Ms. MARICON C.

PABLO
COMPARATIVE
using or introducing
comparison
POLICE
 a department of government
responsible for the preservation of
public order, detection of crime and
enforcement of law.

 The act or process of putting and keep in in

order.
SYSTEM
an orderly,interconnected, complex
arrangement of parts.

A method of organization,
administration or procedure.
 COMPARATIVE
POLICE SYSTEM
 theories and practices in law enforcement have been
compared in several studies under diverse circumstances, the
goal is to test whether the theory and practice policing needs
innovation to meet the demands of the present trends in
crime fighting.
 As we compare our own police system with other models we
would be able to gain insights into how to deal with
transnational crime or borderless crimes. Besides, best
practices may be adopted from other police models in order to
make policing in the Philippines more current and effective.
2 METHODS OF
COMPARATIVE
POLICE SYSTEM
RESEARCH
1. SAFARI METHOD- a researcher visits
another country

2. COLLABORATIVE METHOD- the

researcher communicates with a foreign
researcher
 GLOBALIZATION
is a package of transnational flows of
people, production, investments,
information, ideas and authority.

Is the growing inter-penetration of

states, markets, communications, and
ideas.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON LAW
ENFORCEMENT
1. Threats on law enforcement
a. increasing volume of human rights violation
evident by genocide or mass killing.
b. the under-privilege gain unfair access to global
mechanism on law enforcement and security.
c. conflict between nations
d. transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
2. Opportunities for law enforcement
a. creation of International tribunals to
deal with human rights problems.
b. Humanitarian interventions that can
promote universal norms and link them
to the enforcement power of states.
c. Global groups for conflict monitoring
and coalitions across transnational
issues.
International undertakings to
safeguard life and human dignity
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
 International Covenant on Social and
Economic Rights
 Specific Treaties on War Crimes
 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
 UN Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women
4 TYPES OF POLICE
SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD
1. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS
 are also known as Anglo-American Justice, and
exist in most English-speaking countries of the
world, such as the US., England, Australia and
New Zealand. They are distinguished by a strong
adversarial system where lawyers interpret and
judges are bound precedent. Common law system
are distinctive in the significance they attached to
precedent (the importance of previously decided
cases). They primarily rely upon oral systems of
evidence in which the public trial is a main focal
point.
2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEM
 are also known as Continental Justice or
Romano-Germanic Justice, and practice
throughout most of the European Union
as well as elsewhere, in places such as
Sweden, Germany, France and Japan. They
are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial
system where less right is granted to the
accused, and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation.
 For example, a French maxim goes like this “If a
judge knows the answer, he must not be
prohibited from achieving it by undue attention
to regulations of procedure of evidence”. By
contrast, the common law method is for a judge
to at least suspend belief until the event of a trial
is over. Legal scholarship is much more
sophisticated and elitist and civil law system, as
opposed to the more democratic common law
countries where just anybody can get to the law
school.
Romano-Germanic systems are
founded on the basis of natural law,
which is a respect of tradition and
custom. The sovereigns or leaders of
a civil law system are considered
above the law, as opposed to the
common law notion that nobody is
above the law.
3. SOCIALIST SYSTEM
 are also known as Marxist-Lenninist Justice,
and exist in many places , such as Africa and
Asia, where there had been a Communist
revolution or the remnants of one. They are
distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling
their responsibilities to the state. It is the
ultimate exorcession of positive law, designed
to move the state forward toward the
perfectibility of state and mankind.
It is also primarily characterized by
administrative law, where non-legal
officials make most of the decisions.
For example, in a socialist state, neither
judges nor lawyers are allowed to make
law. Law is the same as policy, and an
Orthodox Marxist view is eventually,
the law will not be necessary.
 4. ISLAMIC SYSTEMS
 are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice,
and derived all their procedures and practices
from interpretation of the Koran. Islamic
system in general are characterized by the
absence of positive law (the use of law to move
societies forward toward some progressive
future) and are based more on the concept of
natural justice (crimes are considered acts of
injustice that conflict with tradition). Religion
plays an important role in Islamic Systems.
COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM
Court Systems of the world are of two types:
1. ADVERSARIAL- where the accused is
innocent until proven guilty. The U.S
adversarial system is unique in the
world. No other nation, not even the
U.K places as much emphasis upon
determination of factual guilt in the
court room as the U.S does.
2. INQUISITORIAL
 where the accused is guilty until proven
innocent or mitigated, have more secret
procedures. Outside the U.S, most trials
are concerned with legal guilt where
everyone knows the offender did it, and
the purpose is to get the offender to
apologize, own up to their responsibility,
argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate
sentence for themselves.
COMPARATIVE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
 Correctional systems worldwide can be easily
distinguished by whether they support corporal
punishment (beatings) or not. Some so-called
“civilized” countries claim they are better than U.S
because they don’t perform death penalty but actually
practice such corporal punishments as beatings and
whippings. Nations that practice corporal punishments
do tend, however, to have less of a correctional
overcrowding problem. Probation and parole, where
they exist cross-culturally, are applied to the countrie’s
citizens, and not for foriegners or immigrants.
COMPARATIVE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
 Juvenile Justice System vary widely.
Scotland has the toughest system,
regularly sentencing juveniles to harsh
boot camps with a strict military
regiment and forced labor. Germany has a
juvenile justice system similar to the U.S.,
where more emphasis is upon education
as punishment.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. FOLK-COMMUNAL SOCIETY
 has little codification of law, no specialization
among police, and a system of punishment
that just let things go for awhile without
attention until things become too much, and
then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted
to. Classic examples include the early Roman
gentiles, African and Middle Eastern tribes,
and Puritan settlements in North America.
2. URBAN SOCIETY
 has civil law(some standards and customs
are written down), specialized police forces
(some for religious offenses, other for
enforcing the King’s law), and punishment
is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient. Most of continental
Europe developed along this path.
3. URBAN INDUSTRIALIST SOCIETY
 not only has codified laws (statutes that
prohibit) but laws that prescribed good
behavior, police become specialized in how
to handle property crimes, and the system of
punishment is run on market principles of
creating incentives and disincentives.
England and the U.S followed this positive
legal path.
4. BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY
 - has a system of laws (along with
armies of lawyers), a police who tend to
keep busy handling political crime and
terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization
and overcrowding.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE
POLICING
1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY
 postulated that as a nation develops,
people’s alertness to crime is
heightened. They report more crime to
police and demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime
problems
2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY
Asserts that crime everywhere is
the result or unrestrained
migration and overpopulation
in urban areas such as ghettos
and slums.
3. OPPURTUNITY THEORY
is that along with higher
standards of living, victims
become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities
for committing crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHY THEORY
- Is based on the event when a
greater number of children are
being born. As these baby booms
grow up, delinquent subcultures
develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
holds the progress comes along
with rising expectations. People at
the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the
top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough.
6. MODERNIZATION THEORY
 - sees the problem as society becoming
too complex.
7. THEORY OF ANOMIE AND
SYNOMIE
( the latter being a term referring to
social cohesion on values), suggests
that progressive lifestyles and
norms results in the disintegration
of older norms that once held
people together (anomie).
The International Notice System (Interpol)
1. Red Notice- based on national warrants, are used
to seek the arrest and extradition of suspects.
2. Blue Notices- are used to seek information on the
identity of persons or on their illegal activities
related to criminal matters. Such blue notices are
used primarily for tracing and locating offenders
when the decision to seek to extradite has not yet
been made and for indicating witnesses to crime.
The International Notice System (Interpol)

3. Green Notices- are used to provide warnings and

criminal intelligence about persons who have
committed criminal offenses and who are likely to
repeat these crimes in other countries.
4. Yellow Notices- are used to help locate missing
persons including children, or to help people to
identify themselves.
5. Black Notices- are used to determine the identity
of deceases person.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION

 Interpol, whose full name is the International

Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL, is an
organization facilitating international police
cooperation. It was established as the International
Criminal Police Commission in Austria in 1923 and
adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in
1956.
The Role of Interpol in Crime Control

 Drug Control
 Children and Human Trafficking
 Environmental Crime
 Information Technology Crime
 International Terrorism
1. DRUG CONTROL
 The Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub-Directorate
is located within the Specialized
Crime Directorate of the Interpol General Secretariat. It
is the central repository of professional and technical
expertise in drug control within the Interpol framework.
Essentially, it acts as the clearing-house for the
collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of drug-
related information.
 2. CHILDREN AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Trafficking in Persons (R.A. 9208 “The Anti-Trafficking In
Persons Act of 2003) – It refers to the recruitment,
transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons
with or without the victim’s consent or knowledge, within or
across national boarders by means of threat or use of force, or
other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of
power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of
the person, or, the giving or receiving of payments or benefits
to achieve the consent person having control over another
person for the purpose of exploitation which includes at a
minimum, the exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery,
servitude or the removal or sale of organs.
Smuggling
The act of conveying or introducing
surreptitiously or to import and/or
export secretly and contrary to law and
especially without paying duties
imposed by law.
Smuggling of Migrants
 – It shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain,
directly or indirectly, a financial or other material
benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State
Party of which the person is not a national or a
permanent resident.
The Trafficking and Smuggling Business
1. The Stages
2. The Routes
3. The Victim(s)
The Trafficking and Smuggling Business

 1. The stages – smuggling usually comes into at least

three phases: recruitment, transfer and entrance into
the destination country. But human trafficking goes
further to exploitation which may take place in a
variety of markets operating in the destination
country.
The Trafficking and Smuggling Business

 2. The routes – selected friendly routes with soft

states (states that has no laws regarding human
trafficking or lenient in the enforcement of anti-
human trafficking laws) to traffic human beings and
smuggle immigrants, this routing have rules of
themselves.
The Trafficking and Smuggling Business

3. The victim- who is either willing or unwilling

Diverse Typologies of Victims of Human Smuggling

1. Poverty stricken
2. Extremely uneducated
3. Common criminals
4. Intellectuals
5. Political dissidents
6. Prostitutes
 Europol (European Police) Distinctions of Types of
Victims
1. Exploited – those who have worked in sex industry in
their own country and are recruited for similar work in the
destination country.
2. Deceived victims – consist of women recruited to work in
the service of entertainment industry of the destination
country.
3. Kidnapped victims – women who have been kidnapped
and are therefore unwillingly from the onset.
PHILIPPINE LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AGAINST
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
 REPUBLIC ACT 9208

AN ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE

TRAFFICING IN PERSONS ESPECIALLY WOMEN
AND CHILDREN, ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE
PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF TRAFFICKED
PERSONS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR ITS
VIOLATIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7610

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR STRONGER DETERRENCE

AND SPECIAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD
ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 REPUBLIC ACT 9262

AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

AND THEIR CHILDREN, PROVIDING FOR
PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS,
PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFORE, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
 REPUBLIC ACT 9231

AN ACT PROVIDING THE ELIMINATION OF THE

WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR AND
AFFORDING STRONGER PROTECTION FOR THE
WORKING CHILD AMENDING FOR THIS PURPOSE
RA 7610
 REPUBLIC ACT 7658

AN ACT PROHIBITING THE EMPLOYMENT OF

CHILDREN BELOW 15 YEARS OF AGE IN PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE UNDERTAKINGS, AMENDING FOR
THIS PURPOSE SECTION 12, ARTICLE VIII OF R. A.
7610.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
 Environmental Crime is a serious and growing
international problem, with criminal violating
national and international laws. These criminals are
polluting the air, water and land. Examples of
environmental crimes which have become more
common and lucrative are the trade of collectible
species and illegal disposal of waste in an effort to
avoid legitimate disposal costs, which results in an
unfair competitive advantage for the criminals over
legitimate, law-abiding businesses.
Transnational Environmental Crimes
 Environmental crime is inherently transnational,
despite their transnational character, most cross-
border environmental harms are not defined as crimes
or regulatory violations. But attempts to do so are
frequently confounded by legal system rooted in
national sovereignty and, thus, ill suited to address
transborder injuries.
4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CRIME

 The Interpol General Secretariat has harnessed the

expertise of its members in the field of Information
Technology Crime (ITC) through the vehicle of a
“working party” or a group of experts. In this instance,
the working party consists of heads or experienced
members of national computer crime units.
POLICE DEPARTMENTS IN ASIA
 National Police Agency (Republic of China)-
an agency under the Ministry of the Interior,
Republic of China.
 Rank insignias are worn over the right
breast pocket when in uniform
 RANKS OF POLICE OFFICER
RANK INSIGNIA
Police Rank 4 1 star on one horizontal bar

Police Rank 3 2 stars on one horizontal bar

Police Rank 2 3 stars on one horizontal bar

Police Rank 1 4 stars on one horizontal bar

Police Officer Rank 4 (Insp.) (Sub-Lieutenant) 1 star on two horizontal bars

Police Officer Rank 3 (Sr. Inspector.) (Captain) 2 stars on two horizontal bars

Police Officer Rank 2 (Superintendent) 3 stars on two horizontal bars

Police Officer Rank 1 (Sr. Superintendent) 4 stars on two horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 4 (Superintendent General) 1 star on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 3 2 stars on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 2 3 stars on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank 1 4 stars on three horizontal bars

Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General)

 POLICE MODEL COMPARISON
PARTICULAR
PHILIPPINES COLUMBIA MYANMAR JAPAN
Organizational
Name Philippine National National Police of People’s Police Force Law Enforcement in
Police Columbia Policia Japan
National
Agency
Department of the Ministry on National Ministry of Home National Police Agency
Interior and Local Defense Affairs or NPA
Government
Entrance Age
21 years old 21 years old 18 years old 21 years old
Retirement Age
56 years old 50 years old 60 years old 60 years old
Minimum Rank
Police officer One Patroller Constables Police Officer (Junsa)
(PO1)
Highest Rank
Police Director General Commissioner of Police Director General Chief Superintendent
Columbia/National (Keshie)
Police
Minimum Upper Secondary-
Qualification Baccalaureate Degree High School Graduate Baccalaureate Degree school graduate and
Holder or College Graduate Holder University Graduates
 PARTICULAR AUSTRALIA AFGHANISTAN SRI-LANKA SPAIN
Organizational
Name Australia Federal Afghanistan Sri Lanka Police Cuerpo Nationnal
Police (AFP) National Police Police

Agency
Federal Bureau of North Atlantic Ministry of Defense, Cuerpo Superior De
Narcotic Australia Treaty Organization Public Security Law Policia (CSP)
and Order
Entrance Age
21 years old 18 years old 22 years old 18 years old
Retirement
Age 57 years old 58 years old 58 years old 67 years old

Minimum
Rank Probation Constable Sergeant Police Constable Private
Rank 4
Highest Rank
Commissioner Master General Inspector General of Lieutenant
Chief Police
Minimum
Qualification Bachelor’s Degree Baccalaureate High School Secondary
PARTICULAR MALAYSIA HONGKONG THAILAND CHILE
Organizational Royal Malaysia Hongkong Police Royal Thai Police Carabeneros de
Name Police Force (HKPF) Chile

Agency Malayan Union Security Bureau of Thailand National Ministerio de

Police Force (MUPF) Hongkong Police Department Defensa Nacional
(TNPD)

Entrance Age 20 years old 18 years old 20 years old 45 years old

Retirement Age 58 years old 60 years old 50 years old 49 years old

Minimum Rank Constable Police Constable Constable/Police Aspiranti a Official

(Officer aspirant)

Highest Rank Inspector General Commissioner of Police General Director General

Police Police (General Director)

Minimum Have a High school Five Subjects High School

Qualification Diploma including Chinese Graduate
Language and
English Language
PARTICULAR ARGENTINA INDONESIA BRUNEI LAOS
Organizational Name Police Federal of Indonesia National Royal Brunei Police Laos Nationnal Police
Argentina (PFA) Police Force

Agency Policia de Buenos Aires Under Secretary for Polis Diraja Burnei Ministry of Defense
Public Diplomacy and (PDRB)
Public Affairs

Entrance Age 21 years old 18 years old 18 years old 21 years old

Retirement Age 55 years old 45 years old 60 years old 60 years old

Minimum Rank Candidate or Cadet Second Bhayangkara Corporal Private

Dua (Bharada)

Highest Rank Superintendent Police Inspector General General

General or General/Jenderal Polisi
Commissioner General (Jend. Pol.)

Minimum University Degree Voluntary military service;
Qualification 2 years conscript service
obligation to age 45;
Indonesia citizens only
Required to possess at Bachelors Degree
least the Brunei Junior
Certificate of
Education (BJCE)
 UNITED KINGDOM
PARTICULAR URUGUAY ABU DHABI
GERMANY
Organizational Name National Police of Federal Police Of Abu Dhabi Police (ADP) Metropolitan Police
Uruguay Germany Service

Agency Ministry of the Interior Federal Ministry of Ministry of Interior Ministry of Defense
of Uruguay Interior

Entrance Age 21 years old 18 years old 18 years old 18 years old

Retirement Age 54 years old 60 years old 60 years old 62 years old

Minimum Rank Repubican Guard Senior Constable Policeman Policeman/Constable

Metropolitan Guard

Highest Rank Ministry of the Interior Inspector Police Commander General National Commissioner

Minimum High school/College High School Degree Complete College Bachelor’s Degree
Qualification Graduate Education
 PARTICULAR SUDAN SINGAPORE ISRAEL BRAZIL
Organizational Name Sudan Police Force Singapore Police Israel Police Policia Militar (PM)

Agency Ministry Interior Singapore Agency Minister of internal National Public

Affairs Security and Social
Defense System

Entrance Age 18 years old 18 years old 21 years old 18 years old

Retirement Age 55 years old 45 years old 55 years old 49 years old

Minimum Rank Lance Corporal Volunteer Special Constable Private (Soldado)

Constable

Highest Rank Inspector General Commissioner of Inspector general Colonel (Colonel)

Police

Minimum Secondary School  Must be proficient in Bachelor’s Degree High school Graduate
Qualification Certificate English
 Minimum 3 GCE’O
Examination
level credited
 PARTICULAR NEW ZEALAND INDIA Pakistan FRANCE

Organizational Name New Zealand Police Indian Police Service Pakistan National Nationnal Police
(IPS) Police (PNP) France (Police
Nationale de France)

Agency New Zealand India Police Agency Federal Investigation Ministry of Interior
Government/Ministry (IPC) Agency
of police

Entrance Age 20 years old 21 years old 20 years old 17 years old

Retirement Age 55 years in service 60 years old 60 years old 60 years old

Minimum Rank constable Police Constable (PC) Constable Gardien de la Paix

(Keeper of the Peace)

Highest Rank Commissioner Director Intelligence Inspector General of Directeur General de la

Bureau (DIB) Police Police Nationale (
Director General)

Minimum Tertiary Education Bachelor’s Degree High School Degree French Baccalaureate
Qualification Degree
 PARTICULAR CHINA UNITED STATES OF MEXICO
AMERICA

Organizational Name National Police Agency State Police Federal Police of Mexico

 Secretariat of Public
Agency Ministry of Interior Department of laws and security
Public Safety  Mexican Army’s 3rd
Brigade of the
military Police
(Terecera Brigada E
Policia Federal de
caminos)
 Fiscal Police (Policia
Fiscal Federal)
 Interior Ministry’s
Investigation and
National Security
center (Center E
Investigacion Y
Seguridad nacional)
 PARTICULAR CHINA UNITED STATES OF MEXICO
AMERICA

Entrance Age 18 years old 21 years old 18 years old

Retirement Age 60 years old 55 years old 60 years old

Minimum Rank Police Rank 4 Trooper Sergeant/private

Highest Rank Police Supervisor Rank 1 Superintendent General/Colonel

(Police General)

Bachelors Degree of
Minimum Qualification High School Graduate Accredited University High School Graduate