to dispose of a
large body of work in a routine manner.
Examples: Government, College and
Universities, The Registrar's Office
 BASIC CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY
 Bureaucracy: a large organization that is
structured hierarchically to carry out
specific functions
-often used to refer to the departments
and agencies of the federal
government.
All bureaucracies follow general rules:
1. Hierarchical authority- similar to
pyramid.
2. Job Specialization- each worker has
defined duties/responsibilities.
3. Division of Labor- a segmentation of
task which whom
assigned and do by an individual or
groups.
4. Set of Formal Rules- rules/regulations
must be followed.
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY
PROGRESSION
1. Traditional Public Administration
service delivery
2. Development Administration
decentralized government.
-Policy implementation and
Democratic, participatory,
3. New Public Management
bureaucracy involvement in policy
making
reforms and changes in system
Bureaucracy to become
entrepreneurial, adopt features of
private business organization.
reform, accountability, empowerment
PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY
PROGRESSION
1. Traditional Public Administration
service delivery
2. Development Administration
decentralized government.
- Policy implementation and
Democratic, participatory,
3. New Public Management
bureaucracy involvement in policy
making
➤ reforms and changes in system
Bureaucracy to become
entrepreneurial, adopt features of
private business organization.
➤ reform, accountability,
empowerment
The Philippine bureaucracy was
traditionally involved in service delivery
and policy implementation, but external
and internal pressures has made it a
policy-making power.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
1. Vulnerability to nepotism.
2. Perpetuation of the spoils system.
3. Apathetic public reaction to
bureaucratic misconduct. 4. Availability
of external peaceful means of correcting
bureaucratic weaknesses.
5. Survival of historical experience.
6. Non-special typing of bureaucrats.
7. Lack of independence from politics.
8. Essential instruments of social
change.
PUBLIC PERSONNEL SYSTEM
Personnel Administration is that part of
administration which is concerned with
people at work and with their
relationships within an organization. It is
a branch of human resource
management that is concerned with
acquisition, development, utilization
and compensation of a public
organization's workforce.
"Public Personnel administration"
involves, the
management of all an agency's human
resources in a manner that assures the
best output with the least costly input,
while protecting and enhancing the
welfare of the workers (Hanlon &
Pickett, 1984).
Personnel System- It is a system that
includes all basic policies, rules, rules,
techniques, and practices on civil
servants who perform the duties of the
state.
THE AIMS OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL
ADMINISTRATION
1.Recruiting, selecting, and advancing
employees on the basis of their relative
ability, knowledge and skills.
2.Equitable and adequate
compensation.
3.Training employees as needed to
assure high quality performance.
4. Retaining employees on the basis of
the adequacy of their performance,
correcting inadequate performance,
and separating employees, whose poor
performance cannot be corrected.
5. Assuring fair treatment of applicants
and employees in all aspects of
personnel administration without
regard to political affiliation, race, color,
national origin, sex or religious
creed.
6. Assuring that employees are
protected against coercion for partisan
political purposes and are prohibited
from using their official authority for the
purpose of interfering with an election.
FUNCTIONS OF PERSONNEL
ADMINISTRATION
1. Procurement of Personnel
2. Development of Personnel
3. Compensation and Remuneration
4.Maintenance and Improvement 5.
Evaluation
NATURE and SCOPE OF PUBLIC
PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION
Nature;
Public personnel function is crucial in
any administrative organization.
Scope;
Personnel administration incorporates
all aspects of management of persons in
organization.
Conclusion...
Public personnel constitute an integral
part of the organization. It is an
important asset of a country as well as
of the organization success and growth
of development. A personnel link
between an organization's various
departments and ensures the smooth
flow of information from one part to
another. Thus, without an effective
public personnel or administration, an
organization would not run
professionally and smoothly.
PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE
SYSTEM STRUCTURE
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
• Commission is have its own head
authority within the terms of reference
defined for it by National Council.
• The constitutional commissions also
have the authority to implement
approved programs within a budget and
it will be approved by National Council.
•The powers and function is to Enforce
and Administer all laws and regulations
relative to the conduct of an election,
plebiscite, initiative, referendum and
recall.
THE THREE CONSTITIONAL
COMMISSIONS (3Cs) OF THE
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
1. Civil Service Commission
2. Commissions on Elections
3. Commissions on Audit
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
This is the central personnel agency of
the Philippine Government responsible
for the policies, plans, and programs
concerning all civil service employees.
It promotes morale, efficiency, integrity,
responsiveness, progressiveness and
courtesy in the civil service.
COMMISION ON ELECTIONS
REPUBLIC
• This is an independent constitutional.
• They are the premier guardian of the
ballot.
PHILIPPINES
• There role is to Enforce all Laws and
Regulations
relative to the conduct of elections in
the Philippines.
COMMISION ON AUDIT
This is also a independent
constitutional.
The Primary function is to examine,
audit and settle all accounts and
expenditures of the funds and
properties of the Philippine
Government.
CONSTITUTIONALLY MANDATED
SPECIAL BODIES
1. OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN
is an ombudsman who investigates and
prosecutes Philippine government
officials accused of crimes, particularly
graft and corruption.
2. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
is an independent constitutional office
created under the 1987 Constitution of
the Philippines, with the primary
function of investigating all forms of
human rights violations involving civil
and political rights in the Philippines.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
PRESIDENT (OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT)
Powers and Responsibilities
• The executive power shall be vested in
the President
of the Philippines.
Control of all the executive
departments, bureaus, and offices.
• Ensure that the laws be faithfully
executed.
The Commander-in-Chief of all armed
forces of the
Philippines
VICE PRESIDENT (OFFICE OF THE VICE
PRESIDENT)
■Responsibilities
The Vice President is the second highest
national official elected by the people.
• The office is very important because
the Vice President becomes the
President when this position becomes
vacant either due to resignation,
removal or impeachment,
incapacitation, or death.
The Vice President should possess the
same qualifications as the President. He
is elected in the same manner and for
the same term as the President. He may
be appointed by the President as a
member of his Cabinet or as head of an
executive department. Such an
appointment requires no confirmation
from the Commission on Appointments
of Congress.
The Vice President cannot serve for
more than two successive terms.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
• According to the 1987 Constitution,
legislative power shall be vested in the
Congress of the Philippines, which shall
consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives.
•The Senate shall be composed of
twenty-four Senators who shall be
elected at large by the qualified voters
of the Philippines, as may be provided
by law; the House of Representatives
shall be composed of not more than
250 (unless otherwise fixed by law), 20
percent of whom must be Party-list
representatives.
LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
Congress is responsible for making
enabling laws to make sure the spirit of
the constitution is upheld in the country
and, at times, amend or change the
constitution itself. itself. In order to craft
laws, the legislative body comes out
with two main documents: bills and
resolutions.
JUDICIAL BRANCH
The judicial power is vested in the
Supreme Court of the Philippines and
lower courts established by law. The
Supreme Court, which has a chief
justice as its head and 14 associate
justices, occupies the highest tier of the
judiciary. The justices serve until the age
of 70. The justices are appointed by the
president on the recommendation of
the Judicial and Bar Council of the
Philippines.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUSs)
•Local Government refers to political
administrative divisions of state.
•This is within the act of physically
reaching to the citizens it governs with
officials elected if not appointed by
elected officials.
•Local Governments are political units
composed of Provinces, Cities,
Municipalities, and Barangays.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
•Local Government Code of 1991 (RA
7160)
•Practicable element of the national
government for
local functions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
1. It must exist as an organized entity.
2. It must possess governmental
accountability to the public at large with
officials.
3. It must have substantial autonomy.
DECENTRALIZATION
Under the Local Government Code of
1991 or RA 7610, the National
Government transfers substantial
powers, functions, and responsibilities
to the Local Government Units.

OFFICIAL DUTIES OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS
Section 17 of the Local Government
Code stipulated the social services and
facilities that local government should
provide:
OFFICIAL DUTIES OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS
1.Facilities and Research Services for
Agriculture
2. A Solid Waste Disposal System
3. Social Welfare Services
4. Municipality/City/Provincial Buildings
5.Infrastructure Facilities
6. Local Enterprises
7. Public Cemetery
8. Tourism Facilities and Attractions
9. Sites for Police and Fire Stations
10. Health Services
11. Information Services
Why does the LGU play a vital role on
the community development?
WHY DOES THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNIT PLAY A VITAL
ROLE ON THE COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT?
✓ Local Government Units could deliver
the ideal, authority, infrastructure,
policy, and planning procedures to
maximize the benefit
for its communities, for its people.
Likewise, ensure their fullest progress as
self-reliant communities.
GOVERNMENT OWNED OR
CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS
(GOCCS)
In the Philippines, a government-owned
and controlled corporation (GOCC), is a
state-owned enterprise that conducts
both commercial and non- commercial
activity. Examples of the latter would be
the Government Service Insurance
System (GSIS) and social security system
for government employees. GOCCs both
receive subsidies and pay dividends to
the national government.
Under the GOCC Governance Act
(Republic Act No.
10149 Government Owned and
Controlled Corporations (GOCC)
Governance Act of 2011), GOCCs are
overseen by the Governance
Commission for Government-Owned or
Controlled Corporations (GCG).
The Governance Commission is the
"government's central advisory and
oversight body over the public
corporate sector" according to the
Official Gazette of the Philippine
government.
The Governance Commission among
other duties prepares for the president
of the Philippines a shortlist of
candidates appointment by the
president to GOCC boards.
For Many but not all GOCCS have their
their own charter or law outlining its
responsibilities and governance.

The GOCC act of 2011 establishes that

framework for reforms in the public
corporate sector. It is designed to
reform the government corporate
sector, improve corporate governance
of GOCCS and exact from them efficient
public service.

CHARTERED INSTITUTION
Refers to any agency organized or
operating under a special charter, and
vested by law with functions relating to
specific constitutional policies or
objectives. This term includes the state
universities and colleges and the
monetary authority of the State.