CHRISTIAN JIMENA CORPUZ
ETHICS AND POLICE COMMUNITY RELATION
Excerpts from the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
“As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind”
This passage is contained in two words: “duty” and “service”. Too often we forget
that law enforcement is not just a job for which we are hired as one would hire a
laborer or tradesman. It involves a sworn duty. Some progressive police department
now requires that its officers reaffirm their oath each year in an effort to drive home
the message that is contained in this sworn oath. And to again remind the officer of
the essential relationship between his job and the free society in which he lives.
The word “serve” denotes the denial of one’s own pleasures and desire for the good
of the person or persons to be served. Service involves dedication and sacrifice of
the giving of one’s self. These are words that many find hard to swallow in his
present day and age but the job of professional law enforcement requires a special
creed of man.
“To safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the
weak against oppression or intimidation; and the peaceful against violence or
disorder”
We must, however, understand some of the limitations that are present in a truly
democratic society. In such a society as ours, this task can often be a difficult one,
because protecting the rights of the individual means also protecting the right of the
criminal. This is sometimes a hard pill for law enforcement officers to swallow.
Because of this, some officers stray politically to the far right in an effort to either
seek a system where their job would be made easier, or to better protect the society
that they have sworn to serve. It is easy for an officer to become bitter when he has
continually witnessed the ends of justice thwarted by red tape politics and
technicalities of the law. The more truly idealistic he is, the more frustrated he can
become, especially if he lacks a philosophy or understanding of his true purpose in
the society which he serves. Why must the idealistic officer suffer so? When a
good carpenter does his best, in building a fine house, one that can be seen and
admired by all, he can stand back and look at his job with a feeling of
accomplishment and satisfaction. The same applies to an artist or anyone in the
skilled trades. Why not, then the policemen? Why must a good policeman, who
works hard for the ends of justice, see the products of his work so often crumble at
his feet?
“To respect the constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality and justice”
Respecting the rights of others is not one of man’s natural qualities. It seems to be
part of his nature to suspect and persecute those who are in any different from him.
There is no perfect justice on this earth, nor will there ever be, because man is not all
knowing “nor” is he himself perfect. Still we must strive for a form of justice that
represents our ultimate capability. This involves not only great effort on the part or
very-person in the community, but individual sacrifice as well.
One of the greatest areas of fault among police officers generally, is not so much a
prejudice against the criminal. For example, an officer soon learns from experience
that a certain group of persons is often responsible for the majority of the crimes
committed such an offense. Such a prejudice could lead to the faulty conclusion that
he is the guilty person. This soon leads to a general feeling or prejudice against all
those who have been convicted of prior offenses, and an almost subconscious refusal
to accord them the same right that the Constitution provides for all persons.
“I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all”
One of the first things that a law enforcement officer must learn is that he has no
private life. Every citizen should be entitled to his own private life yet when a
person accepts the calling of Law enforcement, as a voluntary measure, he must be
willing to offer his privacy as a sacrifice to the good of the community which he
serves. If a law enforcement officer could hide from his neighbors the facts that he is
a policeman, then his private life could be his own. This, however, is impossibility.
If a policeman has a family, hi occupation will become known in the neighborhood
within a few days at the most. It he is single, and keeps to himself, he may keep the
secret a little longer, but if he is engaged in active law enforcement within his
community, it is inevitable that his neighbors will become aware of it. One this is
known, he will become the Object of constant observation.
“ Maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule and develop
self restrain”
In a democratic society, a police officer is a public officer and as such is
a servant to the community. Instead of being above reproach or ridicule, he must
expect to receive his position, as part of his job. It is not easy to control one’s
temper when being subjected to unnecessary and unjustified scorn or ridicule.
Punching the perpetrator in the mouth will hurt him physically, but psychologically
he will sense victory in that he knows that he “got to the officer.” Nothing will hurt
him more than being ignored. Through practice, even the officer with temper can
learn to control it. For the professional law enforcement officer it is “must”. When
subjected to scorn and ridicule, it often helps just to consider the source.
“ Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my
official capacity will be kept secret unless revelation is necessary in the
performance of my duty”
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Some officers feel that there is a difference in that the information
obtained by the doctor and attorney is freely given with the understanding that will
be confidential whereas the he information obtained as part the law enforcement
officer can be the result of many sources or forms of investigation.
How it was obtained is really not important. The fact that it was obtained
as part of the officer’s occupation, and is usually information that he would not have
otherwise obtained had he not been in that field, is the key point.
This information should never leave the department or the person
retaining it unless it is in the interest of justice. An officer should even be careful
not to reveal information to his wife. An officer’s wife is often very tempted to
reveal information of a confidential nature of neighbor women in an effort to show
her neighbors the importance of her husband’s job, and to gain status in the eyes of
the neighbor women.
“I will never permit personnal feelings, predujice, animosities or friendship to
influence my decisions”
It is quite difficult to know which desire is strongest in some persons, to help our
friends or to hurt our enemies. Both desires are part of our human nature. Helping
our friends can be very good thing in self, but when it involves an inequity in the
administration of justice we are defiling the oath we made to the community in
which we serve. In police work, there is ample opportunity to both hurt enemies and
help friends, and it takes a person of strong character to properly perform his duties
under these circumstances. Without professional convictions, this can be
impossibility.
“I will never act officiously”
One of the faults common to new officers is that they often act
officiously. They appear to the public to be over-impressed with their own
importance. In a way this is natural because it is associated with pride and a new
officer is usually very proud for his is a noble undertaking. However, a law
enforcement officer must always guard against having this pride misinterpreted by
the public as being merely officious.
The majority of the people who make contact with a law enforcement
officer during his hour of duty are not criminals. The majority of the persons
receiving tickets from an officer are normally law abiding, upright citizens of the
community, and they are usually embarrassed enough by being caught inn a traffic
violation without being talked down to or treated like a criminal. Judges often report
that a common reason for a person appearing in traffic court as not so much to
contest the facts of the offense as it is complain about the demeanor of the officer
issuing the citation.
“With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminals, I will
enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill-
will”
The term “with no compromise for crime” means that crime will not be
knowingly permitted. It does not mean that the officer must perform his duties to
the “letter of the law” without taking into consideration the “spirit of the law”. If the
Code of Ethics will be examined, nothing will be found in it to the effect than an
officer must obtain convictions and send people to prison for long periods of time. It
does state, however, that he must do the best of which he is capable, and that his
actions must in them be ethical. No man can predict or guarantee the final results of
any action. Only god can do this, Man can only be responsible for his immediate
actions. If an officer does a good job and the court release the criminal, the blame
rests not upon him but upon the courts, the jury or society itself. The modern law
enforcement officer has a new motto “Be firm but fair”. He does not have to be a
“theory bound” sociologist just because he treats criminals like human beings.
The professional law enforcement officer lets the criminal call the tune as to his own
treatment. The officers can and must be as tough as the situation demands yet there
is no personal vindictiveness in the way he treats the criminal. His tone of voice and
demeanor usually indicate that he will not be walked on, yet his actions are fair
“I will never employ unnecessary force or violence”
At times the use of force in the performance of one’s duties is an absolute
necessity. There is no escaping it. It is extremely difficult to judge exactly whether
or not use of force is necessary in a given situation. The use of force or violence
during interrogations will often produce immediate confessions, but it should be
avoided on ethical grounds. The interrogator seldom knows with complete certainty
that the suspect is guilty, and the use of force or the “third degree” on an innocent
person is certainly a miscarriage of justice as well as a violation of professional
conduct. As a means of Punishment for the criminal, it would be out of place for it
is not the function of law enforcement to punish criminals. This belongs to the
courts and prisons.
“I will never accept gratuities”
Those members of law enforcement who developed this code, were certainly aware
of the complexities of this particular area, but the use of the word “never” in relation
to accepting gratuities, indicated that they felt that this was a necessary and essential
prerequisite to professional law enforcement. To be truly professional we must first
be ethical, we must do what is actually describe, not merely what we would like to
be desirable.
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 CHRISTIAN JIMENA CORPUZ
“ I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a The policeman shall cooperate fully with other public officials in the performance or
public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service” authorized duties, regardless of party affiliation or personal prejudices. He shall be
meticulous law, however, in assuring himself of property, under the law, such
The essence of this section is one of the most overlooked and forgotten actions and shall guard against the use of his office or person whether knowingly or
facets of law enforcement by the man in the field. It is this that distinguishes the in any improper or illegal action.
difference between law enforcement and the ordinary job. It is this that enables an
officer to suffer the difficulties and problems that make the held, at times, so
frustrating and discouraging. Police administrators would do well to place more
Proper Conduct and Behavior
emphasis upon the swearing-process. It should be made very formal and similar to
the initiation of many fraternal organizations.
The policeman shall be mindful of his special identification by the public as an
upholder of law. Police laxity of conduct or manner in private life, expressing either
The chief of Police should see that the recruit is not issued a badge or
disrespect for the law or seeking to gain special prevail, cannot but reflect upon in
allowed to put on a uniform until he is thoroughly familiar with the code of ethics
the policeman and the police service. The community and the service requires that
and especially the above section. He should be made to understand that he is one of
the policeman leads the life of decent and honorable person, following the career of
a select few, and that his job is public trust that must be earned. The new officer
policeman gives no special pre-requisite.
should also understand that any personal reward would not be obtained from the
public itself. This is so because the public is a difficult master, it there no to personal
reward, it can only come from itself or from knowing the true significance of the job Conduct towards the Community
and the essential role that in plays in society. Perhaps the greatest reward is the self-
respect and satisfaction that comes from the knowledge that the job was done in a The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to the community
truly professional manner. He shall deal with individuals of the community in the manner calculated to instill
respect for its law.
“I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals dedicating my self He shall conduct his official life in a manner that will inspire confidence and trust.
before God, to my chosen profession… Law Enforcement” He will be neither overbearing nor subservient, as no individual citizen has no
obligation to stand in awe of him or fight to command him.
Proficiency in law enforcement involves many factors. It involves mental, He will do neither from personal preference or prejudice but rather a duly appointed
moral and physical conditioning. They are all-important aspects. The officer officer of the law discharging his sworn obligation.
who let him self-slip physically is certainly not able to protect society. The
officer who is in good physical condition has more confidence in his ability, and
Conduct in Arresting Law Violator
those with whom he deals sense this, and as a result he finds that it is necessary
to exert authority as much as it might be otherwise. Unfortunately, most police
Policeman shall use his powers of arrest in accordance with the law and with due
department requires a stiff physical agility examination before this area is
regard to the rights of the citizen concerned.
either forgotten or greatly neglected. It is left up to the individual officer to
He shall, at all times, have a clear appreciation of his responsibilities and limitation
keep himself in shape.
regarding the detention of the accused.
The Canons of Police Ethics
He shall conduct himself in such a manner as will minimize the possibility of having
to use force.
The following are the cannons of Police ethics:
He shall cultivate a dedication to the people and the equitable upholding of the law
whether in the handling of the accused or law-abiding citizen.
Primordial police responsibility
Limitation of Police authority
Firmness in Refusing Gifts or Favors
Knowledge of the law and other responsibilities
Use of proper means to obtain proper ends.
Cooperation with public officials Policeman representing the government bears heavy responsibility of maintaining, in
Proper conduct and behavior his conduct, the honor and integrity of all government institution.
Conduct toward the community He shall guard against placing himself in a Position in which the public can
Conduct in arresting law violators. reasonably assume that special consideration is being given.
Firmness in refusing gifts or favors. He shall be firm in refusing gifts, favors or gratitude, large or small, which can be
Impartial presentation of evidence public mind, be interpreted as capable of influencing his judgment in the discharge
Attitude toward police profession of his duties.

Primordial Police Responsibility

Attitude towards Police Profession
The primary objectives of Police is the prevention of crime, policeman knew too
Policeman shall regard the best possible of his duties as a public trust and recognize
well that he has committed his Life to defend and protect the rights of the citizen and
his responsibilities as a public servant.
uphold the law at all cost.
He shall strive to make the best possible application of science to the selection of the
crime and in the field of human relation.
Limitation of Police Authority He shall strive for effecting leadership and public influence in matters affecting
public safety.
The primary as an upholder of the law must know its limitation upon him in He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of his office, and hold police
enforcing the law, thus: work to be an honorable profession rendering valuable service to his community.
Through study and experience, a police officer can acquire the high level of
He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have placed him knowledge and competence that is essential for the efficient and effective
He must recognize the center of the democratic system of government, which gives performance of duty. The acquisition of knowledge is a never- ending process of
person, or group of persons, absolute power. personal and professional development that should be pursued constantly.
He must insure that he does not pervert its true character.
Impartial Presentation of Evidence
Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibility
Policeman shall be concerned equally in the prosecution of the accused or for the
The policeman shall assiduously apply himself to the principles of the laws, which defense of the innocent
he is sworn to applied. He shall ascertain what kind of evidence and shall present such evidence impartially
He will make certain of his responsibilities in the particular field of enforcement, and without malice.
seeking aid of his superior in matters technically or in principles are not clear to him He shall ignore social, political and all other distinction among the person involved,
He shall make special effort to fully understand his relationship with law strengthening the tradition of reliability and integrity of an officer’s word.
enforcement agencies, particularly on matters of jurisdiction, both geographically Professional Police Principles
and substantively.
The following are the professional police principles:
Use of proper Means to Obtain Paper Ends
Prevention of crime and disorder
The policeman shall be Mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of
Cooperation of the community
methods in discharging the duty of his office.
Unreasonable force reduce community cooperation
Violation of law or public safety and property on the part of the officer are
Use of reasonable force when persuasion is not sufficient
intrinsically wrong. They are self-defeating if they instill in the public mind and a
Impartial enforcement of laws.
like disposition.
The community is the police.
The employment of Illegal methods, no matter how worthy the end, is certain to
Police should not usurp judicial powers.
encourage disrespect for the law and its officers, If the law is to be honored, it must
Rules of engagement impartially observed.
first be honored by those who enforce it.
Reduction of crime and dishonor.
Police discretion
Cooperation with Public Officials

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 CHRISTIAN JIMENA CORPUZ
Prevention of Crime and Disorder
In this regard, the member of the Philippine National Police must adhere to and
The basic mission for whom the police exist is to prevent crime and internalize the enduring core values of the PNP.
disorder as an alternative to the repression of crime and disorder by police force and
severity of legal punishment. Love of God.
Respect for authority.
Cooperation of Crime and Disorder Respect for women
Respect for sanctity of marriage.
Stewardship over material things
The police must secure the willing cooperation in the voluntary observance of the
Responsible dominion
law to be able to secure and maintain the respect and support of the community. The
Truthfulness
ability of the police to perform their duty is dependent upon community support of
police existence, actions, behavior and the ability of the police to secure and
The Police Officer’s Pledge
maintain community and respect.
I will love and serve God, my country and people.
Unreasonable Force Reduce Community Cooperation
I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders of duly constituted authorities.
I will oblige myself to maintain high standard of morality.
A police officer will never employ unnecessary force or violence and will use only
I will respect the customs and traditions of the police service.
such force in the discharge of duty as in reasonable in all circumstances. Force
I will live a decent and virtuous Life to serve as an example.
should be used only with the greatest restraint and only after discussion, negotiation
and persuasion have been found to be inappropriate or ineffective. While the use of
force is occasionally unavoidable, every police officer will refrain from applying the
The Police Officer’s Creed
unnecessary infliction of pain or suffering and will never engage in cruel, degrading
of inhuman treatment of any person.
I believe in God, the Supreme Being and Great provider, the Creator of all men and
everything dear to me. In return, I can do less than love Him above all, seek His
Use of Reasonable Force when Persuasion Is Sufficient
guidance in the performance of my duties and honor Him at all times.
I believe that respect for authority is a duty
The police should use reasonable force to the extent necessary to secure observance
I believe and uphold the Constitution, the laws of the land and the applicable rules
of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and
and regulations.
warning is found to be insufficient to attain police objectives. No violence or
I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the leadership, and follow and obey legal
unnecessary force shall be subject to any greater restrain than is necessary for his
orders of my superior officers.
detention.
I believe in selfless love and service to people.
Toward this end, I commit myself to the service of my fellowmen over and above
Impartial Enforcement of Laws
my personal convenience.
I believe in the sanctity of marriage and the respect for women.
The police seek and preserve community favor, not by catering to community
I shall set the example of decency and morality.
opinion, but constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial enforcement of laws,
I shall have high regard for family life and chastity.
without regard to the justice and injustice of the substance of particular laws. In
I believe in responsible dominion and stewardship over material things.
short, there should be impartial enforcement of laws on all individual members of
I shall inhibit myself from ostentatious display of my property.
the, society without regard to their race of social standing.
I shall protect the environment and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance.
I shall not intrigue, gossip or make unverified statement concerning personal
The Community is the Police
character of conduct, which will discredit another member of the police service.
The police at all times should maintain relationship with the community that gives
The Police Code of Covenant
really to the historic tradition that the police are the community are the police. The
police are the only members of the community who are pain to give full time
I shall recognize and I will always be conscious of the fact that the police service is
attention to maintain peace and order, which are incumbent on every citizen in the
an honorable calling, thus compelling me to set the example by strictly adhering to
interest of community welfare.
the provision of the code of professional conduct and ethical standards.
Police Should Not Usurp Judicial Powers
I bind myself to promote and enhance the noble ideas and aspirations of code of my
personal and professional life and ensure that its tenets shall be honored at all times.
The police should always direct their actions strictly toward their functions and
never appear to usurp the powers of judiciary by averaging individuals of the state of
authoritative judging guilt of punishing the guilt. This is my personal covenant.

Reduction of Crime and Disorder The Policeman’s Prayer

The test of police efficiency is the reduction of crime and disorder until totally
eradicated, not by evidence of police present and action in dealing with the
community.
Rules of Enforcement Impartially Observed
Lord God Almighty, grant us that we may this day and everyday over all temptations
especially to injustices and disloyalty and with our minds inflamed by Your Holy
Spirit, perform all our duties in such a manner that as maybe pleasing to Your
Devine Will so that when call to report for the last time, we may not be found
wanting. Amen.

Policemen engaged in anti-crime operation always consider the safety and security
of who might be caught in the crossfire or arm encounters.
The use of force including firearms is justifiable only by virtue of the Doctrine of
self-defense and Defense of a Stranger. Nobody, including the policeman and other
law enforcement authorities is above the law.
The use of force, especially firearms, should be applied only as a last resort, when all
other peaceful and non-violent means has been exhausted.
The use of force, especially firearms, should be confined only in the lawless
elements and the responding PNP unit. This is inherent in the police service in
which the profession, the armaments and safety life of every police officer are
dedicated to the protection and safety of the people.
Police Discretion
A police officer will use responsibly the discretion vested in the position and
exercise if within the law. The principle of reasonableness will guide the officer’s
determinations and the officer will consider all surrounding circumstances whether
any legal action shall be taken. Consistent and wise use of discretion, based on
professional policing competence, will do much to preserve good relationship and
retain the confidence of the public. There can be difficulty in choosing between
conflicting courses of action. It is important to remember that a timely word of
advice rather than arrest (in appropriate circumstances) is a more effective means of
achieving a desired end.
The Filipino Policeman
A Filipino policeman is a protector and a friend of the people. His badge is the
symbol of the citizen’s faith and trust, his uniform a mirror of decorum and integrity
and his whole human person an oblation of enduring love for homeland, fellowmen
and god.
A Filipino policeman emulates the valor of Lapu Lapu, serenity of Rizal, the
leadership of Aguinaldo, the courage of Bonifacio, the idealism of Del pilar, the
wisdom of Mabini and the fortitude of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora.
A Filipino policeman has an oath for his republic to uphold: to defend the
constitution, honor the flag, obey the laws and duly constituted authorities. He has
covenant with his people to comply: to safeguard and protect them even beyond the
call of duty. And he has a legacy for his family to fulfill: to bequeath unto them the
one and only treasure of his life - an embellished name.
The Police Professional Conduct

Core Values All members of the Philippine National Police (PNP) shall observe the following
professional police conduct:
The police service is noble and professional. Hence, it demands from its members a
specialized knowledge, skill and high standard ethics and morality.

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 CHRISTIAN JIMENA CORPUZ
Commitment of Democracy - Uniform PNP members shall commit themselves to
the democratic way of life and value and maintain the principles of public
accountability. Public office is a public trust. Public officer must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty
and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and leas modest lives. They shall at
all times uphold the constitution and be loyal to our country, people and organization
above loyalty to any persons or organization.
Morality - All PNP members shall adhere to high standards of morality and decency
and shall set good example for others to follow.
Judicious use of Authority - All PNP members shall be permitted to apply for
search warrant for any evidence of assault against himself without reporting the case
in writing to his superior officer and Obtaining from his permission to apply for such
warrant.

Justice - PNP members shall strive constantly to respect the rights of other so that
Commitment to Public Interest - PNP members shall always uphold public interest
they can fulfill their duties and exercise their rights as human beings, parents,
over and above personal interest. All government properties, resources and powers
children, workers, leaders, of in other capacities and to see to ensure that others do
of their respective offices must be employed and used effectively, honestly and
likewise.
efficiency, particularly to avoid wastage of public fund and revenues.
Humility - All PNP members shall recognize the fact that they are public
Non-Partisanship - PNP members shall provide service to everyone without
servants and not the master of the people and toward this end, they should
discrimination regardless of Party affiliation in accordance with existing laws and
perform their duties without arrogance.
regulations.
Orderliness - All PNP shall follow logical procedure in accomplishing task
PNP Conduct during Labor Dispute - The involvement of PNP during strike,
assigned to them to minimize waste in the use of time, money and efforts.
lockout, and labor dispute in general shall limited to the maintenance of peace
and order, enforcement of laws and legal Orders of duly contributed
Perseverance - Once a decision is made all PNP members shall take legitimate
authorities.
means to achieve the goal even in the face of internal or external difficulties,
and despite of anything which might weaken their resolve in the course of time.
Physical Fitness and Health - All PNP members shall strive to be physically fit and
in good health at all times. Towards this end, they shall undergo regular exercise and
Integrity - PNP members shall not allow themselves to be victims of corruption and
annual medical examination in any PNP hospital or medical facility.
dishonest practices in accordance with the provision of existing laws on corrupt
practices.
Secrecy Discipline - All PNP Members shall guard the confidentiality of classified
information against unauthorized disclosure. This includes confidential aspect of
Ethical Issues Affecting Police Service
official business special orders, communication and other documents, roster or any
portion thereof of the PNP, contents of criminal records, identities of person who
Police Image - The image of any organization affects the esprit de corps, morale and
may have given information to the police in confidence and other classified
welfare of members and sense of pride to the organization. In view thereof, all
information on intelligence materials.
members of the PNP should conduct themselves in manner that would not place the
PNP core values in vain and possess the following virtue: Honor, Integrity, Valor,
Social Awareness - All PNP members shall be actively involved in civic, religious,
Justice, Honesty, Humility, Charity, and Loyalty to the service.
and other social activities with the end purpose of increasing social awareness.
Career Management the Key In Professionalism - The improper implementation of
Proper Care and Use of Public Property - All PNP members shall be responsible
career management greatly these prejudice the personnel professionalization process
for the security, proper care and use of Public property issued to them and/or deposit
as regards to procurement, promotion, all assignment, placement, training awards,
under their care and custody, unauthorized used of Public property for personal
and retirement.
convenience of gain and that of their family, friends, relatives is strictly prohibited.
To address this issue, and PNP shall formulate stringent policy and strictly
Non-Solicitation of Patronage - All PNP members seeking self-improvement
implement the human resources development system, compatible to the equitable
through career development and shall not directly or indirectly solicit influence or
distribution of procurement, fair promotion, rationalizes approach in assignment,
recommendation from politician, high ranking government officials, prominent
skill development, immediate grant of reward and award, decent living upon
citizens, persons affiliated with civic or religious organization with regard to their
retirement.
assignment, promotion, transfer or related advantage.
Police Management Leadership - The effectiveness of the law enforcement is
Respect for Human Rights - In the performance of duty, PNP members shall
reflective of law enforcement is reflective of the managerial capabilities and
respect human dignity and uphold human rights of all persons. Every police officer
competent leadership of men and women who run the PNP organization. It is
shall not inflict, investigate, or tolerate extra judicial killing, arbitrary arrest, any act
therefore a “must” that this attribute be the primary basis for consideration in the
of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and Punishment. Every
selection of personnel for employment purpose.
members of the PNP shall not invoke superior order or exceptional circumstances
such as state of war, a threat to national security, internal political instability or any
Equality in the Service - There shall be judicious equitable distribution of
committing such human rights.
opportunity to prove one’s worth in the police service. The problem on inequality
through class orientation and factionalism, both real and perceived, precise on
Devotion to Duty - All PNP members shall perform their duties with dedication,
favored assignment, inequitable opportunity, of training, unfair granting of
efficiency enthusiasm, determination and manifest concerned for public welfare. He
promotion, and untimely awarding of achievements will create an atmosphere of
shall refrain from engaging in any activity, which shall in conflict with their duties
demoralization.
as Public servant. He shall not reign sickness or injury or physical incapacity to
avoid performance of duty. He shall not leave his assigned jurisdiction of official
The result is inefficiency and lack of teamwork to the detriment of organization. It
business, except by permission of his superior officer or other competent authority,
behooves therefore on the PNP leadership to address the situation. The civilian
unless such permission is not practical as in pursuit of a criminal, in which case a
character requires the adherence to the rule on merit and fitness system and to
report must be made immediately thereafter.
dissociate to the above process from class orientation and factionalism.

Conservation of Natural Resources - All members of the PNP shall help in the
development and conservation of our natural resources for ecological balance and
posterity. The natural resources are considered inalienable heritage of our people.
Discipline - PNP policemen shall conduct themselves at all times in keeping with
the rules and regulation of the organization. All policemen at all levels shall adhere
to the eight tenets of discipline, which include the following:
Loyalty - PNP members must be loyal to the constitution and the police service as
manifested by their loyalty to the superior peers and subordinates as well.
Obedience to Superior - PNP members shall obey lawful orders and to be
courteous to superior officers and other appropriate authorities within the chain of
command. No members shall use abusive, insulting or indecent language to another
member.
Command Responsibility - In accordance with the Doctrine of Command
Responsibility, immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective
supervision, control and direction of their personnel. He shall see to it that all
government resource with laws and regulations and safeguards against losses
through illegal of improper disposition.
The Police Ethical Standards
Police Lifestyle - The PNP shall endeavor to promote lifestyle for every member of
the organization that is acceptable and respectable in the eyes of the public. Further,
its members should set example to the subordinate and follow good example from
the superiors. Police officers will behave in a manner that does not bring discredit to
their agencies or themselves.
A police officers character and conduct while off duty must always be exemplary,
thus maintaining a position of respect in the community, in which he or she lives and
serves. The officer’s personal behavior must be beyond repute. They must be free
from greed, corruption and exploitation. The public expects a police officer to live a
simple, yet credible and dignified life.
Delicadeza - In consonance with the requirements o honor and integrity in the PNP,
all members must have the moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with
the time-honored principles of delicadeza. All members shall promptly discharge all
debts and legal liabilities incurred by them.
Political Patronage - All PNP members must inhibit themselves from soliciting
political patronage in matters pertaining to assignment, awards, training and
promotion.
Human Rights - All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and
men’s inalienable rights to life, liberty and prosperity.

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Right to Life includes the right to live, free from social damages against life or limb,
or free from unjustified control. The Right to Liberty includes the right to determine
one’s mode of life with due respect to the rights of others. Liberty, so it is said,
consists largely of freedom arbitrary physical restrain. The liberty of abode and of
changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except
upon the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety or public health, as any provided by law. The Right in Property includes the
right to acquire, hold, enjoy, possess and manage property or to dispose the same
accordingly as well as to devote the same to legitimate use.
Police Customs and Traditions
The PNP adopts the generally acceptable customs and traditions base on the
desirable practices of the police. These shall serve as inspiration as the PNP
endeavor to attain its goals and objectives.
Police Customs
A. Custom on Courtesy
Courtesy is a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect on others.
Salute – It is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon and
recognizing person entitled to salute.
Salute to National Color and Standards - PNP members stand at attention and salute
the national color and standard as it pass by them or when the national color is raised
or lowered during ceremony.
Address/Title - junior in rank address senior members who are entitled to salute
with the word “Sir”
Courtesy Calls - The following are the customs on courtesy calls:
Courtesy call of newly assigned/ appointed members -PNP members who are
newly appointed or assigned in a unit or command, call on the Chief of the Unit or
command and to other key personnel for accounting, orientation and other purposes.
New year’s call - PNP members pay a new year’s call on their commanders and /or
key official in their respective areas of responsibility.
Promotion Call – Newly promoted PNP members call on their unit head. On this
occasion, they are usually given during recognition and congratulations by their
peers for such deserved accomplished
Exit Call - PNP members pays an exit call on their superiors in the unit or command
when relieve or reassigned out of the said unit or command.
Courtesy of the Post - The host unit extend hospitality to visiting personnel who
pay respect to the command or unit.
Rank has – its – own Privilege - PNP members recognize the practice that different
rank carry with them corresponding privilege.
B. Custom on Ceremonies
Ceremony is a formal act or set of formal acts established by custom or
authority as proper to special occasion.
Flag Raising Ceremony - PNP members honor the flag by raising it and singing the
National Anthem before the start of the official day’s work for the week.
Flag Retreat Ceremony - At the end of the Official day’s work to PNP members
pause for a moment to salute the lowering of the flag.
Half–Mast - The flag is raised at half – mast in difference to deceased uniform /
civilian member of the command.
Funeral Service and Honor - Departed uniformed members, retires, war veterans
are given vigil, necrological services and graveside honor as a gesture of farewell.
Ceremony rendered to Retirees - In recognition of their long, faithful and
honorable service to the PNP, a testimonial activity is tendered in their honor.
Honor Ceremony - Arrival and departure honor ceremonies are tendered to visiting
dignitaries, VIPs PNP officers of equivalent grade.
Turn – Over Ceremony - The relinquishment and assumption of command key
position is publicly announced in a Turn – Over Ceremony by the incoming –
outgoing officers in the presence of the immediate superior or his representative and
key officials.
Wedding Ceremony - During marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted
with participants in uniform and sworn drawn.
Anniversary - The birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is
commemorated in a Anniversary Ceremony
C. Custom and Social Decorum
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Customs on Social Decorum are set of norms and standards practiced by
members during social and other functions. The following are police customs and
social decorum.
Proper Attire - PNP members always wear appropriate and proper attire in
conformity with the occasion.
Table Manner - PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.
Social Graces - PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing with the
people during social functions.
Uniform/ Appearance - The public looks upon PNP members as distinctively
decent when PNP members wear their uniforms properly wherever they may be.
Since disciplined PNP members are best exemplified by those whose are neat in
appearance and wearing the prescribed uniform, they must therefore observe the
following:
Wearing the prescribed uniform
Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and decorations earned in accordance with
the prescribed rules and regulations
Adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and regulations.
Manner of Walking - Every PNP member is expected to walk with pride and
dignity.
D. Other Police Customs
Visiting the Sick - PNP members who are in the hospital, their residence or
anyplace of confinement are visited by their immediate commanders or other
available officers of the unit in order that their needs are attended.
Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members - When PNP members die, a
Survivor officer is designated to render maximum assistance to their legitimate
bereaved gears until all benefits due shall have been received.
Visiting a Religious Leaders - PNP members/ officers visiting a religious leader in
their area of assignment to establish or maintain rapport and cooperation between the
different religious leaders and PNP.
Athletics - All PNP members must undergo in physical fitness activities to insure
their proper physical appearance and bearing are maintain with the waist line
measurement always smaller than the size of his chest and in conformity with the
standard set forth by the organization.
Happy Hours - Usually Fridays or on any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP
members gather a PNP Clubhouse for a high hearted jesting or airing of minor
gripes.
Police Traditions
Tradition is a body of belief, stories, customs and usages handed down from
generation to generation with the effect of an unwritten law.
The following are police traditions.
Spiritual Beliefs - PNP members are traditionally religious and god loving person.
They attend religious service together with their family.
Valor - History attests that Filipino law-enforcers have exemplified the tradition of
valor in defending the country from aggression and oppression. They sacrifice their
limbs and lives for their countrymen they are pledged to serve.
Discipline - The discipline of PNP members manifested by instinctive obedience to
lawful orders and through and spontaneous actions within the bounds of ethical and
legal norms.
Gentleman - PNP members are upright in character, polite in manners, dignified in
appearance, and sincere in their concern or their fellowmen.
Word of Honor - PNP members’ word is their hand; they stand by and commit to
uphold it. PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated
public servants who perform their duty with deep sense of responsibility and self –
sacrifice.
Loyalty - Police are traditionally loyal to the organization country people as borne
out by history and practice.
Camaraderie – The binding spirit that enhance teamwork and cooperation in the
police organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP
members’ deep commitment and concern for one another.
POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS
This chapter presents a discussion on Police Community Relation (PCR).
It is generally accepted that the Police as an organization is a part of the community
it serves. This may mean that the police, in its relentless endeavors against
criminality needs the indispensable support of the community. In analysis, the
police is inseparable to the community in all crime prevention and crime suppression
activities. Therefore, it is the concern of every police officer to: develop rapport
with the community; and maintain a meaningful relation with the people and the
community at large.
To achieve this end, a police officer should be relentlessly directed by
strong sense of responsibility, courtesy and sincerity. As mentioned by Dr. Agas in
his handbook, Notes on Police Community Relations, “good service is often a
matter of how a person presents himself to the public. Courtesy, however, must be
coupled with firmness in order to command respect.”
Terms to Ponder in this Study
As use in this chapter, the following words and phrases shall mean and be
construed as indicated:
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Police - a civil organization whose members are given special legal
powers by the government and whose task is to maintain public order and to solve
and prevent crimes; or group of persons established, maintained and organized for
keeping order, safety, protection of lives and properties and for prevention and
detection of crimes.
Community - the public or society in general; it refers to the civilian
populace in cities, municipalities or public in general, and shall be used
interchangeably with public, citizenry, society, or private sector.
Police Ideal – it refers to the expected standard of perfection or
excellence in the personal, and professional conduct of every member of the police;
or the expected essence of perfection, sympathetic, courteous intelligent, honest, and
in control of his emotions and temper, at all times. It also includes courage and
highest sense of dedication to duty.
Personal Media – it is the means of communication used by the police as
it deals with the community such as the use of rallies, meetings, speeches and house
to house visits to the community.
Barangay - is the basic political unit of the Filipino nation that
implements the policies of the national and local governments (1987 Phil.
Constitution); sometimes referred to as the local community.
Propaganda – any information or publicity put out by an organization
(i.e., police) or government to spread and promote a policy, idea, doctrine, or cause.
Police Community Relation - the sum total of dealings between the
police and the people it serve and whose goodwill and cooperation it craves for the
greatest possible efficiency in the service.
The need for Police Community Relation
Some people are apathetic to the programs of the police because of the
reported involvement of some of the officers and members of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) to criminal activities and irregularities in law enforcement.
Hence, the PNP needs to strengthen its police community relations activities.
What is Community Relation?
In the police, community relations may mean the total dealings of the
police organization as it immerses itself to the community it serves. On the other
hand, Agas in his handbook, Notes on Police Community Relation, stated that
“community relation is like a three-legged stool, each leg of an equal importance in
holding the stool upright. One leg is public relations in its traditional sense. Another
leg is community service. The third leg is community participation, and this is the
facet of the total community relations’ job that is being emphasized today in police
and community relations program.”
The Bases of Police Community Relation
In the democratic concept of policing – the police is the people and the
people is the police, which means that every police officer is mandated to protect
lives and properties, preserve peace and order and prevent crimes and other civil
disturbances. However, his performance of duty is governed by the Constitution and
other laws and statutes such as the preservation of the basic human rights and
observance of the due process of law.
In addition, every police officer is a public servant and his office is a
public trust. Therefore, the police officer is obliged to conduct himself in the
community according to the standards of conducts and ethics of his organization, the
police organization. Furthermore, he should bear in mind that his authority to
enforce the law comes from the people’s mandate.
What are the Principles of Community Relation? The principles of community
relation are the following:
Community Support must be maintained
Community Resentment must be avoided
Community Goodwill must be developed
Community must be kept informed
What are the Objectives of Police Community Relation? From the viewpoint of
the police, Police Community Relation aims to:
Maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence of the community for the police.
Obtain cooperation and assistance.
Develop public understanding, and support and appreciation for the service of the
police.
Create broader understanding and sympathy with the problems and needs of the
public.
Facilitate law enforcement and compliance.
Build public opinion in favor of the Police.
Achieve the Police purpose or preserving the peace, protection of life and property,
and the prevention of crime.
Police Relations - Reviving the idea of “The people’s police”
As earlier discussed, the police is created by the people for the protection
of the people at large against all forms of criminality and public disturbances and
every police work is governed by the laws that the people promulgated through the
legislative body of the government. In the performance of duty, oftentimes a police
officer is confronted by complex problems brought about by the varied cultures and
practices of the people in the community. Since a police officer is dealing with
humans, he should have interest in human life. Hence, he is obliged to build up
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positive relations or rapport towards the people he serves. However, as generally
accepted, building up good relationship is a continuing process which requires
mutual respect and mutual exchange and cannot be compartmentalized or divided if
it is to be effective.
What are the Types of Police Community Relations? The basic
elements of police community relation include the following:
Public Information Program – This is designed to bridge any communication gap
between the police and public. This is the basic among the first four programs of
community relation.
Duties of Public Information Officers:
He must be kept well-informed so that he will understand and appreciate the
complexities of police work and the good service the police render to the
community.
He must be informed that the greatest number of the police in the community shall
benefit as much as possible, by using mass and personal media.
Activities Implemented by Public Information Officer:
Conduct of barangay tanod seminars
Inform the barangay officials regarding trends and other police community problems
Police station commanders assign a place in police station for barangay leaders so
that they can work together and provide coordination.
Produce and distribute brochures, advising the people on how to protect themselves
in their homes and premises.
Conduct environment sanitation seminars
Conduct troop information or educational and historical lectures in all units’ offices
of police district.
Police officers deliver Lectures and Public appearance to hear civic group and civic
organizations.
Discuss with high school students and parents and or teachers association about drug
abuse prevention control.
Conduct cleanliness, saturation or information drive where notices of such
deficiencies are issued.
Establish police counseling centers in zones/barangays to provide advice to barangay
leaders on crime prevention and control.
Public Relation Program – This is designed to maintain harmony and mutual
support between the police and the community.
Duties of Public Relation Officers – he shall:
Regularly issue press releases concerning police activities which are of public
concern.
Evolve and conduct public rotation program to promote better and closer relations
between the police and the community.
Build good image through actual commendable performance, without inefficiency
and corruption.
Evaluate public opinion and attitude with respect to the policies methods, personnel
of the police station.
Plan and carry out programs aimed at keeping the public informed on police
activities.
Activities Implemented by Public Relations Officers:
Conduct face-to-face communications including dialogue with the public.
Attend social cultural activities of the barangay, such as birthdays, weddings
baptismal parties, wake and others.
Attend multi-sectoral “ugnayans,” which include religious sects, school, barangays
civic organization and governmental agencies.
Sending letters of appreciation to citizen whom assists the police in their work.
Conduct first aid and traffic safety education.
Promotion of manpower development for out of school youth.
Sponsorship of youth athletic activities.
Assist immediate in settling dispute at barangay level.
Civic Action Program - This is designed to maintain and encourage community
development
Duties of a Civic Action Officer – he shall:
Encourage and actively participate in athletic competitive in promote youth
development by wisely coordinating with the social elements of the populace.
Initiate if necessary, fund raising campaigns for juvenile delinquents, who are being
reformed.
Be alert to safeguard the community against loss and damages on properties and
possible death, in the events of calamity.
Render all possible assistance, especially to the menfolk in enabling them obtain the
means of productive endeavors and discourage them from loitering in the street, or
engaging uneconomic activities such as illegal gambling and others.
Whenever feasible, he shall promote and actively participate in the establishment of
free medical and dental civic action with special attention to the community.
Activities Implemented by a Civic Action Officer:
Assist National Red Cross on blood donation campaign by exerting extra effort in
appealing to barangay officials.
Conduct free medical and dental civic action community.
Conduct free deworming of affected children in depressed areas.
Assist citizens in case of transportation strike and other similar cause.
Develop and maintain cleanliness and beautification of surroundings.
Attend to backyard gardening, tree planting projects.
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Psychological Program - This is designed to condition both friendly and hostile
public thereby insuring and facilitating the attainment of police objectives. This
program is designed to influence the opinions, emotions attitude and behavior of the
community so that they will behave in a manner beneficial to the police, either
directly or indirectly. It will condition the citizenry to adhere to the laws of the land
and dissuade them in committing crime. These may be in spoken, written, pictorial
or musical form.
Duties of Psychological Operation Officers – he shall:
Strive to mold the youth into useful and law abiding citizens, thereby minimizing
their chances to engage in the criminal activities and preventing them from being
influenced by the misguided elements of society.
Be adequately prepared to articulate on the gains achieved by the government in
formal or informal gatherings so that they can develop unity and cooperation among
people and neutralize any smear campaign being wage by the elements hostile to our
government.
Develop an attitude of deep concern for the individuals in his area of operation
instead of being indifferent to their problems.
Be instrumental in the development of civic mindedness among the criminal
offenders under his custody by providing examples why crime does not pay.
Activities Implemented by Psychological Operation Officer:
Conduct seminars for barangay officials, police civic relation officers, and school
officials to enable them to understand home defense activities.
Promote seminars among barangay leaders regarding community relation activities.
Identify income-generating projects/activities.
STRUCTURE COMPONENTS OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATION
(PCR)
What is Police Information and Education?
These are communication activities utilizing the various forms of media. These
geared towards creating consciousness and awareness among target audience on
facts and issues vital to the development of an efficient, respected, and supported
police force. The two major components are:
Community Information - these are activities utilizing the various forms of media
directed towards the public at large. These are designed to increase the public’s
consciousness and knowledge of facts and issues for purpose of enhancing law
enforcement, counter insurgency and crime prevention efforts, increasing crime
solution efficiency to include weakening of the will of the criminal elements and
insurgents and enlightening other groups of individual critical to the government in
general and the police organization in particular.
Institutional Information - These are activities utilizing the various forms of Media
directed towards the public at large designed to generate trust, confidence and
popular support for the police organization or simply enhancing public perception
and knowledge about the police as an institution of the government.
What does it mean by Police Community Affairs?
These are activities outside law enforcement but which necessitates PNP support and
or participation. The end result ultimately contributes to better appreciation and an
enhanced support to the police organization in whole in part by the populace. The
three major sub-components are:
Community Assistance and Development – these are under taken upon the initiative
of the police unit or personnel for the purpose of enhancing life as a means of
drawing the support, appreciation and support of the public to wards the police
organization. Examples are:
Skills, Livelihood, and Cooperative Development.
Sports and Socio-Cultural development.
Medical, and Dental Outreach Services.
Tree Planting.
Community Inter-Relations - these are under taken upon the initiative of other
government agencies, non – governmental organization, and or individual citizens
whereby a police organization or personnel actively contributes time, money and or
service as a means of drawing the support, appreciation, and cooperation of the
public towards the police organization in whole in or part.
Community Organization and Mobilization - these are activities revolving around
the accreditation of existing groups or creation of new ones with the end in view of
having allies within various sectors in the community who could be tapped to assist
in the conduct of law services, community works and the like.
Comprehensive PCR Plans
The two major components of the plan are Internal Reform and
Gaining of Institutional Support. Both aims to improve the image of the PNP and
re-assure the general public that they can depend on the police organization to be
their protector and guardian in order to hasten and facilitate community mobilization
for anti-crime efforts.
The following institutions shall be the priority target in internal reform:
Congress - Being the law making body, it is one of the vital governmental
institutions that can support the police organization. The police organization must
muster enough support from Congress so that laws needed to enhance its capabilities
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to safeguard peace and order of the community and ensure public safety as well as
laws on organizational development and modernization maybe enacted.
Liaison Office
Organization Level Liaison: The Directorate for PCR. shall maintain a liaison office
with Congress whose main task is monitor, get the pulse, actively interact and
possibly influence lawmakers on matters affecting the police office. Since
relationship with this institution must be symbiotic then this office shall also be
responsible in giving general, special, technical assistance to Congress as pertains to
the police office.
Top Hierarchy Level Liaison: Top leadership of the command shall conduct regular
FACE to FACE dialogues with key members of the Congress as well as different
Congressional Committees handling police affairs in order to present for their
appreciation and support on matters affecting the police office.
Special Individual Liaison: Monitoring and Assessment of activities and special
activities of general liaison.
The Media - This is unquestionably most powerful instrument in forming public
opinion. Specific activities to be taken with respect to this institution include:
Development of guidelines on Media–Police relationship. This guideline shall form
the basis of the organization as well as of its individual personnel dealing with the
media.
Providing timely and accurate information through press releases, regular
conference, daily bulletins, and attendance to talk show and similar programs.
Giving the media reasonable accessibility to source of information in accordance
with the existing security regulations.
Improvement of rapport with media through non- law enforcement activities such as
sports, outing parties and the like.
Giving of special awards by the police office to deserving media personalities.
The Church - The opinion of church leaders carries much weight among the
religious. It need not underscore that a pastoral letter read through out the country
carries great impact.
Liaison with important church personalities.
Monitoring and assessment
Special activities
The Students and the School – one of the potent allies of the PNP when properly
exploited through:
Effective liaison with key school authorities
Monitoring and assessment
Involvement and support in different school activities such drug education program,
crime prevention program, immunization and vaccination program, organization of
Junior Police, and medical or dental outreach program in coordination with
Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Department of Education (DEPED, and
Department of Health (DOH).
The Non-Government Organizations – These are socio-civic organizations
involved in the uplifting the welfare of the public through varied programs and
activities that support the endeavors of the government. They could also help in the
building of the image of the police.
Identification/assessment of existing NGO.
Liaison with the NGO.
Mobilization of NGO in support of police programs and projects.
What are the Public Information and Propaganda Operations?
On Internal Security - There shall be intensified information on evils of the
ideology and actual terrorist operations through regular issuance of press releases.
On Crime Prevention and law Enforcement - There shall be sustained
information drive on how the public can reach public assistance and the utilization
of the tri-media on modus operandi safety and the like.
On Public Safety – these are:
Intensified information drive on pre disaster preparedness;
Support information drive on how to get government assistance when affected by
calamity or disaster; and
Intensified information campaign to generate awareness and sympathy for the
victims of calamities and disasters with the aim of gaining relief and other support to
them.
Conducting Internal Reforms Thru:
Continuous Values Orientation and Skill Development of Personnel: Intensification
of police education and values orientation; and Internalization of the Code of Ethics
and Professional Standard of the police, moral and spiritual values and basic
courtesies relative to Law Enforcement.
Unrelenting clean up of the organization of misfits, criminal elements, and leaders
with low potential. These can be done by the continuous investigation, suspension or
dismissed of misguided and erring police level at all level.
Unrelenting effort to brighten up the physical appearance of the police facilities and
vehicle. Sprucing (make neat and tidy) up of all police station or offices to create a
public friendly atmosphere therein and the exercise of proper care.
Feedback and Evaluation System – One method of determining whether individual
police officers are performing their tasks well is through feedback and evaluation
which considers the following:
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 CHRISTIAN JIMENA CORPUZ
Unit Visitation - involves the conduct of scheduled and run scheduled visits to
check performance, appearance, and behavior of police personnel and the state of
police facilities and vehicles.
Surveys – involves the conduct of random surveys by the PR (public relation) or
private agencies to determine the public perception of a particular police unit or
office.
Records – involves the submission and analysis of periodic reports and special
reports by police units as required.
Interviews – involves the conduct of casual and or structured interviews of selected
individuals who can provide insight on the current state of police community
relation.
Media Analysis - involves the monitoring of reports, stories commentaries printed
or aired by mass media practitioners to determine perception of individuals who are
considered as effective molders of public opinion.
What are the Effects or Impacts of Poor PCR to the Public?
Poor PCR programs cause the public:
not to report the occurrence of crime;
not to come forward and provide information;
not to assist in apprehension of criminals;
not to be supportive of police activities;
not to testify in court voluntarily; and
to even aid the criminals.
Poor Police Community Relation makes the police to:
become less judicious and less discreet;
be reluctant to act on some matters needing police action;
induce unnecessary use of force;
induce verbal abuse;
induce improper practices;
feel isolated and unhappy in his community; and
diminish his sense of fulfillment.
Why Public Support is needed?
Public support is needed to make it easier for the police to accomplish
their task successfully.
PUBLIC RELATION
This is a program designed to make the public aware of what the agency
is doing, why is it doing, and how it contributes to the welfare of the community.
What are the Types of Public Relation?
Public Awareness Programs - familiarizing the public with the true nature of
police operations. This includes:
Mobile Vans - Variety of displays and exhibits of police equipment, which help to
explain to the public, what the police do and how they do it.
Displays and Exhibits - Set up in department stores, shopping centers, and other
public locations are popular ways in which the police can bring their messages to the
public.
Informative Materials - Distribution of pamphlets or brochures designed to explain
their services to the public.
Open House - Public tours of facility conducted during certain times of the year such
as police week, or law observance week.
Public Speakers - Providing speakers for various types of public gatherings such as
civic clubs, businessmen, associations and social groups.
Ride Along - Permits number of the community, to ride in a police car with an
officer and observed field operations.
Informational Programs - providing the public with information which is directly
related to the interest and needs of the community. This includes:
New Arrivals - Making some members of the community feel at home in their new
surroundings.
Traffic Advisory Reports - Coordinate with the media in announcing important
traffic matters such as road accidents, highway construction and traffic congestion.
Informational Bureaus - Information about such things as renewal of drivers license,
payments of utility bills, availability of legal services and other items.
Informational Brochures - Provide the public with booklets, pamphlets, and other
types of publications, which contain information of community interest.
Image Building Programs - promoting programs which are designated to create a
more favorable public image of the police. This can be achieved through:
Citizens awards
Police Color Guard
Police Citizens Luncheons
Operational Handshake
Recruit Visitation Programs
Community Events
Gifts Packages
What are the duties of the Public Relations Officer?
To evaluate public opinion and attitudes with respect to the policies, methods, and
personnel of the police station.
To advice the police station commander with regard to the public relations aspects of
new or revised department programs, policies, procedures and activities.
To plan and to carry out programs aimed at keeping the public informed on police
activities
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To provide staff supervision of all police activities that may influence public
support.
Foundation of Public Relations - They are basically founded on the GOLDEN
RULE: “Do not do onto others what you do not want others unto you.” In addition,
public relations are founded on the following:
Give before you seek to get
Give what is due to others.
See the other person’s side
Respect, so you would be respected.
INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC RELATIONS
As individuals, police officers shall also develop personal relationship
with the public which is divided into the following categories:
Domestic Relations - This consist of a person’s dealing with his family, parents and
immediate relatives, with whom he has to have good relationship in order to develop
a respectable family prestige as well as cordial community relations.
Neighborhood Relations - This consist of a person’s dealing with neighbor who
constitute a vital link to good reputation in the community
Community Relations - This is made up of a person’s dealing with the citizens of
the community, city or town where a person likes. These also include his
membership or contributions to civil undertakings and his membership or
contribution to the civic organization or community associations in the locality.
Church Relation - This consists of a person’s dealing with religious affiliation that
is necessary for the stability of moral principles.
Government Relations - This is made up of the dealings, which a person has with
the government and its various instrumentalities. The recognition of government
authorities, its laws and ordinance, as well as other public responsibilities, are
significant phases of an individuals public relations.
PROFESSIONAL PUBLIC RELATION
In the practice of his profession, a police officer shall observe a
professional conduct which is divided into the following categories:
Inter-Departmental Relation - This is made up of the peace officers relations with
the officers and men of his own department, his supervisor, the station commander,
as well as the city/municipal mayor where he is assigned.
Citizen’s Relation - This includes all dealings or contact with the citizens in
relations to the enforcement of the law and the maintenance of peace and order,
together with the giving of information to the public on criminal and non-criminal
activities.
Complainant Relations - This includes how officer deals with complainants, the
techniques of interview he uses, the manner of approach he adopts, and the treatment
of witnesses and informers.
Relations with Accused Persons - This covers the proper treatment of
suspects, the recognition of their constitutional rights during custodial investigation
and the handling of accused persons during confinement.
Relations with Prosecutor - This includes a police officer’s duty to cooperate
during preliminary investigations and the gathering of further pieces of evidence
once the fiscal files the case.
Judicial Relations - This consists of the peace officer’s duties toward the courts
when appearing as a witness and the honesty of his testimony.
DEALING WITH COMPLAINANTS – Police officers when dealing with
complainants shall observe the following:
Receiving Complaints - When a citizen calls at the police station or approaches a
policeman on the streets to make a complaint, he should be accorded a suitable
reception. The police office must adopt an attractive manner; his attitude alert, his
face and voice pleasant, and he must appear interested in the subject at hand. Timid
citizens often dread police officers; they should make great effort to place these
timid citizens at ease.
Complaint Desk Officer - The complaint desk officer should be alert at his desk
and avoid ignoring a timid citizen. As soon as he sees a person approaching, unless
he is busy with another citizen, he should immediately offer his service by posing a
simple question such as “May I do something for you, Sir?” to demonstrate his
sincerity. If possible, there should also be a woman employee at the desk to handle
complaints from women who may be timid about approaching a male officer. This
employee need not be a policeman; a clerical employee may be stationed at the
complaint desk for this purpose.
Attention to the Complaint - A person who approaches a policeman for assistance
should be given ample opportunity to tell his story. The officer can sometimes assist
with intelligent questions, evidence of sympathy, and assurance of aid. But he
should not needlessly interrupt the explanation of the complainant.
Receiving Complaints and Criticisms against the Police - Complaints should be
referred to the proper authorities for audience or if permitted, the officer may refer
the complaint immediately to his superior officer. Sincere citizens sometimes make
an earnest effort to offer information and suggestions of value to the police. These
should be accepted in the spirit in which they are offered, with graciousness and
appreciation even though the subject matter may be infuriating.
Legitimate Complaints against the Police - The police station itself influences the
attitudes of both the police and the public. The public does not react favorably to an
ill smelling dark, poorly kept, and (human) unclean police station; neither to the
police officers themselves. While the police may have little choice in the location
and arrangement of their headquarters they do have the opportunity and the
responsibility to maintain them in a clean and presentable condition. Paint of a light
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color can usually be obtained and trusty labor is usually available for painting,
cleaning, and janitor services.
GENERAL RULES ON OFFICIAL CONDUCT – All police officers shall adhere
to the following in the performance of their duties:
Policeman shall be habitually courteous. They shall recognize their responsibilities
as public servants and shall be particularly attentive to citizens who seek assistance
or information or who desire to register complaints or give evidence.
They shall accept their responsibility to the public by being punctual in their
engagements and expeditions in the performance of their duties.
They shall regard their office as a public trust, and in the discharge of their duties, be
constantly mindful of their primary obligation to serve the public efficiently and
effectively.
They shall administer the law in a just, impartial and reasonable manner; and not
accord to some, more reasonable manner; and shall not accord to some, more
treatment than to others. They shall recognize the limitations of their authority and
at no time use the power of their office for their own personal advantage.
They shall be true to their obligation as custodian of public property and shall bear
in mind that the misuse and waste of money from the public treasury is bad.
They shall not limit their effectiveness in the administration of their office by
accepting tokens of gratitude, or by giving preferential treatment to certain
corporations with whom they may have official dealings.
They shall cooperate fully with all other public officials to the end that the safety
and general welfare of the public will be assured. They shall not permit jealousies or
personal differences to influence their cooperation with other agencies.
They shall add to their effectiveness by diligent study and sincere attention to
improvement. They shall welcome the opportunity to disseminate practical and
useful information relating to matters of the public’s safety and welfare.
They shall so conduct their public and private life that the public will regard them as
examples of stability, fidelity and morality.
They shall bear faithful allegiance to their government, and be loyal to their
profession. They shall accept, as a sacred obligation their responsibility as citizens to
support the Constitution of the Philippines; and as public officials, consider the
privilege of defending the principles of Liberty as defined in our Constitution and
law. This is the greatest honor that may be bestowed upon any man.
COMMUNITIES IN COMMUNITY RELATIONS
In PCR, the police is not actually dealing with a single community but
rather to various communities with distinct characteristics. These communities
could be categorized into External and Internal Communities.
The External Communities
Justice Community - Other police agencies, courts, and correctional departments
existing at many levels of government are a part of the justice community with
which police must interact. The nature of the relationship between police and
members of the justice community has a direct impact on police effectiveness in
achieving their goals.
The Human Services Community - The human services umbrella includes many
public and private and social service resources, mental and health general services,
media civic and religious groups and educational services.
Citizens and the Police - Peel’s principles state “the police must secure the willing
cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and
maintain public respect”. Part of the police community relations is the understanding
of the public the police serve and having the public understands the police. That is
no easy task. The public is many people with many varying needs and hopes, who
live in a changing society and bring to that society conflicting values and cultural
rules. The police agency is relatively closed, somewhat secretive, and vague as to
what the police role and the citizen role should be.
Internal Communities
Personal Support Community - The officer’s support groups, both in the sense of
family system and close personal relationships, affect the officer’s perspective and
effectiveness. The officer has an impact on the support group as well. This
relationship may be one of the most critical in determining the officer’s ability to
cope with the human experience of being a cop. It may also determine to a large
degree how the individual officer will relate with other communities
Police Community - The police officer as a member of the police structure must
also be considered. It is this community that can determine whether police –
community relations outside the agency will be supported or undermined both as a
matter of policy and practice. The first positive relationship that must be formed
effective community relations in a larger sense is to be accomplished within the
agency itself.
MAINTAINING TRUST AND PUBLIC CONFIDENCE
The police should be people oriented to recognize the divergence of
people and yet capable to working together with them of a common good. Being
good is not enough. A police officer must show it by the way he performs his job
and by the state of discipline of every officer and men in the police station or similar
unit. The command must increase the personnel assigned to patrol division in line
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with the police visibility program and to make them available to provide police
assistance at any time. Requesting the community to assist in identifying the
scalawags in uniform as a basis for giving immediate disciplinary action against
them is another way of gaining support from the community. The policeman should
closely coordinate with the business community to identify areas where police
presence is needed. Conduct of in dept study and to initiate the immediate
assignment of police to every barangay must be made to serve the police needs and
to call upon residents.
Police Character
The police program of growth includes the development of the essential
attribution of all its members. Every police thus:
Shall be loyal to the service, which he belong and is proud of.
Shall be sympathetic and display the ability to feel the suffering of other people.
Shall be confident in his ability to know the job and do it well.
Shall disposed of and act on all cases correctly.
Shall guard himself against rash judgment from opinion in advance.
Shall be courteous to the community at any place and on any occasion.
Shall demonstrate strong faith in what he is doing.
Shall not sulk in the face of danger but with his mental conviction and physical
strength.
Shall maintain an attitude of enthusiasm, dedication, zeal and pride in his work.
Shall be tactful in his dealing with people of the community.
Shall be firm and unyielding but not officious in dealing with people.
Shall be serious and purposeful but not officious in dealing with people.
Shall genuinely be interested to his task.
Shall avoid unwarranted practice or situation that will endanger him.
Shall be patient when the situation demands.
Police Moral and Esprit de Corps
The police build their reputation upon favorable community relationship
and express by community confidence and the continued constructive
accomplishment is only possible when the internal strength of the organization is
assure.
When the members of the police organization show pride of
belongingness to their organization (or esprit de corps) consequently, their morale is
high. It follows also that they manifest genuine loyalty and noble faith in the
policies and objective of their organization.
Exemplary Conduct
Exemplary conduct or conduct worthy of emulation is another way of maintaining
public trust especially so that the community demands more than the ordinary acts.
A police as a public officer loses his private life because whether he is on or off
duty, he will be under unrelenting scrutiny and critical analysis by the community.
The police by reason of their specific responsibilities are bound to more exacting
code that any other public servant. Delinquents in conduct that pass unchallenged
when committed by other public officials are acts that are accepted as common place
in judging the conduct of the citizens but are adjudged as reprehensible when
committed by policeman.
Police Officer’s Compassion and Understanding
In the performance of his duty, a police officer looks no requirements.
He should fairly serve regardless of the personality of the person whom he deals
with. Further, even the seriousness of the problem should not be a factor whether to
serve or not to serve. Sometimes, a person with personal problems approaches
police officers. And in dealing with personal problems, it is imperative that matters
of such of vital personal importance be approached with understanding, compassion
and magnanimity
Police Influence over the Community
The community looks upon policeman as representative of the authority
of law. It is obvious therefore, that influence of the policeman over the community is
increased by reason of the authority they personify. People under stress or influence
of excitement are more susceptible to the influence of external stimuli than they
would be under normal circumstances. They are likely to be more readily influenced
by the action of those with whom they come into contact. Policeman must be careful
that the influence of their authority does not become oppressive in their relationship
with the community particularly in situations of stress and excitement.
Police Practice of Courtesy
Practicing courtesy involves much more than friendliness. To appreciate
sincerity and habitually performed acts of courtesy requires cultivation of
appearance, voice, manner, intelligence humor, temperament and unselfishness that
are easily appreciated by the people. All of these factors co-mingle in the production
of a gentleman in principle and in conduct. Compassionate but firm and earnestly
interested without being over solicitous. Irregardless of the nature of the task, a
policeman must continually practice courtesy; they cannot be made as an exception.
Disagreeable duties must be performed willingly and unpleasant orders obeyed
cheerfully. Flares of temper, sarcastic criticism and moodiness have no place in the
conduct of a good policeman.
Proper Treatment of Law Violator
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Numerous contacts with anti-social persons are likely to cause the
policeman to assume an attitude of veneer hardness. They often entertain erroneous
belief that courteous treatment of law violators is an indication of weakness. They
will say that criminals are not entitled to the treatment accorded to a gentleman. A
good manner in the treatment of any law violator is not indication of weakness.
Policeman may be firm and exacting in the enforcement of the law, there
may be strict and relentless in their relationship with the offender that come under
their control, yet remain propitious and gentlemanly in their bearing. The fact that a
criminal, by reason of depravity or because of his anti-social acts has not earned the
respect of his fellow men has no bearing upon the conduct of the policeman with
whom he is brought into contact. When a policeman resorts to ungentlemanly
treatment of criminals, they do not alter the status of the criminals in any ways; they
only lower their own social status to the same level of the criminals.
Police Leadership
True leadership is personal and it is a psychological balance showing a
well-integrated personality. There are no characteristics that combine in the
personality of a true leader, because individuals differ in their viewpoints and
reaction. However, the qualities that seem most common on persons who command
public respect and confidence are those that rate highly in influencing positive
character of his men. It goes with these qualities the maxim, “true leadership is
influencing others to perform well.”
Police Practice of Self Confidence
Self-confidence is faith to oneself, and it is predicated upon knowledge,
still in applying knowledge, and in the ability and willingness to pass one’s
knowledge for the benefits of the others. Self-confidence is in fact a state of mental
satisfaction that arises from being able to put the possession of knowledge to
constructive use.
Police Practice of Self Sacrifice
Self-sacrifice is a fundamental trait to true leadership. It is inescapable
fact that to contemplate a situation without bias requires first a complete
subordination of self. Effective police work requires the utmost self sacrifice;
policemen who are selfishly impressed with their authority cannot succeed as leader.
Paternalism
Paternalism as a quality is found in policeman who is mindful of the
welfare of other. It is basic to police leadership because community welfare is the
primordial responsibility of the police. Harmonious relationship between the police
and the community depends, to a great degree, upon paternalistic influence that
enters in the shaping of community policies.
Fairness and Honesty
Fairness and honesty are qualities that have universal appeals.
Preponderance of community criticism against police authority is occasioned by
reason or partiality and unfairness in exercising police function. Impartial
application of laws and regulations, fairness and honesty in exercising the police
authority are powerful force in insuring community respect for Police service.
Decisiveness
Initiative and decisiveness are characteristics traits of man who acts
correctly and at the proper time. The ability to act decisively and correctly is a
manifestation or thorough preparation and interest in the appreciation of the task at
hand. The policeman’s knowledge, mental alertness and judgment all enter in the
development of this very desirable trait.
Personal Dignity
Personal dignity is indicative of a policeman’s appreciation of the honor
of his position. It is an excellent manifestation of his “esprit de corps” and is a
powerful factor in creating community respect. Policeman who are paternalistic in
their concern for community welfare, sympathetic in caring for citizens in distress,
are calm and dignified in their community relationship citizens they serve.
Physical and Moral Courage
The community assumes that policemen are physically courage, yet true
courage is not thoroughly understood by most citizens. It is a common
misapprehension to consider reckless disregard of danger as a manifestation or
courage and bravery. True courage is that state of devotion to duty that will give
policemen the moral stamina impelling them to the performances of duly even in the
face of full knowledge of the dangers involved.
More than physical courage, the community demands moral courage, the
kind of courage that enable policemen to take it on the check to assume the
responsibility of their office without quibbling, bravery stand up for their conviction
without attempting to shift or evade the personal criticism. Moral courage is
synonymous with integrity.
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Moral Ascendancy
Moral ascendancy is the influence that one-person exercise over a group
of persons by reason of exemplary nature of his character. It arises out of
withstanding the hardship and difficulty of the work, sincerity of purpose that
manifest in willingness to personally adhere without equivocation, and to the same
standards of conduct that he is duty bound to enforce upon other. Policemen are
particularly vulnerable to community criticism, for lack of this quality, they must be
able to control their emotion, temper, their likes and dislikes, physically able to
withstand hardship without complaint, and able to effectively conceal their worries.
Moral ascendancy is not important in evaluating the effectiveness of
commanding officer in the police service. The moral force or lack of it in
commanding officer is reflected in the very character of policemen under their
control, and obviously become an important influence in the community appraisal of
police service.
Commanding officers cannot maintain their leadership over the
subordinates, if at any time they are place in position of moral embarrassment.
Questionable character of a leader in the community service reflects all members of
the group. The final measure of moral ascendancy is found in the true character of
the individual, by the example he sets in his own living.
Dependability and Punctuality
The public has the right to demand the same guarantees in the manner of
its safety as all exacts for the protection of public health. The public is concerned
with emergency situations that require immediate attention and effective treatment.
Police service if it is to be of any value must be dependable. The policeman should
be able to serve at the right place at the right time. All the skills and abilities that
policemen possess are of little value unless he can defend upon to apply his skill at
the proper time. Punctuality is not only important in relationship with the public but
it is also essential in routine activities as well. The rendition of report, appearance in
court and cooperation with colleagues and other law enforcement agencies are
responsibilities that can be relied upon if properly implemented.
Policeman shall accept their responsibilities to the public by being
punctual in their engagements and expeditions in the performance of their duties.
Thus he must:
Promptly carry out every duty to which he is assigned.
Be punctual, attentive, accurate and unselfish
Accept the fact that punctuality involves more than reporting to work at time; it
involves every detail of the policeman’s daily activities.
Attitude in Trial Court
Aside from proper attire, police officers when attending court sessions in
whatever capacity should also observe the following behavior while in the witness
stand:
He must say nothing but the truth.
He must be calm.
He must be prepared.
He must be courteous.
He must be natural and straightforward.
He must maintain his temper.
He must be attentive to the questions to be hurled or asked.
He must speak loudly enough to be heard.
He must be conscious of his personal appearances.
Appearing as a Witness
Witness in Criminal Case – A policeman shall, when subpoenaed as a
witness in a criminal case, promptly notify their immediate chiefs. No members of
the PNP shall be a witness in such capacity without the service of a proper subpoena.
Witness in Civil Case - No member of the PNP shall testify in civil
cases unless summoned to do so by proper authority.
Action After Court Attendance - A member of the PNP attending any
court session under subpoena/summon or other processes as a witness, shall after
having been released there from for the day, immediately report to their superior
officer.
POLICE APPEARANCE AND THE COMMUNITY
Police Personal Appearance
A police officer’s personal appearance speaks well of his department. To
ensure positive opinion to his department or organization, he should observe the
following:
He shall be properly attired and equipped whenever he appears before the public.
He carries with him only the prescribed regulation weapons and other related items.
He shall dress moderately and of good taste if and when they must wear civilian
clothes.
He must maintain good posture and grooming.
He must see to it that his uniform is clean and properly maintained.
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Police Satisfactory Uniform
A satisfactory uniform, comfortable for the officer and pleasant to the eye
is important. Attractive snappy uniforms influence the moral of the policeman as
well as the “Esprit de Corps” of the entire police force. A policeman should be kept
in a condition of good health and cleanliness and not to be permitted to become
wrinkled or stained. He should have at least two uniforms to facilitate and maintain
cleanliness.
Police Personal Cleanliness
Personal cleanliness is very important in dealing with the community.
Hence, a policeman should:
Be required to shave daily and to have their hair cut regularly.
Have frequent bath.
Have clean fingernails and other parts of the body.
Periodic Inspection
These factors of personal appearance and their effect on the community
justify among others, the periodic inspections of the force. Attention should be given
in such inspections not only to hearing, address and equipment, but also on the
aspect of personal cleanliness just mentioned.
Policemen Mental Attitude
The attitude of police officer is quite important as his physical condition
and appearance because it determines his conduct and reaction to the community.
His attitude is reflected in his facial expression, voice, word used and actions.
Therefore:
He must be friendly and show willingness to serve.
He must not forget that he is a Public servant, appointed for the role purpose of
serving the community.
He must not give an impression of haughtiness, aloofness, officiousness or
condescension.
He must refrain from sarcasm and flippancy.
He must develop pride in his organization
He must be proud that he is an officer and conduct himself with the dignity of that
officer.
Policemen Habits and Conversation
Police officer must avoid subjects of smutty or questionable nature.
Police officer must establish habits of conversation, which are pleasing to the
listener and avoid giving offence by the subject matter or the method of presentation.
He must watch his diction and his English; he should test the falls of sloppy habits of
speech. The attitude of Police officer is quite important as his physical.
Should keep his hands out of his pockets, whether engaged in conversation or
otherwise.
Although these items may seem of little consequence, and perhaps in
more fundamental analysis may be relatively unimportant but most policemen are
judged by their language and conversation.
Policemen Personal Habits
The personal habits of the individual police officer strongly influence the
attitude of the community towards the police. Thus:
He should avoid restless habits such as tapping his finger or feet, whittling or other
evidence of nervousness.
He should not permit himself to develop such unpleasant personal habits such as,
hawking and spitting, smoking while on duty in public place.
He should not smoke when speaking to a citizen. Smoking habits that are offensive
to the public should not be permitted whether on the street or headquarters.
Policemen should avoid Evil Doings
The policemen must not only avoid evil, he must also avoid the
appearance of evil. Thus:
He should be careful to avoid questionable associates and to spend spare time and
obtained his recreation in the company of those whose character and reputation are
irreproachable.
He must avoid controversial questions, those dealing with religion, politics and the
laws.
He must avoid domestic difficulties more assiduously than the average citizen.
He must abstain from drinking intoxication beverage to excess.
He shall not engage in any form of gambling except those allowed by law:
He should avoid entering any house reported as being of ill-repute and other vice
dens.
He shall not buy nor use or process smuggled products.
He shall avoid accepting any fees, rewards or gifts of any type, for any service
rendered in the performance of his duty other than his authorized salary or shall use
his position for material consideration.
He should avoid “bad habits” celebrating Christmas, New Year and other occasion
by firing their guns.
POLICE HEADQUARTERS AND THE COMMUNITY
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It was mentioned that the appearances of a police station/headquarters
influence the attitude of both the police and the community. This can be further
attained by the observance of the following guidelines.
Appearance of Police Station
The station/headquarter must have a business like appearance, unsightly
trash eliminated; thus, the police station/ headquarter must have the following
appearance:
Must have presentable view inside or outside.
Must possess a well keep office that is worthy of the discipline of its force, honor
ideal of Law enforcers.
Must be strict in anti-littering /smoking campaign in the building or grounds and
police equipment shall be maintained properly.
Trashcan shall be available and comfort room shall be clean and free from foul
odors.
Must be identifiable and the desk shall bear the name of the policemen for public
convenience and information.
Policemen at Station/Headquarters
The police station/headquarter should not only maintain a high standard
of efficiency, but it should give an appearance of efficiency. This is created by a
business like attitude and conduct on the part of the policemen. Thus, the policemen
must avoid the following attitude:
Policeman should not roughhouse among themselves in public view.
They should restrict their activities to the assembly room or those sections of the
station reserved for their rest of reaction. Otherwise the public may conclude that
they are lofting while on duty.
He shall not in the station/office or elsewhere while on duty, drink any intoxicating
liquor or take prohibited drugs or report to duty under the Influence of liquor or
prohibited drugs; or habitual drunkard to the prejudice of his duty.
Police should not indulge in loud, boisterous talk that can be heard by the public.
They should avoid an appearance of idleness and create an impression of business
like efficiency.
Police Telephone and the Citizen
Telephone to the police station/office is very important since a person’s
life, property and liberty may be at state because the telephone operator is the first
contact with the police department, it is important that the conversation is pleasant
and satisfactory as possible.
Police Telephone Greeting
It is important too, that the police operator gives attention to his manner
of speaking over the telephone. His greeting should be crisp and business like, to
manifest alertness and willingness to serve, rather than show indifference. Some
police departments require the policemen to follow this greeting “hello police
department” with statement of his name. But most persons who call the assistance of
the police are of interested in their personalities but only in prompt service. As a
general rule they are in hurry, they want service at one, with the least possible delay.
Hence, it is not advisable to inject the name of the police, since the simple greeting
“hello police headquarters/station” and then give all needed information would be
enough.
Immediate and Courteous Reply
Incoming telephone calls to a police headquarters/station deserve
immediate and courteous reply. Promptness is important in the police service.
Persons who call for the assistance of the police usually do it to register a complaint.
They are emotionally upset and easily annoyed. If under this condition, the wait for a
protracted time happens before receiving a response to their call, they become
justifiably disgruntled.
Clear Enunciation/Diction
A policeman should meet the following criteria for efficient telephone
conversation:
Policeman should speak with deliberate care and clearances into the transmitted.
Policeman should have a good diction and expression of courtesy.
Attitude in Receiving Calls
The complainants shall be given a feeling of importance regardless of the triviality
of the complaint. Acts of kindness like giving the complaint a seat would be long
remembered and appreciated though it may seem unimportant.
The police interview should be quick to detect where the real problem lies and allow
the complainant enough time to narrate his grievances.
Good police poise with pleasant voice should be adopted in order to gain confidence.
After complying with and directing all necessary actions on the complaint, the
policeman shall thank the citizen in a spirit of appreciation for his cooperation in
bringing the matter to their attention.
PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
What is the Criminal Justice System?
The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is the machinery which society
uses in the prevention and control of crime. The process is the totality of the
activities of law enforcers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and corrections
personnel, as well as those of the mobilized community in crime prevention and
control.
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What are the major components of the CJS?
Police or Law Enforcement
Prosecution
Courts
Corrections
Mobilized Community
What are the functions of the major components of the CJS?
To prevent and control the commission of crime;
To enforce the law;
To safeguard lives, individual rights, and properties;
To investigate, apprehend, prosecute and sentence those who violated the rules of
society; and,
To rehabilitate the convicts and reintegrate them into the community as law-abiding
citizens.
How does the CJS Operate?
The first four pillars, i.e., law enforcement, prosecution, courts, and
corrections, pertain to the traditional agencies vested with the official
responsibility in dealing with crime or in crime control. The community pillar
is the most broadbased. Under the concept of a participative criminal justice
system in the Philippines, public and private agencies, as well as citizens,
become a part of the CJS when they become involved in issues and participate
in activities related to crime prevention and control.
The Police or Law Enforcement Pillar
The first pillar consists mainly of the Philippine National Police (PNP).
The work of the PNP is the prevention and control of crimes, enforcement of laws,
and effecting the arrest of offenders, including the conduct of lawful searches and
seizures to gather necessary evidences so that a complaint may be filed with the
Prosecutor’s Office.
Prosecution Pillar
The second pillar takes care of the investigation of the complaint. In the
rural areas, the PNP may file the complaint with the inferior courts (i.e. the
Municipal Trial Courts or the Municipal Circuit Trial Courts). The judges of these
inferior courts act as quasi-prosecutors only for the purpose of the preliminary
investigation. Once a prima facie case has been determined, the complaint is
forwarded to the City or Provincial Prosecutor’s Office which will review the case.
When the complaint has been approved for filing with the Regional Trial Court, a
warrant of arrest for the accused will be issued by the court once the information has
been filled.
Courts Pillar
The third pillar of the CJS is the forum where the prosecution is given the
opportunity to prove that there is a strong evidence of guilt against the accused. It is
also in the courts that the accused is given his “day in court” to disprove the
accusation against him.
The Constitutional presumption is the innocence of any person accused
of a crime unless proved otherwise. This means that the courts must determine the
guilt of the accused – beyond reasonable doubt – based on the strength of the
evidence of the prosecution. If there is any reasonable doubt that the accused
committed the crime, he has to be acquitted. The Rules of Court, however, provides
that the accused can be convicted of a lesser crime than the crime he has been
charged with in the information. But the elements of the lesser offense should be
necessarily included in the offense charged, and such lesser crime was proven by
competent evidence.
COURT is the entity in the government organized for the proper administration of
justice at the time and place prescribed by law. It is an entity in which a portion of
the judicial power is vested. The court is situated between the prosecution and
correction, the court is the centerpiece of the five pillars in our criminal justice
system. The court is an organ of the government belonging to the judicial
department whose function is the application of the laws to controversies brought
before it and the public administration of justice. As such, the court performs,
perhaps the most important role in the administration of justice because:
It is the court that everyone turns to for justice.
It responsible for applying the criminal law against the offenders who commit
crimes, but at the same time protecting the same law violators from the violations of
the rights by criminal justice agents.
Example: Police
The court, as the third pillar of justice is looked upon as:
The final arbiter of justice.
The front line defender of democracy, freedom and human dignity.
The only institution capable of identifying and maintaining the proper balance
between the conflicting rights of the individual and those of the state and society.
Court Distinguished from Judge
Court Judge
The court is an entity The judge is a person
appointed to a court
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The court possess the element of The judge may come and go
stability and permanency anytime
Function of Court
The primary function of a Court of Justice is the dispensation of justice.
In the performance of this function, the court decides actual controversies brought
before it, and interprets the laws of the state.
Criteria for the Administration of Justice
Rule 135, Section 1 of the Rules of Court provides that “Justice shall be
impartially administered without unnecessary delay.” Impartial administration
signifies the courts will try cases without bias or prejudice, the judge acting
objectively at all times. The term “without unnecessary delay” means that the relief
sought by the action must be accorded immediately, provided the parties have been
given their day in court.
Regular Courts in the Philippines
Supreme Court (SC)
Court of Appeals (CA)
Regional Trial Courts (RTC)
Municipal Trial Courts (MTC)
Metropolitan Trial Courts
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MCTC)
Sandiganbayan (SB)
Corrections Pillar
The fourth pillar takes over once the accused, after having been found
guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he committed. He can apply for
probation or he could be turned over to a non-institutional or institutional agency or
facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The offender could avail of the
benefits of parole or executive clemency once he has served the minimum period of
his sentence. When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in
the municipal, provincial or national penitentiary depending on the length of the
sentence meted out.
Community Pillar
The fifth pillar has a two-fold role. First, it has the responsibility to
participate in law enforcement activities by being partners of the peace officers in
reporting the crime incident, and helping in the arrest of the offender.
Second, it has the responsibility to participate in the promotion of peace
and order through crime prevention or deterrence and in the rehabilitation of
convicts and their reintegration to society.
Rehabilitation takes place when the convict is serving his sentence. A
convict may be paroled or may even be placed on probation. Under the concept of a
participative criminal justice system in the Philippines, public and private agencies
as well as citizens, become a part of the CJS when they participate and become
involved with issues and activities related to crime prevention. Thus, citizen-based
crime prevention groups become part of the CJS within the framework of their
involvement in crime prevention activities and in the reintegration of the convict
who shall be released from the corrections pillar into the mainstream of society.
Why should you be concerned about the CJS?
You should be concerned about the CJS because it affects your life,
your work, your activities and, in general, your pattern of behavior and
relationship in the community. This is why the community pillar is also the base
of the entire CJS as there will never be criminal cases, in the first place, if the
community is healthy and law-abiding. But for the few who may have gone
astray, they should be reintegrated into the community once they are released
from the penitentiary and should be helped to become law-abiding members of
the community.
What is Citizen’s Arrest?
Arrest may be effected with our without warrant. Warrantless arrest may
be effected by a peace officer or a private person under any of the following
circumstances:
When in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;
When an offense has, in fact, just been committed, and he has personal knowledge
of facts indicating that the person to be arrested has committed it; and,
When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped form a penal
establishment or is temporarily confined during the pendency of the case, or has
escaped while being transferred form one confinement facility oto another.
What can you do to help in the CJS?
Organize anti-crime groups.
Report crime, suspicious strangers or events to your barangay or police.
If you are a witness to the commission of a crime, help in the prosecution of the
case.
Organize visits to correctional institutions. This is one way of instilling social
awareness on the part of the public. This could also be an instrument whereby the
public can extend material and morale support to the convicts and inspire
rehabilitation.
Help in the assimilation of released prisoners in the community to enable them to be
reintegrated into the mainstream of society.
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 CHRISTIAN JIMENA CORPUZ
What can you do to help the CJS?
Organize anti-crime groups
Report crime, suspicions strangers or events to your barangay or police.
If you are a witness to the commission of a crime, help in the prosecution of the
case.
Organize visits to correctional institutions. This is one way of instilling social
awareness on the part of the public. This could also be an instrument whereby the
public can extend material and morale support to the convicts and inspire
rehabilitation.
Help in the assimilation of released prisoners in the community to enable them to be
reintegrated into the mainstream of society.
BARANGAY COUNCILIATION (RA 7160 Local Gov’t Code of 199)
Republic Act No. 7160 - It is an Act providing for a Local Government Code of
1991.
What is superseded PD 1508? It was superseded by Chapter 7, Section 399 to 422
of RA 7160
Objectives of Katarungang Pambarangay
To promote speedy administration of justice.
To perpetuate the time-honored tradition of setting disputes amicably for the
maintenance of peace and order.
To implement the constitutional mandate, preserve and develop Filipino Culture.
To relieve the courts of docket congestion and thereby enhance the quality of justice
dispense by them.
Cases over which the lupon of each barangay may take cognizance
The lupon of each barangay shall have authority to bring together the
parties actually residing in the same municipality or city for amicable settlement of
all disputes except;
Where one party is the government of any subdivision or instrumentality thereof;
Where one party is a public office or employee, and dispute relates to the
performance of his official functions;
Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding one (1) year or a fine exceeding
Five Thousand Pesos (P 5,000.00);
Offenses where there is no private offended party;
Where the dispute involves real properties located in different cities or
municipalities unless the parties thereto agree it submit their differences to amicable
settlement by an appropriate lupon;
Dispute involving parties who actually reside in barangays of different cities or
municipalities, except where such barangay units adjoin each their differences to
amicable settlement by an appropriate lupon;
Such other classes of disputes which the President may determine in the interest of
justice or upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Justice.
Any complainant by or against corporations, partnerships, or juridicial entities.
Dispute where urgent legal action is necessary to prevent injustice from being
committed or further continued, specifically the following:
A criminal case where the accused is under police custody or detention;
A petition for habeas corpus by a person illegally detained or deprived of his liberty
or one acting in his behalf;
Actions coupled with provisional remedies, such as preliminary injunction,
attachment, replevin and support pendente life; and
Where the action may be barred by the statute of limitations;
Labor disputes or controversies arising from employee-employer relationship.
(Montoya vs. Escayo, et. al., 17 SCRA 442; Art. 228 Labor Code as amended);
Where the dispute arises out from the Comprehensive Agraria Reform Law (Secs.
46 and 47, RA 6657);
Actions to annul judgment upon a compromise which can be filed directly in court.
(Sanchez vs. Tupaz, 158 SCRA 459).
The court in which non-criminal cases not falling within the authority of the lupon
under this Code are filled may, at any time before trial, motu propio refer the case to
the lupon concerned for amicable settlement.
Examples of Offenses punishable by the Revised Penal Code cognizable by the
Lupon include:
Alarms and Scandals (Art. 155)
Use of false certificates (Art. 175)
Concealing one’s true name and other personal circumstances (Art. 178, part 2)
Physical injuries committed in a tumultuous affray (Art. 252)
Slight physical injuries and maltreatment (Art. 266)
Other forms of trespass (Art. 281)
Other light threats (Art. 285)
Other light coercion or unjust vexations (Art. 287)
Some forms of thefts (Art. 208, par. 3, and Art 3098, par 8)
Altering boundaries or landmarks (Art. 313)
Other deceits (Art. 318)
Arson of property of small value (Art. 323)
Social cases of malicious mischief (Art. 328)
Other mischief’s (Art. 329)
Slight slander (Art. 358)
Slander by deed not of a serious nature (Art. 359)
Intriguing against honor (Art. 364)
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Theft, swindling or malicious mischief committed or caused mutually by certain
relatives, where there is no criminal but only civil liability.
All these offenses are punishable by imprisonment not exceeding 30 days and/or fine
not exceeding P 200.00. Under the New Local Government Code, all offenses
punishable by at least one year imprisonment and P 5,000 fine is now within the
jurisdiction of the Lupon. Also cognizable by the barangay courts are violators of
municipal ordinances which are similarly punishable as the abovementioned
offenses under the penal code.
Rules of venue under the law governing barangay conciliation
Disputes between persons actually residing in the same barangay shall be brought or
amicable settlement before the lupon of said barangay.
Those involving actual residents of different barangays within the same city or
municipality shall be brought in the barangay where the respondent or any of the
respondents actually resides, at the election of the complainant.
All disputes involving real property or any interest therein shall be brought in the
barangay where the real property or the larger portion thereof is situated.
Those arising at the workplace where the contending parties are employed or at the
institution where such parties are enrolled or workplace or institution is located.
(Sec. 409, RA 7160)
Objections to venue be raised under RA 7160
Objections to venue shall be raised in the mediation proceedings before the punong
barangay, otherwise, the same shall be deemed waived. Any legal question which
may confront the punong barangay in resolving objections to venue herein after
referred to may be submitted to the Secretary of Justice or his duly designated
representatives whose ruling thereon shall be binding.
What kind of residence required by the law order that one may exempt from
the coverage of the Katarungang Pambarangay Law?
It must be more or less permanent. In Bejer, et al. vs. CA, 169 SCRA 568, the
Supreme Court said that actual residence should not be temporary, transient as in the
case of a houseguest or sojourner like a visit of a day or two. In the case at bar,
plaintiffs are not even listed as member of the Barangay, an indication that their stay
in Pandacan is merely transient. Of course, actual residence does not necessarily
imply membership in the Barangay; and membership in the Barangay does not
necessarily mean actual residence.
Who and how may a complainant be filed with the lupon?
Upon payment of the appropriate filing fee, any individual who has a cause of action
against another individual involving any matter within the authority of the lupon
may complain, orally or in writing, to the lupon chairman of the barangay.
What shall the lupon chairman do upon receipt of a complaint?
Upon receipt of the complainant, the lupon chairman shall within, the next working
day, summon the respondent (s), with notice to the complainant (s) for them and
their witnesses to appear before him for a mediation of their conflicting interests. If
he fails in his mediation effort within 15 days from the first meeting of the parties
before him, he shall forthwith set a date for the constitution of the pangkat.
What is the effect of the pedency of a case before the lupon on the prescriptive
period of actions?
While the dispute is under mediation, conciliation, or arbitration, the prescriptive
periods for offenses and cause of action under existing laws shall be interrupted
upon filling of the complaint with the punong barangay. The prescriptive periods
shall resume upon receipt by the complainant of the certificate of repudiation or of
the certification to file action issued by the lupon or pangkat secretary: Provided,
however, that such interruption shall not exceed 60 days from the filing of the
complainant with the punong barangay.
Is there any period prescribed by law within which the pangkat shall arrive at a
settlement of the dispute? Is it absolute?
There is. Under RA 7160, the pangkat shall arrive at a settlement or a resolution of
the dispute within 15 days from the day it convenes in accordance with this Section.
This period shall, at the discretion of the pangkat, be extendible for another period
which shall not exceed 15 days, except in clearly meritorious cases.
Does the law prescribe any form for the settlement of any dispute?
Yes. All amicable settlements shall be in writing, in a language or dialect known to
the parties, signed by them, and attested to by the lupon chairman, as the use the
same language, or dialect the settlement shall be written in the language or dialect
known to them. (Sec. 411, RA 7160)
May a complaint which involves matters within the authority of the lupon be
fled in court without passing through the lupon?
As a general rule, no. No complaint, petition, action or proceeding involving any
matter within the authority of the lupon shall be filed or instituted directly in court or
any other government office for adjucation, unless there has been a confrontation
between the parties before the lupon chairman or the pangkat, and that no
conciliation or settlement has been reached as certified by the lupon chairman or
pangkat chairman or unless the settlement has been repudiated by the parties thereto.
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What is the effect if the defendant does not invoke the lack of prior conciliation
before the barangay? Explain.

It is an implied waiver of the condition imposed by PD 1508 Local Government

Code) Such waiver also takes place where a motion to dismiss is a filed after an
answer has been filed within the period to plead and before and answer is filled.
Furthermore, the Rules of Court, provide that defenses and objections not
raised in a motion to dismiss or in the answer are deemed waived.

May a case or proceeding be filled directly in court without passing through

the lupon?

Yes, because the requirement is not absolute. There are exceptions, like:
Where the accused is under detention;
Where a person has otherwise been deprived of personal liberty calling for habeas
corpus proceeding;
Where actions are coupled with provisional remedies such as preliminary injunction,
attachment, delivery of personal property, and support pendente lite; and
Where the action may otherwise be barred by the statute of limitations.

If a person files a suit respecting his civil status, is there a need for prior
barangay conciliation? Why?

There is no need. It was said that in cases involving the civil status of a person –
such as one filed by a natural child to compel his acknowledgment – Is not amont
the cases where prior resort to barangay conciliation is not necessary. The reason is
obvious. The possibility of settlement at this level, however, remote, is encouraged
even in such cases before the issue is brought to the court.

If the parties belong to the cultural minorities, what rules shall the pangkat
apply”

The customs and traditions of indigenous cultural communities shall be applied in

setting disputes between members of the cultural communities.

Are the proceedings before the lupon or pangkat open to the public? Is the rule
absolute?

Yes, all proceeding for settlement shall be public and informal, but the lupon
chairman or pangkat chairman my motu proprio or upon request of a party, exclude
the public from the proceedings in the interest of privacy, decency or public morals.

What is the requirement of the law with respect to the appearance of the parties
before the lupon or pangkat?

The law requires that in all katarungang pambarangay proceedings, the parties must
appear in person without the assistance of counsel or representative, except for
minors and incompetents who may be assisted by their next of kin who are not
lawyers. If appears from the law that lawyers are not supposed to appear and
represent their clients in katarungang pambarangay proceedings. But if he is the
party involved, he may.

If the parties arrive at an amicable settlement before the lupon or pangkat, what
is the effect of such settlement?

The amicable settlement and arbitration award shall have the force and effect of a
final judgment of a court upon the expiration of 10 days from the date thereof;
unless repudiation has been made or a petition of nullify the award has been filed
before the proper city or municipal court.

How many the amicable settlement of arbitration award be executed?

It may be enforced by execution by the lupon within six (6) months from the date of
the settlement. After the lapse of such time, the settlement may be enforced by
action in the appropriate city or municipal court.

Within what period should a party repudiate the settlement and how?

Any party to the dispute may, within ten (10) days form the date of the
settlement, repudiate the same by filing with the lupon chairman a statement to that
effect sworn to before him, where the consent is vitiated by fraud, violence, or
intimidation.

What is the effect of such repudiation?

Such repudiation shall be sufficient basis for the issuance of the certification for
filing a complaint.

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