QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

Cabarroguis Campus
College of Criminology
Comparative Models in Policing

OBJECTIVES:

This course focuses on the policing models implemented in different countries. It will examine and
compare different policing models in the world. Through this, it helps the student to be more prepared,
knowledgeable and become versatile in the implementation of policing for prevention and suppression of
crime. At the end of this course;

1. Students will be able to establish competence and broad understanding in law enforcement
administration, public safety, and criminal justice of different countries
2. Students will be able to discuss the different models of policing and models implemented in
different countries. It will examine and compare different policing models in the world. compare
different police systems of different countries worldwide in different aspects.
3. Students will be able to differentiate and identify the characteristics of the different types of
government being used in different countries worldwide.
4. Students will be able determine the reasons and strategies of those countries with low crime rate
5. Students will be able to determine if the criminal act is a terrorist act.
6. Students will be able to discuss and differentiate the transnational crimes.

Introduction to Comparative Models of Policing

1829- the first police force (Metropolitan Police Force of London or Scotland) was created by Sir Robert Peel,
He created 17 metropolitan police divisions in London.
1856- the rest of the countries were required to establish police force.

LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding - appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow
Street Runners

Bow Runners- a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to
catch thieves and robbers identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown.

- made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer
constables and watchmen

1798 - Marine Police Force was established; salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.

-initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for
preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the
sense that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime.

LONDON 1829 Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home

secretary in 1822

METROPOLITAN POLICE -organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)

- the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London
Police and the British Transport Police) = finest
police force around the world.

TOTAL POLICING -motto of London Metropolitan Police

IMPORTANT DATES

 1833 - Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
 1836 - The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
 1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the
disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.

Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police

1. Stable and effective civil police under government control

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency 3. Fast distribution of crime
news to the police is essential.

Commissioner - highest rank in the Metropolitan Police

Police Constable - lowest rank

Contributions of the French in Policing

 Assigning house numbers

 Installing street lights
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest

Policing- is the practice of the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and the security of the
community.
Police- the governmental department charged with the regulation and the control of the affairs of the
community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce law, prevent and detect crime.
Comparative- an estimate of relative likeness of two objects or event.

Globalization

- package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and authority.
-growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
- The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a
global economy.
Effects of Globalization to La w Enforcement
The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
 There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is vital.
 Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare
them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cybercrimes.
 Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
 Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory of crime.
Threats to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization

1. International criminal networks have been quick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the
revolutionary changes in world politics, technology, and communication that have strengthened
democracy and free markets, brought the world’s nations closer together, and given some countries
unprecedented security and prosperity.
2. Globalization allowed international criminals to expand their networks and increase their cooperation in
illicit activities and financial transactions. Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open
economies to establish front companies and quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitates smuggling, money
laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures.
3. Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and
other contraband across national boundaries.
4. Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the international system to hide drugs or other contraband
or to conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within contraband is hidden.

 Using computers, international criminals have an unprecedented capability to obtain, process,

and protect information and sidestep law enforcement investigations. They can use the
interactive capabilities of advanced computer and telecommunications systems to plot
marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit commodities, to find the most efficient routes
and methods for smuggling and moving money or banking security. International criminals
also take advantage of the speed and magnitude of financial transactions and the fact that
there are few safeguards to prevent abuse of the system to move large amounts of money
without scrutiny. More threateningly, some criminal organizations appear to be adept at using
technology for counterintelligence purpose and for tracking law enforcement activities.

Comparative Justice- it is the subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice system
worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It studies the similarities
and the differences in structure, goals, punishments and emphasis on the rights as well as the history
and political structure of different systems.

Basic function:

 Policing
 Adjudication
 Corrections
International Criminal Justice – it involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal
procedure, or justice process (Erika Fairchild). Comparative Criminal Justice system- attempts to build to
build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and elevating, in terms of another
country, culture and instruction.
Transnational Crime- it is a term that has been in the comparative and international criminal justice study
in the recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the united
Nation (UN) offenses whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country.

Examples:

 Money laundering
 Drug trafficking
 Terrorism
 Human trafficking
 Cyber crimes

4 Types of Societies

The following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists study:

1. Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies. A folk-communal society has little
codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a
while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to.
Classic examples include the early Roman gentles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan
settlements in North America (with the Salem “with trials”).

2. Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market system. An urban-
commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces
(some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes
harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed along this path.

3. Urban-industrial societies, which produce which produce most of the goods and services they need
without government interference.

4. Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the
“technologizing” of everything, with the government. A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with
armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other
nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a
bureaucratic society.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

• It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the
study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.
• Comparing Police System as well as Models of Policing could be Through the following
methods:
 Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a researcher
will visit another country for comparison purposes.
 Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign researcher.

 Historical Comparative – most often employed by researchers, used quantitative and

qualitative method (known as Historiography or Holism).
 Unpublished Works Comparison – single culture study and two culture study using
published works.
MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
1. CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM
- A system wherein there is only one police force that is recognized and operates entire a certain
country.
2. DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM
- A police system wherein police administration and operation are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.
-
MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH
1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
• This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand
when and how crime are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways
to prevent crimes from happening. This model has more proactive stance than the traditional
policing.
• A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach which takes
community concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively
with issues underlying police relevant community problems, the origins of this method is under
 the work of Goldstein (1979). It incorporates an explicit conception of nature and role of
Modern Policing, with officer imagination, local discretion and community resources being used
where it is relevant to do so (Tilley 2003).
• It stresses that substance and effectiveness over process and style, it is predominantly evidence
based. Goldstein outlines several purposes of this method of policing as follows; o To prevent
and control conduct which threatens life and property o To aid victims and protect those in
danger of physical harm o
 To protect constitutional guarantees o To facilitate the movement of people and vehicles
o To assist those who cannot care for themselves
 To resolve conflict between individuals, groups or citizens and their government;
 To identify problems which may escalate for individuals, the police or even the
government; o To create and maintain feeling of security in the community (Goldstein
1977 as stated in Scott 2000).
2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL
• By Sir David Philips
• It originated from United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police can do know a
great deal about offending patterns. The Police should actively gather information about
criminals and their organization (Tilley, 2003). The core emphasis are as follows:
- The focus on crime alone;
- The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups;
- The measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the ability of criminals to
do the business.

3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING

- It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was received.

4.PREDICTIVE POLICING
• A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law Enforcement to
identify potential offenders.
• It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify possible criminal
activity.

5.REASSURANCE POLICING
It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving
community-related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those
that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during a given period.

6.SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA)

A type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and decision-making process.

 Scanning – it involves detection of patterns of problem activities, including victims, location

and types of crimes. It requires an evaluation of the problem, the perception of the problem
by both law enforcement and external partners and analysis of the severity of the problem.
 Analysis – includes looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified.

Information gathered from variety of sources, including crime reports and community
members who are directly affected by the issue. Causes of problems can include many
factors, including neighborhood and community perceptions of law enforcement
themselves.

Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community to come up with and
execute an appropriate, long-term response. After the Response is implemented, an on-going Assessment is
required to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustment if necessary.

SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY

1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY
- Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more crimes to the police and
also demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY

- Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and
slums.

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
- Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and
opportunities for committing of crime multiply.
 4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough.
6. MODENIZATION THEORY
-Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY
- The latter being is a term referring to social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle
and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
Different types of government are included in the comparative police system because the type of
government of a country directly affects its law enforcement.
1. MONARCHY
- One which supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the rules of a monarch. Monarchy is classified
into two:

a. Absolute Monarchy
 Where the ruler rules the divine right.
b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy
 The power of the ruler is limited to a constitution.

2. ARISTOCRACY (The rule of the few)

a. Derive from Greek word aristocracia meaning “the rule of the best”.
b. Form of government in which supreme power is vested in the few privileged class or group
wherein high power is based from birth, wealth and wisdom. It is otherwise known as
Oligarchy.
c. Related terms
i. Autocracy – derived from Greek word autocrat means self-ruler or he who rules by
oneself. It is usually seen as synonymous with despot, tyrant or dictator.
ii. Communist state – a state with the form of a government characterized by single
party rule of communist party and a professed allegiance to a communist ideology
as the guiding principle of a state.
iii. Corporatocracy or Corpocracy – a form of government where a corporation, a
group of corporation or government entities with private components control the
direction and governance of a country.

3. DEMOCRACY (rule by people)

a. The supreme power is vested in the people.“It is a government of the people by the people
and for the people.” (Former US President
Abraham Lincoln)
c. It is classified into:
i. Direct Democracy – where the people directly govern themselves. Sometimes called
as PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY. ii. Indirect Democracy – the people elect
representatives to act on their behalf. (ex. Philippines)
4. ANARCHY
a. Derived from the GREEK word anarchia which means “without a ruler”.
b. Society free from coercive authority of any kind.
c. Related terms:
Anarchism – a philosophical movement rise in the mid-19th century, with its idea of
freedom being based upon political and economic self-culture. Started by Pierre
Joseph

Proudhon in his book “What is Property?” ii. Anarchist – those who advocate the
absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together
in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop
their sense of morality, ethics or principled behavior.

TYPES OF Criminal Justice law in the world.

Common Law Systems - usually exists in English speaking countries of the world
- there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a
main focal point
-also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
1. Civil Law Systems - distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused
and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
 -also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
2. Socialist System -distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
- known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia

3. Islamic System-used more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

a. Old police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrests
made.

b. Modern police service-states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.

Deviance Control - is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce
community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China and Japan.

Civil order control -is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular
street police in the country of England and United States.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

 Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the
idea of policing said to have originated
 Officer de la Paix - a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents
were required to guard the town (tun ) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the
people.
About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon System. Ten
families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman.
Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman
and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police authority.

B. Hue and Cry

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an
act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting
him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an
employment of a “3 r d degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum”
which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France).
When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the
concept of crime being committed against the state.

A. Shire-Rieve
- a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military
divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or
her actions.

Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties.
It became the source of the word Constable.

The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel
through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.
C. Legis Henrichi

-An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:

▪ Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.

▪ Policeman becomes public servant.
 ▪ The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s
arrest.”
▪ Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the
facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”

D. Frankpledge System

A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were
required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which
at the time was Westminster. This period has the following features:

▪ Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were
defined
B. Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.
C. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of
London during sundown.

D. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)

Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest,
chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or
village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.

E. Star Chamber Court (1487)

A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a
star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a
great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

Keepers of the Peace - A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that
required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates
while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.

4. King Charles II of England (1663)

King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen
to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

5. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:

▪  No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of

his peers.
▪  No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

Topics below are different transnational crime for the purpose of comparing
the police system of different countries and to learn the techniques applied in
other countries which are very effective that can be adopted in our country in
fighting transnational crimes and modern types of crimes.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

• Refers to crimes that takes place or transgress across national borders.

• Offenses whose inception, prevention and/or direct or indirect effects involve more than one
country.
• Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but their consequences
significantly affect another country.

Well-known organized crime groups include:

  Russian Mafia. Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60 countries worldwide. They have
been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and
murder.
 La Cosa Nostra. Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia. The most prominent organized crime
group in the world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved in violence, arson,
bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and
judicial corruption.
 Yakuza Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals activities, including
human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.
 FukChing. Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been involved in smuggling,
street violence, and human trafficking.
 Triads. Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus
routes and are often involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.
 Heijin Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They are often involved in
white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office.
 Jao Pho. Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal political and business
activity.
 Red Wa. Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and trafficking
methamphetamine.

A. TERRORISM
Etymology (study of origin)

• Comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state
terrorism as practiced by the French government during the reign of terror.
• The French word terrorisme turn derives from the Latin verb terreṓṓ 4 meaning “I
frighten”
Definition of Terrorism under the United Nations
• Terrorism as any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or
noncombatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a
government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
• The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.

TYPES OF TERRORIST
1. National Terrorist
- Sued to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose by
clandestine groups. Ex. New People’s Army (NPA)

2. Transnational Terrorist
- Terrorists who operates across national borders, whose actions and political operations
may affect individual of more than one country.

3. International Terrorist
- Terrorists who are controlled by and whose actions represent the national interest of a
sovereign state.

TYPES OF TERRORISM (According to operation)

1. International Terrorism
- It refers to the use or threatened use of violence against person or property by a group or
an individual whose operations transcend national boundaries and are done to further
political and social objectives

Mission Specific Cells – In terrorist’s organization, it refers to small units which are put
together for the purpose of executing specific assignments

Sleeper Cells – in terrorist organizations, it refers to small groups of recruits who are in
placed in target and other countries. Living ordinary lives until activated for the cause, may
also perform services for the immediate group. E.g. counter and reconnaissance tasks. Cell –
it is the smallest element and building block of terrorist organization.

2. Domestic Terrorism
- It refers to the use or the threatened used of violence against person or property by a group
(or an individual) whose operations are entirely within the victim’s nation, without
following direction and are done to further political and social objectives.

Rightwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who adhere to the principles of
racial supremacy embraces anti-government and anti-regulatory beliefs.
 Leftwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist group who profess a revolutionary
socialist doctrine and view themselves as protectors of the people against the dehumanizing
effect of capitalism and imperialism.

Special Interests Groups – it refers to domestic terrorist group who perhaps the most
active special interests’ groups in United States or the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the
Earth Liberation Front (ELF).

TYPES OF TERRORISM

(According to Weapons or Methods Used)

1. Chemical Terrorism – it refers to the utilization of chemicals in committing

terrorism.

2. Bio Terrorism – it refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize
civilians in the nature of political or other cause. Category a (biological diseases) are those likely to
do the most damage. It includes:
a. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) – most commonly used biological agent.
b. Botulism (clostrodium botulinum toxin)
c. The plague (Yersinia pestis)
d. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
e. Hemorrahagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus

3. Radiologic Terrorism – it refers to the utilization of radioactive substances in committing

terrorism.

4. Nuclear Terrorism – it refers to number of wastes, nuclear materials might be exploited as a

terrorist tactics. These includes:
a. Attacking nuclear facilities
b. Purchasing nuclear weapons
c. Building nuclear weapons

5. Explosives Terrorism – it is the most common form of terrorism through the utilization of
explosives in committing acts of terrorism.

6. Cyberterrorism – it refers to a type of terrorism that uses computers and networks. It can allow
disruption in military communications and even electrical power.
• Aum Shrinkyo and the Tamil – terrorist groups usually use cyberterrorism to fail the
computer security or to show off their technical abilities.
• Ways of demonstrating cyberterrorism:
1. by controlling from a distance electrical thing such as dams or power
plants.
2. by destroying the actual machines that contains the electronic
information.

Contributions of the French in Policing

 Assigning house numbers

 Installing street lights
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest
United States Policing System
Types of Policing System
1. Municipal Police - includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff department.
TYPES OF LOCAL POLICE
a. Country Sheriff - in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service of
eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police -most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur
in unincorporated municipality.
2. State Police - includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on state wide law enforcement
3. Federal Police - agencies operated by federal government at the national level

Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law
except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) - concerned with investigation of counterfeiting,
forging or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charge of the protection of
the president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigated all violations of federal law relating to
prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of
immigration and naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,

b. Protection of the National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - investigation of violations of income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - violations of internal revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs - investigates smuggling activities and
enforces customs and navigation laws.
4. Private Police - additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract when
they are not officially on duty

Two Basic Forms of Police

a. Proprietary Police- when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly
b. Contract Security - services of an independent security company.
Countries with lesser or no crime
a. Switzerland For many years used to have travel brochures saying “there is no crime in Switzerland”, and
criminologist were stumped on why this was so, whether because of the high rate of firearm ownership or
the extensive welfare system. It turned out that the Swiss (along with some other welfare nations, like
Sweden) were not reporting all their crime rate. However, it was true that their crime rate was fairly low.
Reasons of having low crime rates :
 They did not remarkable job managing their underclass population, the poor people who lived the ghettos
and slums.
 Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach toward those who
commit crime and come from the bottom echelons of Swiss society. For example, when a poor person
commits a crime, the government goes to work analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of
everyone in that poor person’s family. Then, after some punishment (which the offender frequently agrees
with as deserved, a long term treatment plan is put into effect to raise that family out of poverty.

B.Japan Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are not
necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes. Some reasons of having low crime rates
are the characteristics of this country which include:
 community policing
 a patriarchal family system
 the importance of higher education,
 and the way businesses serve as surrogate families.
Asian societies are also “shame-based” rather than guilt-based” as Western societies are. For example, it is
unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of shame it would bring upon one’s family and the
business or corporation with which that family is associated with.

C. Ireland Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious unemployment,
the presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the Irish pattern of urban crime is
no higher than its pattern or rural crime. The key reason of having low crime rate is the factor that appears
to be:
a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate surveys, for example, show that 86% of
more of the population believe that the local authorities are wellskilled and doing everything they can.
b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in crime control.

D.Egypt The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of 23,000 consists
of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato himself fashioned his
model or perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants practice a moderate form of Islamic
justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved
by a tribal council, and there are no jails or prisons. The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was
an act of involuntary manslaughter. The typical punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization
(shunning). This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or informal justice system.

Types of Police in the world

The following are some of the types of police.
1. Uniformed police
2. Detectives
3. Auxiliary
4. Special police
5. Military police
6. Religious police
7. Border police
8. Transport police
U.S Police Agencies

New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States

New York Police Department - the largest police force in the United States
Texas Ranger - police force originally created in response to colonization
Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United States
Pennsylvania State Police - the first state police agency established
Los Angeles Police Department- police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins
Wells

The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and
varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a
general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:

 Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff

 Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff 
Inspector/Commander/Colonel
 Major/Deputy Inspector
 Captain
 Lieutenant
 Sergeant
 Detective/Inspector/Investigator
 Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

United Nations - officially came into existence on October 24, 1945

- Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This
declaration was made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the
Union of soviet Socialist Republics)

Different Police Global Organizations

The different police international associations in the world are:

 ASEAN Chiefs of Police

 Europol
 IACP
 Interpol
 UN policing

Branches of UN

1. UN general Assembly -This is the main decision- making and representative assembly in the UN through
its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states, is headed by a president elected
from the member states, and meets from September to December .

Functions of General Assembly

a.Deliberative - initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law
b.Supervisory - receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c.Financial - approval and apportionment of budget
d.Elective -election of non-permanent members of the security council
e.Constituent -admissions of- members and the amendments of charter
2. UN Security Council is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all the
branches.

FUNCTIONS

a. Preventive Action - consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening and may
involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions.
b. Enforcement Action - consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces.
Five Permanent Members of Security Council
 1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly

3. International Court of Justice - Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the
judicial matters of the UN.

4.Secretariat - Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed

5. Economic and Social Council - consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3-year
term.

Efforts are towards the following:

a. Higher standards of living.

b. Condition of economic and social progress and development

c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

6. Trusteeship Council -assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration of the
International Trusteeship System.

What UN Police Do?

One of the objectives of the Philippine National Police Officers being deployed in the UN mission is for
mentoring other law enforcement of foreign countries like East Timor and Kosovo.

Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies. United Nations Police Officers
support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic police and other law enforcement agencies
through training and advising. Direct assistance is also provided, often through trust funds, for the
refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles, communication equipment and other law
enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the past, for example, by the police components
of peace operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cote dlvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti,
Kosovo, Liberia and Sierre Leone.

UN CHARTER - it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons.
Technically, it is a Treaty.

TREATY - an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by international
law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its particular
designation.

INTERPOL

▪ Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the police forces organization that
primarily manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its
headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at present
it is transferred to Lyon France.
▪ INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization, with 190-member countries. It
exists to help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat crime.
▪ It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.
▪ the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or
communication line for the exchange of information, data and request for assistance between and
among the member countries.
▪ It focuses on:

▪ (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes;

▪ (2) protect minorities against the dominant groups; and
▪ (3) Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion.
INTERPOL’ s Structure

 General Assembly
 Executive Committee
 General Secretariat
 National Central Bureaus
 Advisers
 The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.
General Assembly - is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and comprises delegates
appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and programs.

Executive Committee - consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and comprises the
president, three vice –presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.

It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July
and immediately before the General Assembly.

Current Members of the EC as of 2022

President- Ahmed Naser AL-RAISI (United Arab Emirates)

Vice- Presidents

 Peter DE BUYSSCHER (Belgium)

 Garba Baba UMAR (Nigeria)
 Valdecy URQUIZA (Brazil)

Delegates

 Juan Carlos HERNANDEZ (Argentina)

 Binchen HU (China)
 Michael A. HUGES (United States)
 Will KER (United Kingdom)
 Maria Alicia MALO SANCHES (Spain)
 Anne-Marie NANDA (Nambia)
 Alaa RAGAB (Egypt)
 Selcuk SEVGEL (Turkey)
 Pravin SINHA (India)

 Who is the only Filipino Former President of the Interpol?

Jolly R. Bugarin was the Filipino President of the Interpol in 1980 – 1984 after the term of
Carl G. Persson of Sweden.

General Secretariat - (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary
General. It Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four official languages: Arabic,
English, French and Spanish. It consists of seven (7) regional offices across the world namely:

 Argentina,
 Cameron,
 Cote D’Ivoire,
 Kenya,
 El Salvador,
 Thailand,
 Zimbabwe.

National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau
staffed by National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and
the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers -these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee
and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) - this is an independent body whose mandate is
threefold:

(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization’s regulations,
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter concerning the
information contained in INTERPOL’S files.

INTERPOL’s Governance -comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed
by the President.

Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923, and at the
same time its name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International
Criminal Police Organization. The word Interpol was a short of International Criminal Police Organization.
This short form served as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization
became famous as Interpol.
 Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first. Some
important information about Interpol: Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police
department. Instead, they help other member countries that need to co-operate by connecting all members of
Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.

Why was Interpol created?

The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because criminals
would commit crimes in one country in Europe and then skip to another country to avoid prosecution. Since
Europe is a tightly packed continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch criminals, and the idea was
created.

The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four (4) years. His
role is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee and ensure that INTERPOL’S activities
conform with decisions made at these meetings.

 Oskar Dressler -the first secretary general of the Interpol.

 Johann Schober - the first president of the Interpol.

INTERPOL’S NOTICE

1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a
view to extradition.
2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person
of interest in a criminal investigation.
3. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a
possible threat to public safety.
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are
unable to identify themselves.
5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.
6. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent
threat and danger to persons or property.
7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals.
8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals and entities
that are subject to UN sanctions.

The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against transnational
crime:

 Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;

 Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;
 European multilateral cooperation via Europol.

*System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring the people and the police together in
cooperative manners:

 Problem Oriented Policing

 Community Oriented Policing
 Cooperative Policing
 Team Policing

INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police communications system to exchange crucial data
quickly and securely is a cornerstone of effective international law enforcement.

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

INTERPOL provides operational data services and databases for police to fight international crime,
police need access to information which can assist investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL manages
several databases, accessible to the INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries through its I-24/7.

3. Operational Police Support Services

a. 24-Hour Support
The Command and Co-ordination Centre (CCC) operates round the clock in all of INTERPOL’s four
official languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the first point of contact for any
member country faced with a crisis situation.

b. Crisis Response and Major Events

In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster Victim Identification
teams composed of officers from the General Secretariat and member countries can be dispatched to the
scene within hours of an event.
c. International Alert System
An important component of INTERPOL’s operational police support is the notice system, of which the Red
Notice for wanted persons is the most well-known. In addition to the six color-coded notices (Red, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Black and Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice issued for groups or
individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban. d. Analyzing Crime Data

Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement community as a valuable tool,
helping to provide timely warning of threats and operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to
investigations by assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries with research
and analysis on crime trends and with training courses in criminal analysis techniques.

Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis

a. Operational Analysis - aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. Usually, it has immediate
benefit
b. Strategic Analysis -provides early warning signals of threats and to support decision making in setting
priorities to deal with criminal issues

4. Police Training and Development

As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues to evolve as a
priority for INTERPOL and member countries.

ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

1981 (Manila) - The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police

-Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

 Indonesia  Brunei Darussalam

 Malaysia  Vietnam
 Philippines  Lao PDR
 Singapore  Myanmar
 Thailand  Cambodia

Objectives of ASEANAPOL

1. Enhancing police professionalism

2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship among the police
officers of ASEAN countries.

IMPORTANT DATES

 1983 (Jakarta) - Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo

 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) - Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual conference
 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) - Vietnam joined as a new member
 1998 (Brunei) -Laos joined ASEANAPOL
 2000 (Myanmar) - Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
 2005 (Bali) -The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a permanent

 2008 (Brunei) - The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
 2009 (Vietnam) - Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
 2010 -On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ORANIZATION

1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE - comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual
ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the
Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT - is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn
to host the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Services

a. Executive Director - 2 years

b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs
 *During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent
seat.

*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

EUROPOL

It means European Police Office or Europol. It is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It
became fully operational on 1 July 1999.

Aim of Europol:

Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities of the
member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international
organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement
efforts targeting organized crime.

Mission of Europol:

The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement
action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.

How does Europol Assist Member States Investigations?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states by:

1. Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELO’s) are
seconded the Europol by the Members States as representatives of their national law enforcement
agencies, thus they are not under the command of Europol and its Director as such. Furthermore,
they act in accordance with their national law.
2. Providing operational analysis and support to Member States operations.
3. Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU,
under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;
4. Generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis on the basis of information
and intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources.

What is Europol’s mandate?

Europol’s supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:

 Illicit drug trafficking

 Illicit immigration networks;
 Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of payment;
 Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);
 Illicit vehicle trafficking;
 Money laundering.
Does Europol only act on request?
Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the 28 November 2002
amending the Europol convention, allows Europol to request the competent authorities of the Member
States to investigate. Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that “Member States should be deal with any
request from Europol to initiate, conduct or co-ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give
such requests due consideration. Europol should be informed whether the requested investigation will be
initiated”.

What is the added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency?
There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community. Europol is unique in
this field as it is multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular price officers but staff members
from the various law enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialized areas such as
customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border, and financial police.

IACP

It stands for International Association of Chiefs of Police. The International Association of Chiefs of
Police is the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over
20,000 members in over 80 different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes of
international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.
The IACP shall:

1. Advance professional police services.

2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices, foster cooperation
and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders and police organizations of
recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world.