CDIP

CRIME DETECTION, INVESTIGATION & PREVENTION 2015
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
Accidental Death - Is that which occurs beyond the sway of one’s will.
Admission - Refers to a statement by the accused which do not directly acknowledge his guilt in the commission of the crime but facts and circumstances pertaining
to its commission.
Alcoholics and Drug Dependents - Are persons who subject themselves to intense artificial stimulants such as alcohol or narcotics.
Analysis – Study of the unknown evidence or item found in the crime scene to determine its essential characteristics.
Anonymous Informants – Refers to persons who furnish police officers information but refuse to divulge their identity.
Anxiety Approach - Using this strategy would create an emotional confusion on the part of the subject which will disturb and distract him and in turn would hamper
his ability to answer untruthfully.
Arrest - Is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be brought to answer for the commission of an offense in court.
Arson - Is defined as the malicious destruction of the property by fire.
Associative Evidence – Refers to physical evidence which link directly the suspect to the crime scene.
Bag Clipper – Are those who cut the strap by which the bag is suspended, removes its contents and throw away bag.
Bag Opener – Refers to those who surreptitiously open the bag suspended from a woman’s arm and they got the money.
Cadaveric Spasm - This is the instantaneous rigidity of a group of muscles at the time of death due to extreme nervous tension, exhaustion or injury to the nervous
system. Frequently common with violent deaths.
“Casing the Job” – Stage where the robber before executing the robbery conducts a reconnaissance to study their target.
Chain of Custody – Pertains to the number of persons who handles physical evidence from the time of its collection from the crime scene up to the disposition of the
case.
Chopping Method - The chop job is crude but effective. The operator simply turns the safe upside down so that the bottom is exposed.
Close Tail – Also known as tight tail, this refers to the method employed when the subject is moving but is kept on constant view. This is conducted with more
precaution than any other kind of tailing and constant surveillance is needed so as not to loose the subject.
Coagulation of the Blood - This occurs inside the blood vessel from six to eight hours following death.
Comparison – The process of examining how the characteristics of the evidence gathered as compared with established properties of known items.
Compass Direction – Refers to a standard arrow designating the north to facilitate proper sketch orientation.
Confession - Refers to a direct acknowledgement of guilt for the commission of a criminal offense.
Confidential Informants – Those who provide information with the agreement and understanding that their identity will not be divulged or revealed.
Corpus Delicti – Refers to facts which prove the body of a crime. This would establish that a crime was committed. E.g. The dead body in cases involving homicide,
murder, parricide and infanticide; the proof that an object was stolen or lost in case of theft and robbery; the burned materials in arson cases and the likes.
Crime Laboratory – It is where the techniques and principles of natural and physical sciences are applied and practiced to the analysis of crime scene evidence.
Crime Scene Investigation - It is the conduct of processes, more particularly the recognition, search, collection, handling, preservation and documentation of
physical evidence to include the identification and interview of witnesses and-the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.
Crime Scene Processing – Involves the basic crime scene protocol which includes interview of complainant and witnesses, photographing the crime scene, making
a sketch, collection of evidences for laboratory examination and analysis.
Crime Scene Reconstruction – Refers to the use of physical evidence, scientific method, deductive reasoning and their interrelationship to acquire definite and clear
knowledge of the series of events and circumstances that surrounds the commission of a crime.
Crime Scene Sketches - A rough sketch is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the North Pole.
All necessary information is placed in the sketch.
Criminal Investigation - Refers to the art and science which deals with the identity and location of the offender and provide evidence of his guilt in a criminal
proceeding.
Custodial Investigation – An interrogation conducted on persons held in detention by law enforcers and apprehended by virtue of arrest without warrant. Custodial
investigation shall refer to the stage where the investigation conducted by law enforcers is no longer a general inquiry to into an unsolved crime and has begun to
focus on a particular suspect who had been taken into custody by law enforcement officers who carry out a process of interrogation that lends itself to eliciting
incriminating statements. It shall also refer to instances when suspect is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his/her freedom of action in any significant
manner. Custodial Investigation shall also include any questioning or probe involving a person "invited" by a law enforcement officer in connection with an offense
he/she is suspected to have committed.
Degree of Decomposition of the Body - In tropical climate, decomposition starts from 36 to 48 hours after death.
Description – It is a narration of the subject matter of issues which depicts the size, color, design, quality, character, location and shape of the thing to be described.
Detailed Search - The search for physical evidence is done using the accepted methods of search depending upon the actual location to be searched.
Double Crosser Informants - Gives information to investigators in the attempt to gather for himself facts related to the case.
False Informants - Refer to those persons who give information which are concocted out of thin air. They give facts which are fictitious with the attempt to deviate
police efforts of investigation from himself or any of his associates.
Fear – Suffering under apprehension of anger and has become suspicious of associates in the criminal enterprise, this is a motive of informants who worry of their
own safety and that of their family.
GLOSSARY 37816 1
2015 CRIME DETECTION, INVESTIGATION & PREVENTION
Final Survey - A closing review of the crime scene to determine whether or not the processing has been completed. Usually undertaken by the team leader of the
SOCO unit.
First Responder – A law enforcement officer who first arrives at the crime scene, whose foremost concern is to conduct verification of death should a victim be
injured on site and to protect and secure the crime scene.
Floor Search - The subject is in prone position, face down touching the ground, with arms extended overhead. The investigator crouches at the side of the subject at
the region of the waist of subject.
Finished Sketch - This draft of the crime scene is made for courtroom presentation where proper scale and proportion should be detailed.
Friendly Approach - In this strategy, the investigator should be able to establish that they are willing to help the suspect and avoid harsher penalties. He must be
seen as a friend, a brother and an adviser. He must be able to relate to the subject that several justifying, mitigating circumstances are allowed by our courts and
those would be applied to the subject whenever appropriate with the help of the police.
Incised Wound - This is produced by forcible contact of the body by sharp-edged instruments, like bolo, knives, axe, broken glass or sharp edge of oyster.
Individualization – Refers to the uniqueness of some item of evidence made possible by the fact that no two items occurring in nature are exactly the same.
Informants – Also known as assets, stool pigeons, they refer to persons who provide information to police investigators.
Information – Refers to any form of communicated knowledge. Which comes from persons, places or things.
Intent - Refers to the purpose to use a particular means to effect a result. This must be proven. Intent is always presumed from the commission of the unlawful act. It
assumes the exercise of freedom and the use of intelligence.
Interrogation – It is a skillful and thorough questioning of a reluctant person who may be a suspect in a particular crime.
Interview – Refers to the questioning of a cooperative subject, usually witnesses to a crime.
Involuntary Informants – Refers to those who reluctantly give information even though they do not desire or know that they are doing so.
Inquest Proper - Shall refer to an informal and summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor in criminal cases involving persons arrested and detained
without the benefit of warrant issued by the court for the purpose of determining whether or not said persons should remain under custody and correspondingly be
charged in court.
Kneeling Search - This is used where no wall or upright object is available for the wall search. The subject is required to kneel with hands raised of secured behind
him with handcuffs.
Known Criminals – Refers to persons with criminal records and whose identity and profile are available from the police file or database.
Lacerated Wounds - This is the tearing of the skin due to forcible contact of a blunt instrument. The edges are irregular and do not correspond to the wounding
instrument.
Legend – The explanation of symbols used to identify objects in a sketch.
Line-Up Method – An anxiety approach which causes confusion on the part of the suspect or subject by means of a technique when used will establish cooperation
from the suspect since the complainant and witnesses will pin point the subject as the one who committed the crime.
Loose Tail – Method employed when subject is moving and is not constantly kept within view. A type of shadowing wherein the habit, general impression and
associates of the target must be ascertained
Mercenary Informant - Refers to those paid informants who give information for valuable consideration.
Modus Operandi – Refers to the characteristic or distinct way a criminal commits a specific type of crime. Devised by Maj. Gen. Lewely Atcherly it operates under the
theory “that it is human nature that personal habits and mannerism do not change easily but remains with the individual for years”.
Motive – Refers to that reason that induces a person to commit a crime. The moving power which compels one to action for a specific and definite result. It is
regarded as an essential element of a crime.
Narrative Type – A kind of interrogation which is utilized for subjects who are willing to talk and cooperate with the investigators.
Necropsy Report – This refers to the commentary undertaken after an autopsy has been completed.
One Man Shadow - The most common form of tailing since it utilizes the use of least number of personnel. This is usually conducted by means of following the
subject on foot. All the details which pertain to the place where the subject went, the persons and associates the subject came into contact as well as their general
description must be well noted by the person conducting the one man shadow.
Opportunity – The physical possibility that allows a criminal to commit an unlawful act.
Ordinary Informant - Those persons who furnish police officers communicated knowledge on matters directly and indirectly involved with criminals, their identity and
the crimes that they commit. Usually of the anonymous type, in dealing with such persons it is a must for the investigator not to reveal facts which are already at the
disposal of the police.
Pants Pocket Worker - Thieves who extract wallet from a man’s pocket without the knowledge of the victim.
Police Line-Up – This refers to the method of criminal identification by selecting from a group of seven to ten persons with similar appearance.
Police Restraint – Is a means employed by the investigators to temporarily deprive liberty of a person by taking him into custody.
Preliminary Searches of a Person - This is ordinarily made at the time and scene of an arrest. Its primary purpose is to discover concealed weapons and seizure of
incriminating evidence which might otherwise be destroyed.
Punch Job – The dial is first knocked off the safe with hammer. The punch is then held against spindle of the safe and hit sharply with a mallet or hammer.
Punctured Wound - This is an injury produced by sharp pointed instrument like ice pick, nail, pins, and others. This wound is more likely to produce infection like
tetanus as consequence.
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Quadrant Method – Also known as the zone method this method of search is conducted wherein the crime scene is divided into four quadrants with one searcher
assigned to each area.
Question and Answer Type – A kind of interrogation in which questions are asked and the subject supplies the answer, this would entail knowledge of the
investigator regarding the crime committed.
Raid – This is a surprise invasion of a building area. It is an attack on small scale of a limited territory.
Renumeration – A moving cause for a person to reveal information to authorities in exchange for reward or money.
Reverse Line-Up Method - This is undertaken by requesting the subject to join a police line-up in which several persons will point to him as having committed
fictitious offenses. As a result of which, the subject may tend to confess to the real offense of which he has taken part of.
Rip Job - The greatest number of safebreaker employ the rip technique. The required tools include an electric drill and a crowbar.
Rival Elimination Informants – They are persons who give information to the police to do away with competition.
Robbery - Is the taking of personal property belonging to another, by means of violence against or intimidation of any person, or by using force upon anything.
Rogue’s Gallery - This is a compilation of photographic files of known criminals kept for identification purposes of witnesses in case of future crimes.
Roping - Also known as undercover assignment is a method of investigation in which the investigator assumes a different and unofficial identity to locate criminals
and obtain information.
Rough Shadowing - This is conducted with less special caution since the object or target knows that he is being followed by the police for his protection.
Rough Sketch - This rough draft or outline is made by the investigator at the crime scene where no scale and proportion is required and approximation is resorted to.
This would serve as the basis of the finished diagram.
Search of a Person - Is conducted to discover weapons, or evidence to determine identity.
Search Warrant - Is an order in writing and issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by municipal or city judge and directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to search for personal property and bring it before the court.
Seizure - Is the taking into custody property which is found by searching.
Self-Aggrandizing Informants – Are usually members of the underworld who give bits of information with the desire to please himself and gain attention.
Shadowing – Also referred to as tailing, it is the act of following a person.
Sketch – Refers to the simplest but most effective way of showing actual measurement and of identifying significant physical evidences in their location at the crime
scene.
Specific Event Reconstruction – A type of crime re-enactment wherein the sequence, direction, condition, relation and identity are the primary concern of the
investigators.
Specific Incident Reconstruction – The type of crime re-enactment undertaken for traffic accidents, homicide and bombing cases.
Specific Physical Evidence Reconstruction – Undertaken to determine the relationship and circumstances regarding the commission of a crime by means of using
the physical evidences gathered on the crime scene in the re-enactment.
Spiral Method – Method of search in which the searchers follow up each other in the path of the spiral beginning from the outside and spiraling in toward the center.
Split Pair Method - Also known as bluff method is utilized when there are two or more culprits and stating to the subject that the others have already confessed and
directly linked him/her with the commission of the crime.
Stab Wounds - This is produced by the forcible application of a sharp instrument, which is sharp edged and sharp pointed.
Standing Search - The subject is in standing position with feet apart and hands raised. The searcher is situated to the rear of the subject and uses the technique in
wall search.
Strip Method – Refers to search method in which the searchers proceed slowly at the same path along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle., turning only at
the end of the rectangle and proceed back along new lane but parallel to the first movement. Also known as grid method.
Suicide - Is the killing of oneself and it is not punishable by law, the culprit being the victim himself.
Surveillance – The disguised observation of places, persons and vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information which concerns the identities or the activities of the
subject.
Sympathetic Approach - Also known as emotional appeal is a technique wherein the investigator acts as a psychologist who would listen to the problem, provide
counseling and create in the mind of the subject that the police are willing to help and understands the situation which lead to the commission of the crime. This would
in turn develop trust and confidence of the subject to the investigator and would aide in obtaining a confession.
Thermic Bombs - Found exceedingly difficult to control. The main body of the bomb consisted of powdered aluminum and titanium oxide.
Three Man Shadow - Also referred to as ABC method this involves more personnel hence signals which are predetermined and plan for following the subject is pre-
arranged.
Tracing Evidence – Refers to physical evidences which assist police investigators to locate the suspect.
Two Man Shadow – This form of shadowing enables a change of operatives which would make it hard for the subject to easily recognize them.
Unknown Criminals – Refers to those criminals whose description and identity are provided by witnesses.
Vanity – A motive of informants intended to gain favorable attention from police authorities and delights in doing so for self-aggrandizement.
Verbal Description – Refers to the method of identification of criminals by description of persons who has perceived or witnessed the commission of the crime.
Voluntary Informants - Are persons who give information to shed light to a particular case. Also referred to as legitimate informants, they usually refer to operators of
known businesses who do not want their establishments associated with criminal elements.
GLOSSARY 37816 3
Wheel Man - Addresses the problems regarding transportation to and from the scene of the bank. He usually steals a car and provides another license plate on it.
Wheel Method – Method of search employed in oval or circular areas, in which the searchers gather at the middle and proceed outward along the spike or radii.
Zone Method – Method of search by dividing the area into quadrants in which a searcher is assigned a particular quadrant.
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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Accelerator - Refers to the primary speed control of a motor vehicle, which controls the inflow of fuel to the engine decreasing or increasing its revolution per minute.
Accessory – Any attachment to a motor vehicle, not an essential part but for aesthetic purposes.
Accident – Refers to that occurrence in a chain of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property damage.
Accident Analysis – The process of determining factors on how accidents occur and how to mitigate and prevent its effects through clinical and statistical method.
Adjudication – A court function in traffic law enforcement, this step determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Air Cooled Engine – An internal combustion engine usually of a motorcycle, stationary which uses the flow of air in and around cooling fins on its cylinder to dissipate
the heat generated during its operation.
Alternator – It provides electrical power to the ignition, as well as recharges the battery while the engine is running.
Angle Collision - An impact between two traffic units approaching on separate roadways or other paths that intersect.
Apprehension – Wholly a police responsibility, wherein the arrest of the traffic violator is required to prevent continued and future violations.
ATV – All Terrain Vehicles
Automobile – Refers to a motor vehicle with a seating capacity of two to eight people, usually with four wheels, powered by its own means of propulsion, which may
be electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine.
AUV – Asian Utility Vehicle
Bank – The degree to which the outside edge of a roadway is higher than the inside edge at a specified area on a curve.
Barrier Line – A strip which when placed parallel to a lane line or center line indicates that all traffic units must not cross the line for purposes of passing or
overtaking.
Battery – A vital component of a vehicle which has the capacity to store an electrical charge used to start the engine of the vehicle and to provide power for its
electrical components while the engine is not in operation.
Berm – A narrow raised ledge on the outer edge of the shoulders on major highways.
Bicycle – A mode of transportation with two wheels propelled by the physical pedaling of its rider.
Biorhythm – A theory which asserts that man exhibits constant variation of life energy and mood states.
Blood Alcohol Level - A form of measurement that determines the volume of alcohol in an individual’s blood stream by chemical analysis.
Blow Out – Explosion or disintegration of a pneumatic tire due to its inability to contain the air inside under pressure, frequently due to material failure.
Brakes – The main mechanism used to stop a motor vehicle customarily activated by a brake pedal.
Braking Distance – The space through which brakes may be applied to slow a vehicle to avoid a collision.
Bridge – A structure designed to carry a path or road over and across another road, railway or a river or any body of water.
Bumper – Refers to the front and rear end component of a vehicle usually made of steel or fiberglass designed to absorb part of the force of a collision directly from
the back or front of a vehicle.
Bus – A large motor vehicle designed to transport passengers.
Cannibalize – Refers to the act of dissembling a vehicle for the purpose of separately selling the components or to use them as replacement for broken down parts.
Carnap – Slang which denotes the act of forcefully stealing a motor vehicle.
Casualty – Refers to the persons who are either dead or injured as a result of an accident.
Cause – Simultaneous and consequential factors without any one of each result could not have occurred.
Chain Reaction Accident – A series of two or more traffic accidents occurring one after the other in the same location.
Chop-Chop – An illegally brought vehicle, broken down as parts and components to avoid paying higher taxes and duties, then reassembled as a complete working
unit.
City Roads - Those interlink between municipalities and within city proper with a right of way of 15 meters.
Co-Efficient of Friction – The number denoting the resistance of two sliding surfaces in contact. Also called the drag factor in traffic accident investigation
represented in by the Greek letter, MU.
Collision – An event wherein two or more vehicles physically make contact with other with sufficient force to create damage.
Colorum – A term used to denote any vehicle used for commercial purposes without any valid franchise.
Contact Damage – The indentation to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in collision.
Counter-Flow – The unauthorized or authorized use of the opposite lane of a separated street or road to move against the path of the proper flow of traffic.
Crossbar – A structure intended to physically prevent the entry of vehicles situated on railroad crossings and entry and exit gates of establishments and residential
areas.
Crosswalk – Refers to a pedestrian lane
Curb – It is a concrete edge bordering the sidewalk.
GLOSSARY 37816 5
Debris – Refers to the accumulation of broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the accident by the collision.
Deceleration – Negative acceleration or rate of slowing down of a vehicle.
Delay – The time lost by traffic due to traffic control devices and traffic frictions.
Detour – Refers to a short distance and temporary deviation path or an alternate route.
Detection of Violation – This would entail looking for defects in the behavior of the motorist, pedestrian, vehicles, equipment and roadway condition.
Diesel Engine – An internal combustion engine which uses the combustion of fuel which ignites upon application of pressure and high heat. It does not require an
external electrical source such as a spark plug to ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylinders.
Disengagement – It refers to the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided.
Diverging – Departure of vehicles from one stream or flow to another.
Diversion Road – Refers to a highway planned to bypass the main district of a city, town or municipality or another road system.
Drag Factor – The number representing the acceleration or deceleration of a vehicle as decimal fraction of the acceleration of gravity. The horizontal force necessary
for acceleration in the same direction divided by the weight of the body into which the force is applied.
Driver – Refers to a person who is in control of a motor vehicle, seated in the front of the steering wheel while in motion.
Driveway – Refers to a path to and from a road or street designed for motor vehicles.
Early Warning Device – A triangular device consisting of reflectorized folding pieces, used to provide stalled vehicle with a means of forewarning other vehicles of
their presence.
Embankment – Refers to a raised portion of earth, concrete or stone used to confine a canal or river to carry a street, road or railroad.
Emergency Light – A flashing or rotating red light intended to inform other road users that the vehicle using it is in an emergency and should be given priority.
Encroachment – Movement into the path assigned to another unit.
Enforcement System – Consists of legislation, police and courts in determining and defining acceptable correct road usage, and insuring that traffic laws,
ordinances, rules and regulations are adhered to.
Event Oscillograph Method – Recording by means of an instrument the start and end of an occurrence, this is used in measuring saturation flow.
Factor – Refers to any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred.
Farm to Market Roads - Commonly called barangay roads it has a right of way of not less than 2 meters.
Fatal Accident – Refers to any motor vehicle accident that results in death to one or more persons.
Fatality – Refers to the casualty or the victim/s who have died as a result of an accident.
Field Sketch – A freehand map of the site or scene of an accident showing certain features of an accident and road configuration.
Final Position – Place and time when objects involved in an accident finally to rest without application and power.
First Contact – Refers to the initial touching of the objects involved in a collision.
Fixed Time Signal – Refers to a traffic control sign by which traffic is alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceed in accordance with a pre-determined
time schedule.
Flip – Refers to the movement of a vehicle, without touching the ground in a place where its forward velocity is suddenly stopped by an object such as scrub or
furrow.
Fog Lights – A high intensity usually amber in color headlamps intended for greater penetrating power during heavy rains and fogs.
Four Wheel Drive – Refers to a vehicle with the capability to provide from its engine to power its wheels through a modification of the transmission.
Franchise – It is a privilege granted by the government to a company or to an individual to operate and undertake a regulated service for transportation such as bus
and taxi franchise.
Freeway – A highway with no toll stations and may be traversed by a motorist continuously without encountering conflict with cross traffic.
Gas Skid – Refers to a breaking skid mark which is interrupted by release and reapplication of the brakes or which terminates by release of brakes before collision.
Glare – Intense and disagreeable brightness that causes discomfort and reduces visibility.
Gravity – Refers to the force which tends to pull all objects towards the center of the earth.
Grill – Refers to the front portion of a motor vehicle which usually covers the radiator.
Guard Rail – It is a structure located at the approach of bridges and side of critical roads designed to prevent vehicles from falling off the road in the event of a loss of
control for any reason.
Hand Brake – An emergency brake, which is a vital component of a motor vehicle designed to prevent it from unintentionally moving while parked.
Headlight – Front light designed to illuminate 300 to 500 feet in the forward direction of travel of a vehicle.
Head on Collision – It is a frontal impact and overlap between two vehicles.
Highway – Refers to the entire road system which is usually wide, paved and designed for unobstructed high speed traffic flow.
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Hit and Run – Refers to an accident wherein the driver directly causing said occurrence does not stop on site to give assistance or for identification as required by
law.
Humps – Concrete protrusions on a street or road intended to slow down traffic.
Ignition – The part of a vehicle provided with a key and designed to turn on the electrical system and engage the starter to the engine.
Impact – The striking of anybody against another.
Impression – An imprint of a tire or shoe pattern in soft material.
Induced Damage – Impairment to a vehicle other than contact dent.
Interchange – A system of interconnecting roadways in conjunction with one or more grade systems, providing for the movement of traffic between two or more
roadways of different levels.
Intersection – A place where two or more roads meet or join and include the areas where vehicles traveling on different joining or intersecting roads may collide.
Junction – The general area where two or more highway crosses or joins which include the roadway and roadsides facilities for traffic movement of the area.
Kilometer Post – It is a marker made of concrete provided with the abbreviations and numbers to inform the road users the distance to other locations.
Lane – Series of parallel marked section of a street or road.
Lane Line – A line separating two lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction.
License – Authorization that the bearer is authorized by law to exercise a certain privilege.
License Plate – A metal galvanized iron laminate containing embossed numbers and letters securely attached to the rear and front of every registered motor vehicle
for identification purposes.
Load Limit – Refers to the maximum weight that a structure can safely carry or hold.
Manhole – Ports placed on a sidewalk or road designed to provide access to below surface utility facilities and connections.
Maximum Engagement – The greatest overlap or collapse in a collision.
Merge – Act of combining another lane or forming one lane.
Middle Ordinate – Refers to the perpendicular distance between an arc and its chord at the middle of the cord.
Modifier – A circumstance that changes or alters an attribute temporarily or permanently.
Momentum – A sector of quantity obtained by weight or mass multiplied by speed or velocity.
Motor Vehicle – Is every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated
upon rails.
Motor Vehicle Accident – Refers to any event that results in unintended injury or property damage attributed directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or
its load.
Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident – Collision between traffic units in any place other than a traffic way.
Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – Refers to any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
Multi-Unit Accident – A traffic accident involving more than two traffic units.
Municipal Roads - All roads within town proper with a right of way of not less than 10 meters.
National Roads - Covers the main road as conduit system with a right of way from 20 meters to 120 meters.
Non-Fatal Injury – A motor vehicle accident that results in injuries to persons which are not mortal.
Obstruction – Anything on the road that prevents or hinders free and smooth flow of traffic.
Operational Factor – Functional failure of the highway transportation system which contributes to the occurrence of traffic accidents.
Overpass – Refers to a roadway passing through another roadway.
Overtaking – It is the act of passing another vehicle moving in the same direction.
Passenger – Refers to any person who is riding but not in control of a motor vehicle.
Passing Lane – A marked stretch of road or street which is a designated safety zone for the purpose of overtaking and passing another traffic unit.
Pavement – Asphalt or concrete covering on the road to smoothen out the surface of the road making it more durable and permitting vehicles to traverse at faster
speed and heavier loads.
Pavement Markings - Also known as road markings, it refers to any traffic control device marked on the surface of the road or carriageway used to regulate traffic, to
ward or guide road users. A solid yellow line refers to your driving lane and prohibits you from passing other vehicles, a solid white line is used to separate opposing
stream of traffic, broken white lines permits crossing from one lane to another if there is ample passing distance and if opposing lane is clear.
Pedestrian – Refers to traffic units which go about on foot utilizing our public road system.
Pedestrian Lane – A crosswalk, which is a painted portion of a street, located usually on an intersection for allowing pedestrians to safely cross the street.
Pedi cab – A tricycle arrangement which uses a pedaled bicycle as its means of propulsion.
Penalty – Refers to the punishment for breaking the law.
Penalization – Last step in the enforcement process wherein the court imposes the penalty upon the guilty traffic law violator.
GLOSSARY 37816 7
Perception Delay – The time from the point of possible perception to actual perception.
Perception of Hazard – It is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as a sign that an
accident is about to happen.
Point of No Escape – Refers to that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be avoided or prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
Point of Possible Perception – Is that place and time at which the unusual or unexpected condition or movement could have been perceived by a normal person.
Primary Cause – A term generally applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor causing an accident or the most easily modified condition factor.
Professional Reconstruction – The attempt to determine from all available information how the accident occurred. It is the fourth level of traffic accident
investigation; it involves scientific principles to formulate opinions relative to events of the accidents which are otherwise unknown or being disputed.
Provincial Roads - Refers to the linkages between two municipalities with a right of way from 15 to 60 meters.
Pseudo Lane - It is the center line of a single lane, and in case of multiple lanes lies between the centerline of the nearest lane and the center of the farthest lane.
Reaction Distance – The gap traveled or moved by a vehicle or any traffic unit during reaction time.
Reaction Time – The time from perception to reaction.
Reckless Driving – Driving with a wanton disregard for the safety of other road users, persons or property.
Reference Line – A column often located on the edge of a roadway from which measurements are made to locate spots.
Reference Point – Refers to a point from which measurements are made to locate spots in an area.
Reflex Reaction – An involuntary response to a stimulant, an instinctive act resulting from perception of an imminent hazardous situation.
Right of Way – The right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or pedestrian.
Road – That part of traffic way which includes both the roadway which is the traveled part and any shoulder alongside the road.
Road Markings – Coded color paintings on a paved roadway identifying areas where specific instructions apply.
Road Side – Portion of a street which is not occupied by a road or sidewalk.
Road Sign – Refers to a sign placed conspicuously on a road, made of metal plates with specific shapes and design for the purpose of informing road users of
applicable road instructions and conditions.
Road User System – Includes pedestrians, pedal cyclists, drivers, passengers and others.
Road Way – Portion of a highway designed for vehicular travel, exclusive of the term of shoulder.
Round About – An intersection laid out for movement of traffic in one direction to another around a central island.
Saturation Flow – Refers to the number of maximum number of vehicles that can clear an intersection assuming that there is a 100 percent green time (go signal).
Scuff Marks – Are signs left on the road by tire that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.
Separation Line – Line marked on a pavement of a thoroughfare to divide traffic traveling in opposite direction.
Sequential Factors – Aspects which must be follow one another to contribute to the cause of the accident.
Shoulder – Refers to the paved or unpaved area or portion on the side of the road whether capable of handling traffic or not.
Sideswipe – An accident wherein a vehicle bumps or hits another on its side at an angle inflicting damage not sufficient to stop any of the colliding vehicles.
Sidewalk – Portion of the highway designed primarily for pedestrian travel.
Simultaneous Factor – Reason which must be present at the same time to generally cause an accident.
Skid Marks – Marks left on the roadway by tires when the breaks are applied.
Skid Skip – A braking skid mark interrupted at frequent regular intervals, it is the skid mark produced by a bouncing wheel on which the brakes inhibit the wheel from
turning.
Speedometer – Component of a motor vehicle designed to inform the driver on how fast he is traveling.
Speed Limit – Prescribed minimum and maximum legal velocity by which a motor vehicle may be operated for safe travel.
Stalled Vehicle – Refers to a motor vehicle which is unable to propel or proceed under its own power.
Start of Evasive Action – First action taken by the traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid a road hazard.
Stop – To halt, zero forward or backward speed.
Stopping – Coming to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation.
Street – Refers to a road in a village, town or city usually hard surfaced and provided with lighting and drainage and having buildings and structures on one or both
sides.
Subway - A conduit running entirely under the ground for fast travel route of commuters.
Swerve – The act of intentionally or unintentionally moving suddenly into an adjoining lane without prior notice to other road users.
Tactics – Refers to any action taken by the traffic unit to steer clear of a hazardous situation.
Tail Light – Electrical component of a rear of a vehicle intended to make it more visible to others following it especially at night.
8 GLOSARRY 37816
Tangent – Refers to a straight section of the road.
Terminating Road – A road which by virtue of its function, design or physical form ends the intersection.
Thoroughfare – A portion of road designed and used for vehicular traffic exclusive of the shoulder.
Tire Mark – Scratches made on the surface of a road by a vehicle’s tire, friction, mark and tire prints.
Tow-Away Zone – A motor vehicle length of a road wherein parking is prohibited. Any vehicle parked in this zone can be towed and physically removed an
impounded is a specified location and released only after the payment of the corresponding towing fee and fine.
Track – The distance on the ground between the centers of the tire tread on one side of the vehicle t the center or middle tire tread on the opposite side.
Traffic – Refers to the movement of persons, gods and vehicles, from the point of origin to the point of destination by utilizing public roads for the purpose of safe
travel.
Traffic Accident – A mishap involving traffic units on a public road or traffic way.
Traffic Arrest – An enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of holding him to answer charges of law violation before a court.
Traffic Citation - A means of having the violators appear in court without physical arrest.
Traffic Control – The direction of vehicles or pedestrians at a certain point or area by mechanical means, fixed objects or manpower.
Traffic Enforcer – Refers to a person designated by law to direct and enforce traffic law and ordinances, rules and regulations.
Traffic Engineering – The science of safety and travel which includes measurement, study of the basic laws relative to traffic and the application of this knowledge.
Traffic Island – Are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical channels through which vehicular traffic flow is guided.
Traffic Light Signals – Refers to power operated control devices by which traffic is directed or warned to take some specific action.
Traffic Sign – A device mounted on a fixed or portable support whereby message is conveyed by means of words and symbols, it either informs, warns, or guides
traffic.
Traffic Stop – The term which denotes the official act of halting a motorist in transit for the purpose of traffic law enforcement or investigation.
Traffic Supervision – Defined as keeping informed on streets and highways within existing regulations to make their use expeditious and safe.
Traffic System – Consists of the entire road and vehicle complex.
Traffic Unit – Refers to an element of traffic, either a driver, pedestrian, passenger.
Traffic Warning – An enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty, it is a persuasive action which may be either, verbal, visual or
written.
Traffic Way – The entire width between property line and either boundary line for every way or place of which any part is open for public use particularly for vehicular
travel.
Trailer – A long wheeled vehicle used for carrying bulky or heavy cargo and requires attachment to another vehicle to pull it as its means of propulsion.
Transportation System Management – An activity which concentrates on measures directed at the alleviation of the symptoms of transportation problems rather
than treatment of root cause.
Triangulation – A method of locating a spot in an area by obtaining measurements from two or more reference point, the location of which are identified for future
reference.
Tricycle – Refers to any mode of transportation or conveyance with three wheels.
Turn Turtle – An accident wherein the motor vehicle overturned and ends up on its roof with its wheels in the air.
Vehicle – Refers to any device in, upon or by which any person or property may be transported or drawn upon a road, except devices propelled by human power or
used exclusively upon stationary rail.
Vehicular Pollution – Particulate and chemical exhaust emission introduced into the atmosphere by the operation of internal combustion engines of motor vehicles.
Velocity – A vector quantity measured in feet per second, it is usually used interchangeably with speed. It represents the time rate of change of position in which
direction as well as rapidity are essential elements.
Violation – Any act or deed which is contrary to law.
Volume – The number of vehicles passing a point during a specific time.
Wheel Base – Refers to the distance from the center of the front wheel to the center of the rear wheel. Or the distance to the midpoint between two tandem axles.
Yaw – Movement of a vehicle while turning. A motion produced when centrifugal force exceeds.
Yaw Mark – Refers to a scuffmark produced while is vehicle is yawning, the mark impressed is impressed on the road by means of a rotating tire which is slipping in a
direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.
GLOSSARY 37816 9
FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON INVESTIGATION
ABC Extinguisher - A fire extinguisher that can be used on fires involving ordinary combustibles, flammable liquids, and energized electrical equipment; may also be
known as a multipurpose extinguisher.
Accelerant – Refers to a combustible liquid used to hasten the start of the fire.
Accidental Fire - It is caused mostly by human error and negligence. Such as smoking in bed, defective LPG containers, faulty electrical wiring, leaving plugged
electrical appliances.
Accordion Load – Refers to a system of loading hose in the hose bed of a fire truck.
Advanced Life Support - Medical care provided by paramedics trained to assess a patient's condition, administer drugs, defibrillate and provide advanced airway
management prior to transportation to the hospital.
Alarm – Any signal indicating the need for emergency fire service response; also, the device that transmits the alarm.
Alcohol – A flammable liquid that is easily ignited rapidly burns and by itself gives off no detectable smoke.
Arcing – Known as sparking, it is produced when a short circuit or break in electrical conductor occurs.
Arson – Refers to the malicious and willful destruction of property by fire.
Auto Ignition Point - Lowest temperature at which a substance will automatically burn without the application of spark or a flame.
Auto Ignition Temperature – The same as ignition temperature except that no external ignition source is needed for ignition since the material itself has been heated
to reach ignition temperature, it is the spontaneous ignition of vapor or gases given off by heated material.
Back draft – Explosion caused by the sudden introduction of oxygen in a fire area when large quantities of superheated fuel under pressure is contained. A back draft
may occur because of inadequate or improper ventilation procedures. The force of the back draft depends on variables like the size of the confined area, the extent to
which smoldering has occurred (thus providing fuel), the degree of heating of the atmosphere, and the rate at which air or oxygen is introduced. While the risk of such
an occurrence is low, a back draft is almost always fatal to anyone caught in it.
Biting Smoke - Irritating the nose and throat and throat and causing lacrymation (pertaining to tears) and coughing indicates presence of chlorine.
Black Smoke - Indicates burning materials of a product with petroleum base such as rubber, tar, coal, turpentine, or petroleum.
Boiling Point - Is the constant temperature at which the vapors of the liquid are equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Boyle’s Law – States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature. The law relates to the compressibility of gas and the
effect of temperature and volume on the pressure in a pressurized container.
Calorie – The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water to one degree Celsius.
Carbon Black - Formed by the incomplete combustion of acetylene or natural cracking of hydrogen in the absence of air.
Carbon Monoxide – Is formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon, it causes death by asphyxia.
Charring Pattern - the rule that heavy burning and deep charring will generally be greater from where the fire originated is not absolute. There are other factors to be
considered when examining the char pattern of an extensive fire. It is these other factors that the investigator must thoroughly analyze and correctly interpret.
Cellulose – The component of wood that is pyrolized.
Chemical Explosions - Are sudden release of energy by upsetting the chemical balance of unstable chemical compounds.
Class A Fires - In a class A fires, the fuel is comprised of normal combustible materials such as wood, paper, fibers, draperies and trash. It requires saturation by
water or water fog.
Class B Fires - In class B fires, the fuel is flammable liquid such as gasoline, kerosene, cleaning fluids, grease and alcohol. In combating such fires, the flammable
liquids must be smothered to deprive them of oxygen, hence foam extinguishers and CO2 may be utilized.
Class C Fires - Class C fires are those which start with live electrical wires, equipment, electrical appliances. It is commonly known as electrical fires. It is easily
extinguished by a non-conducting agent such as CO2 and dry chemicals.
Class D Fires - this type of fire are rare, and usually occurring in the manufacturing facilities, since the combustible material are certain metals such as potassium and
magnesium. It can be extinguished by using dry powder ABC chemical, baking soda or sand.
Combustion - Is the rapid oxidation of substances accompanied by heat and light.
Compressed Gas – Is one which at all atmospheric temperature inside its container exists solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
Concentric Circle - The searcher starts at a central point. As soon as this location has been thoroughly combed a new and larger circle is drawn.
Conduction – Heat transfer by direct contact from one body to another.
Convection – Refers to the means by which heat is transformed by a circulating medium either liquid or gas.
Convection Column – Refers to the rising column of heated air or gases above a continuing heat or fire source. Also known as thermal column.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any liquefied gas when by its nature as a result of its reaction with other elements promotes a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate
surrounding.
Deflagration - Is a type of explosion which ordinarily occurs in a relatively slow “push” manner, with velocities from a few inches per minute to upward of 1,500 feet
per second. This is termed as a low order explosion. A chemical reaction producing vigorous heat and sparks or flame, moving through the material (as black or
smokeless powder) at less than the speed of sound. A major difference among explosives is the speed of the reaction. Can also refer to intense burning. A
characteristic of Class B explosives.
Density - A term used to denote the weight per unit volume of a substance. The density of any substance is obtained by dividing the weight by the volume.
Detonation - Is regarded as an extremely rapid and violent explosion, with a practically instantaneous release of chemical energy.
10 GLOSARRY 37816
Dry Chemical - An agent used for Class A, B, and C fires that extinguishes fire by interrupting the chemical chain reaction in the combustion zone.
Dry Powder - The extinguishing agent suitable for use on combustible metal fires.
Dust Explosion - Are the burning of the finely divided particles of combustibles that are suspended in the air. Dust explosions generally are two explosions. A small
explosion or shock wave creates additional dust in an atmosphere causing the second and larger explosion.
Endothermic Reactions - Are changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place. This means that the substances formed by
change contain more energy than the reacting materials.
Exothermic Reactions - Are those that releases or gives off energy thus, they produce substances with less energy than the reactants.
Explosion - Result from a vigorous reaction with sudden release of a large amount of energy due to the rapid production of gases and time liberation of heat.
Exposures – Refers to buildings or structures that are near the structure on fire and that are placed at risk by the fire. One of the primary concerns of the responding
fire fighters is to protect such exposures to reduce the risk of the fire spreading and causing additional damage and destruction to life as well as fatalities and fire
related injuries.
Fire - Is an active chemical reaction that takes place between fuel, heat and oxygen in the form of light of noticeable heat.
Fire Behavior - The manner in which fuel ignites, flames develop, and heat and fire spread. Sometimes used to refer to the characteristics of a particular fire.
Fire Extinguishers - The most common devise utilized in plants for fire-fighting purposes.
Fire Gases – Refers to those gases that remains when the products of combustion are cooled to normal temperature.
Fire Hazard - Conditions conducive to fire or that is likely to increase the extent or severity of fire.
Fire Hydrant - A mechanical device strategically placed in an installation or street where a fire hose may be connected in cases of fire.
Fire Point - Is the temperature at which a flammable liquid forms a vapor air mixture that ignites. The minimum and maximum temperatures are referred to, as the
lower and upper flush point in air, respectively.
Fire Pump - Is a mechanical contrivance used for supplying water.
Fire Resistance - A relative term referring to the amount of time a material will resist a normal fire as measured on a standard time-temperature curve.
Fire Retardant - A term used to indicate that materials or substances have been treated to retard ignition or the spread of fire.
Fire Safety Inspection - A pre-requisite to grant permit/license by local government for any particular establishment.
Fire Trap - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with all in the proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.
Fire Triangle – The combination of fuel, heat and oxygen at one specific occurrence.
Fire Wall - Designed to prevent the spread of fire, having a fire resistance rating of not less than four hours with structural stability to remain standing even if the
adjacent construction collapses under fire condition. Fire walls extend through roofs and use parapets above the roof to divide large sections of buildings to prevent
the overlapping or spread of fire.
Fire Whirlwind - A revolving mass of air created by a fire, normally a forest fire.
First Degree Burn – Injury caused by fire or introduction of extreme heat which injures the outer layer of the skin causing it to change to color red with an
accumulation of liquid.
Flames - Are incandescent gases which accompanies brisk or rapid oxidation of any combustible material. The burning gas or vapor of a fire that is visible as light of
various colors.
Flame Front - The outermost edge or surface of the flame.
Flame Interface – Refers to the area or surface between the gases or vapors and the visible flame.
Flame Propagation Rate - The velocity at which combustion travels through a gas or over the surface of a liquid or solid.
Flammable - The term used to refer to combustible material that ignites easily, burns rapidly, or has a rapid rate of flame spread.
Flash Back – Also referred to as back flash, it is the tendency of flammable liquid fires to re-ignite from a source of ignition after they have been extinguished. Vapors
of a flammable liquid may serve as a fuse leading from a source of ignition back to the flammable liquid container.
Flash Fire - This phenomenon may occur inside a burning building when heated air increases the combustion rate to instantaneous combustion.
Flash Over – The production of fireballs as a result of the ignition temperature of gasses.
Flash Point - Is the temperature at which a flammable liquid forms a vapor air mixture that ignites. Lowest temperature at which a combustible substance when
heated takes fire in the air and continuous to burn.
Free Burning Stage - This is the acceleration of pyrolitic process. It is during this stage that the maximum heat and destructive capabilities of fire develop. Thus
combating fire in this stage is very difficult and requires more than one firefighter. The thermal column of fire carries destructive gases such as combustible vapor and
carbon monoxide. The base temperature of the fire is around 800 to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit and ceiling temperature up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
Free Radicals – Refers to gases liberated by heat.
Friction – Refers to the resistance to motion of two moving objects or surfaces that touch.
Frictional Heat – Results when mechanical energy is used in overcoming the resistance to motion when two solids are rubbed together.
Fuel - Is anything that will burn when heated with sufficient oxygen. It is the most important part of the triangle, for fuel is what burns. The nature and properties of the
fuel are essential in combating fires. It comes in three form as solid, liquid or gas.
Fuel Gases – Are flammable gases customarily used for burning with air to produce heat which in turn is utilized as power, process, light and comfort.
GLOSSARY 37816 11
General Alarm – A distress signal called because a large fire requires calling additional firefighters and equipment.
Grayish Smoke - May be caused by flying ashes or soot of loosely packed substances such as straw or hay.
Grid Map - A map of an area overlaid with a grid system of rectangular coordinates or azimuth bearings (polar coordinates) that are used to identify ground locations.
Ground Cover Fire - Any fire involving natural ground cover like grass, brush, or timber.
Grudge and Spite Fires - An individual seeking to revenge a wrong may attempt to injure or to cause the wrong because a fire may inflict both physical and financial
injury.
HAD – Heat actuating devices thermostatically controlled and used to activate fire alarm, equipment or appliances.
Heat - Source of ignition or any device to start a fire. It can be a safety match, a lighted candle, or of more sophisticated forms such as a chemical, mechanical or
electrical contrivance designed to start a blaze.
Heat of Combustion – Refers to the amount of heat released during the complete oxidation where the organic fuel is converted to carbon dioxide and water.
Heat of Decomposition – Is the heat released by the decomposition of compounds requiring the addition of heat for their formulation.
Heat of Fusion – The amount of heat necessary to convert solid to liquid.
Heat of Solution – Refers to the heat released when a substance is dissolved in a liquid.
Heat Transfer – Sometimes referred to as heat flow, it is the movement and dispersion of heat. Heat is transferred by convection, conduction, and radiation
Heat of Vaporization – The amount of heat absorbed when a substance is altered from liquid to gas.
Hydrant - An upright metal casting connected to a water supply system and equipped with one or more valved outlets to which a pumper or hose line can be
connected. Also this has been given the name 'plug' or 'catch a plug'. This term comes from early days of firefighting when water mains were nothing more than
hollowed out trees, buried in the ground. When a fire company needed water, they would dig down to the log, and open a hole in the tree for a water supply. After the
fire, the hole had to be 'plugged' in order to stop the flow of water.
Ignition Temperature - The lowest temperature at which a fuel when heated will ignite in air and continue to burn; the temperature required to cause ignition of a
substance.
Incipient or Initial Phase - This is the beginning of fire. The product of pyrolysis is mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide. The base area of the fire has a
temperature of 400 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit. It is in this stage that fire-fighting is easily controlled and subdued.
Industrial Gases – Refers to gases used for manufacturing processes.
Intentional Fire - This is known as incendiarism or classified as Arson. This kind of fire is set on purpose either to collect insurance, cover-up another crime or
eliminate personal/business rivalry.
Lamp Black – Produced by burning of low grade heavy oils or resinous or tarry materials with sufficient air.
Latent Heat – The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when the substance from a solid to liquid, and from a liquid to gas.
Lightning – Refers to the discharge of an electrical charge on a cloud to an opposite charge to another cloud or on the ground.
Liquefied Gas – One which at normal temperature inside its container exist partly in liquid and partly in gaseous form under pressure as long as any liquid remains in
the container.
Luminous Flame – Orange red in color, it will deposit soot at the site of the vessel heated due to its lower temperature and incomplete combustion.
Mechanical Heat Energy – Released by compression and is responsible for significant number of fires.
Mechanical Explosion – Any blast or detonation that can occur only within a vessel or container.
Non-Luminous Flame – Blue in color it represents the complete combustion of fuel and has a relatively high temperature.
Oxidation – Union of a substance with oxygen as in burning and rusting.
Oxygen - It is a tasteless, odorless colorless gas which is generally found within the Earth's atmosphere approximately composes 97% of natural gas found on this
planet. It is both vital to sustain human life and fire.
Polymarization – Process of joining two or more molecules forming a more complex molecule.
Plant – Refers to the preparation and gathering of materials to start a fire.
Providential Fire - Caused by acts of God. This kind of fire can never be prevented as usually hard to control. It comes in the form of lightning bolts, erupting
volcanoes or as a result of tremors.
PSI – Pounds per square inch. The pressure measurement usually used for pumps pressure, nozzle pressure, friction loss, and pressure losses in appliances, hose,
and hydrants.
Pyra – Origin of the word fire which means glowing ember.
Pyrolisis – The chemical process whereby fires consumes most solids.
Pyromaniacs – Are persons possessed with the uncontrollable desire or impulse to set things on fire, without any motive.
Pyrophorics - Chemicals that will ignite or react violently on contact with air or oxygen; must be maintained under an inert atmosphere.
Radiation – A means of heat transfer when energy travels through materials and space as waves.
Second Degree Burn – Injury wherein the heat or fire has penetrated deeply into the skin.
Sector Search - The fire scene is subdivided into areas or sectors, a building into rooms or floors. Each fireman or officer is then assigned to a specific search area.
12 GLOSARRY 37816
Size of Fire - Important when correlated with the type of alarm, the time received and the time of arrival of the first five apparatus.
Smoke – Refers to matter made up of very fine solid particles and condensed vapor as a result of combustion.
Smoke Marks - An experienced investigator will determine the volume of smoke involved and the character as residues deposited on walls or elsewhere.
Smoldering – This stage is where the fire glows and the combustible materials smolder. Flames would not be visible but a large amount of carbon monoxide is
produced. This is the reason why masks are essential in firefighting. At this point back draft may occur, wherein the sudden introduction of oxygen with superheated
fuel under pressure will cause an explosion.
Solitary Fire Setters - Are those who set fires by themselves requiring no assistance from others and accomplish it in secret.
Soot - The burning of low grade heavily oils or resinous tarry materials with sufficient air forms lamp black commonly known.
Sparks – Refers to any flash or sparkle of light. May originate from nearby fires, chimneys, etc. A common type of fires result from nearby field brush and woods fires
which are themselves frequently caused from sparks and careless burning of thrash, leaves and other debris.
Spontaneous Combustion - Is the process of catching fire as a result of heat generated by internal chemical action.
Spontaneous Heating – The process of increasing the temperature of a material as a result of slow oxidation.
Static Electricity – Refers to electrical energy at rest or in equilibrium.
Stem and Smoke - Indicate that humid substances come in contact with combustible substances evaporate before the substance begins to burn.
Temperature - Which is the measure of the degree of thermal (warm) agitation of molecules.
Thamac Process – Determination whether the fire has been deliberately caused by means of electrical overload using an apparatus called THAMAC.
Thermal Balance – Refers to the normal movement or pattern of fire, smoke and fire gases.
Thermal Conductivity - Measure of the rate of flow of heat, through unit area of the material with unit temperature gradient.
Third Degree Burn – The most severe fire injury which causes damage penetrating down the subcutaneous fat of the skin.
Trailer – A devise used to spread the fire throughout the structure.
Turbulent Flame – Incandescent gasses having unsteady and irregular swirls.
Vandalism Fires - Are often set by pairs or group of boys or in the presence of others from a peer group. The presence of the group encourages the act.
Ventilation - The systematic removal of smoke from a building. Ventilation is usually accomplished with one of two methods: positive and negative pressure
ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation increases the atmospheric pressure in the building until it is greater than the pressure outside the building. With negative
pressure ventilation, the pressure inside the building is reduced until it is less than the pressure outside the building.
Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the building
White Smoke - Indicates the presence of phosphorous in a particular fire incident.
GLOSSARY 37816 13
DRUG ABUSE AND VICE CONTROL
Abstinence - Cessation from use of psychoactive substance previously abused, or on which the user has developed drug dependence.
Abuse of Drugs - Regardless of what drugs are used it causes such great changes in the physical, psychological, and social conditions of the dependent.
Addict - A person with an overpowering physical and psychological need to take a particular substance.
Administer – Act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his knowledge, by injection, ingestion or other means or of
committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person administering a dangerous drug to himself.
Alcohol - Fermented or distilled liquids or drug containing ethanol and intoxicating substances.
Alcohol Abuse - Use of ethyl alcohol or liquor in a quantity and with a frequency that causes the individual significant physiological, psychological, or sociological
distress or impairment.
Alcoholic - A person who has experienced physical, psychological, social or occupational impairment as a consequences of habitual, excessive consumption of
alcohol.
Alcoholic Anonymous - One of the most successful approaches in recovery from alcoholism, alcoholics anonymous is a fellowship of problem drinkers who want
help in maintaining sobriety. Alcoholic anonymous (A.A) is a self-help organization founded in the United States in 1935 by two alcoholics, Bill W. and Dr. Bob, for the
express purpose of providing a fellowship for compulsive drinkers desiring to obtain from alcohol.
Alcoholic Dependence - A chronic loss of control over the consumption of alcohol beverages despite obvious psychological or physical harm to the person:
Increasing amounts are required over time and abrupt discontinuance may precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Relapse is frequent.
Alcoholic Liquor – Any beverage or compound, whether fermented, or otherwise, which will produce intoxication or which contains in excess of one percent of
alcohol and is used as a beverage.
Alcoholism – State or condition of a person, produced by drinking intoxicating liquors excessively and with habitual frequency.
Anesthetic Drugs - Are used for nervous system depressant local anesthetics block nervous system, general anesthetics act on the brain to produce a generalized of
sensation, stupor, or unconsciousness.
Amphetamine Group – Drugs belonging to this category are mostly appetite suppressants and potent stimulants. Users are unable to sleep and may develop high
fever which may result to dehydration. Chronic users may undergo hallucinations, dry mouth, ulcerations of the buccal mucosa.
Anorectic - Drug that tends to curb the appetite.
Antacid - Drug intended to relieve symptoms of heartburn, sour stomach and / or acid indigestions.
Antidotes – Refers to a mechanical, chemical agents which neutralize a poison.
Antipyretic - Drug that reduces fever.
Anxiety Neurosis - Individual suffers physical complaints of varying degree as headache, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, palpitation, menstrual dis-function,
insomnia.
Banker – Person who keeps the money from which the winner is to be paid.
Bankroll Man – Gambler’s slang to denote a person who wins.
Barbiturate Group – Commonly referred to as depressants, it may be taken orally or intravenously, its users are known to suffer from severe withdrawal symptoms.
Beta-Alcoholism - A type of alcoholism in which severe medical complications occur, such as nerve irritations, gastric disturbances, and cirrhosis of the liver.
Betting – Waging money or any object or article of value or representative of value upon the result of any game, races and other sports contests.
Bhang – Refers to the dried leaves and flowering shoots of the cannabis plant, containing smaller amounts of THC.
Blackleg - A professional swindler or gambler, a chart, a cardsharp. A gambler who frequent race tracks and gambling places electing the best odds and offering the
least he can.
Blackmail – Extortion by threats to expose some derogatory information about the victim, family members or close associates.
Blind Tiger - A place where liquor is sold illegally, a place where liquor is sold without license contrary to law.
Board - Refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board.
Bong - Is a tube with a small bowl at the end of a thinner tube inserted through the side near the base. The bong is partly filled with water for the smoke to bubble
through.
Broken Home – A family in which one or both parent is absent due to divorce or separation, children in such an environment may from to anti-social behavior.
Brothel - Refers to a house of prostitution.
Call Girls – Refers to prostitutes who makes date arrangement via phone and then provides services to customers at a pre-agreed venue.
Cannabis - A general terms for any of the various preparations of the hemp plant, cannabis sativa, and used interchangeable with the term marijuana. They render
substantial increase in the heart rate, blood shot eyes, dry mouth and increased appetite.
Centers – Any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents.
Chance or Hazard – Is the uncertainty of the result of the game or when the outcome of the game is incapable of calculation by human reason, foresight, sagacity or
design.
14 GLOSARRY 37816
Chemical – Is any substance taken into the body which alters the way the body and the mind work.
Chemical Abuse – Is an instance when the use of the chemical has produced negative or harmful consequences.
Chemical Diversion - The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately imported, in-transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug, and shall include packaging,
repackaging, labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud, destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use of front
companies or mail fraud.
Chloral Hydrate - One of the oldest sedative hypnotics still in use today chloral hydrate was first synthesized in 1862.
Chronic Alcoholics – Refers to a person who from the prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic beverages finally develops physical and psycho changes and
dependence to alcohol.
Clandestine Laboratory – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
Cocaine - A powerful natural stimulant derived from the coca plant. It is an alkaloid contained in the leaves of “Erythroxylon coca”, a hardy plant cultivated in Bolivia.
The first user of coca leaf was the Incas in Peru. It is a powerful natural stimulant known to man. Cocaine acts immediately as it is a quick-acting drug. Its effects are
rapid from the time of intake. It is indeed, “super seed”.
Codeine - Occurring naturally as a minor alkaloid ingredient in raw opium, codeine is more often produced from morphine.
Coma – The subject is stupor or in comatose condition. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate this condition with other conditions having comma.
Conductor – A person who manages or carries the gambling game.
Confirmatory Test - An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and
confirm the result of the screening test.
Controlled Delivery - The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the country under the
supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate
prosecution of that offense.
Conversation Neurosis - Otherwise known as Hysterical Neurosis which is converted into a physical associated with all parts of the body, symbolic of the underlying
conflicts, motor disturbances, impaired movement paralysis with examination revealing with no organic basis for symptoms.
Cough Syrup - Opiates sometimes called narcotics are group of drug that is used medically to relieve pain, but have a high potential for abuse.
Crack - A highly addictive crystalline form of cocaine containing remnants of hydrochloride, and sodium bicarbonate which emits a crackling sound when smoked.
Cultivate or Culture - Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous
drug.
Dangerous Drugs Board – An office that promulgates rules and regulations as maybe necessary to carry out the law on dangerous drug.
Deliver - Refers to a person’s act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another person personally.
Den – Also known as dive or resort it refers to a place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered,
stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.
Depressant – Similar to alcohol in its effects to man, small amounts would produce calmness and relaxed muscles while excess thereof would lead to altered
perception, staggering gait and slurred speech.
Detoxification - A process of withdrawing a person from an addictive substance, in a safe and effective manner, by the removal of the toxic or harmful effects of the
addictive substance.
Designer Drugs – The most common types of this drug are analog of fentanyl, of meperidine, of amphetamine and of PCP. Illegal drugs are defined in terms of their
chemical formulas, to circumvent the laws and restrictions designer drugs are those which have been modified of their molecular by chemists of certain prohibited and
regulated drugs.
Dispense – Refers to any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.
Door Knocker – This is the occasional or selective type of prostitute.
Drug - Defined as chemical substance which, when introduced into the body, produces changes in its function.
Drug Abuse - Any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, economic, legal or social harm to the individual user or to others affected by the drug user’s
behavior.
Drug Addict - A person who is physically dependent on one or more psycho-active substances, or whose long term use has produce tolerance, who has lost control
over his intake, and would manifest withdrawal symptoms if discontinuance were to occur.
Drug Addiction – A state of chronic or periodic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance resulting in physical, psychological, or social harm to the
user and continued use despite of harm.
Drug Dependence - A term which refers to the state of physical or psychic dependence or both on dangerous drugs arising in a person following administration and
use of drugs on a periodic or continuous basis.
Drug Experimenter – Refers to one who is improperly, illegally uses any narcotic substance not more than a few times for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure or other
reasons.
Drug Free - On going dissociation from the use of any psycho-active substances.
Drug Misuse - The unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or non-prescribed medicine resulting in the impaired physical, mental, emotional or social well-
being of the user is referred to as drug misuse.
Drunk – The mind is confused, behavior is irregular and the movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and the behavior is uncontrollable.
GLOSSARY 37816 15
Drunkard – Refers to a person who habitually takes or uses any intoxicating alcoholic liquor and while under the influence of such.
Ecstacy - Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives in any form.
Enabling – Is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or softens the negative or harmful consequences of drug use upon the user. Enabling only
makes things worse. It is like fighting the fire with gasoline.
Etorphine - Derived from thebaine, etorphine is more than a thousand times as potent as morphine in its analgesic, sedative, and respiratory depressant effects.
Factory Girls – These are real professional type of prostitutes who work in regular houses of prostitution or brothels.
Flashback - After repeated use of psychedelics a drug user may experience this phenomenon, which is an undesirable recurrence of a drug’s effects with no recent
drug intake (consumption) to explain alternation of one’s sense of time and visual illusions and hallucinations.
Freebase - Purified cocaine crystals that are crushed and smoke to provide a more powerful high than cocaine.
Gaffer – “Taga tari” A person knowledgeable in the art of arming gaming cocks with gaff or gaffs on either or both legs.
Gambling – refers to a game or scheme the result of which depends mainly upon chance or hazard.
Gambling Device - A device or apparatus designed to carry out the actual gambling, for determining whether the player is to win or lose.
Game Machination – Any other fraudulent, deceitful, unfair or dishonest means, method, manner or practice employed for the purpose of influencing the result of any
game, races or sports contest.
Game Fixing – Any arrangement, scheme, combination or agreement by which the result of any game, races or sports contests shall be predicted and/or knows
other than the basis of honest playing skill or ability of players or participants.
Graffiti - Inscription or drawing means on a wall or structure and used by delinquents for gang messages and turf definition.
Gullible Person – A person who easily deceived especially in crooked gambling.
Hallucinogenic Group – The 7th group of the periodic system of table of elements in chemistry are non-metallic elements such as fluorine, bromine, iodine and
chlorine when processed and turned into drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide LSD, mescaline, psilocybin it interrupts the function of the
neo-cortex, which is the section of the brain that controls the intellect and keep instinct in check
Hallucinogens - Natural or synthetic substances that produce vivid dissolution of the sense without greatly disturbing consciousness.
Hashish - A concentrated form or cannabis made from an adulterated resin from the female cannabis plant.
Heroine - A narcotic made from opium and then out with sugar and some other neutral substances until it is only 1 to 4 percent pure. Also known as
Diacetylmorphine, is a semi-synthetic opioid. It is the 3-6-diacetyl derivative of morphine (hence diacetylmorphine) and is synthesised from it by acetylation. The white
crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride salt diacetylmorphine hydrochloride. It mimics endorphins and creates a sense of well-being upon entering the
bloodstream usually thru intravenous injection. It is thus used both as a pain-killer and a recreational drug. Heroin is five times stronger than morphine, also known as
the most potent opium derivative.
Hypnotic - Pertaining to hypnosis or sleep
Illegal Trafficking – Refers to the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
Indian Hemp - Otherwise known as “marijuana”, embraces every kind, class, genes or specie of the plant cannabis sativa.
Inhalants - Volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled producing short-term excitement and euphoric, followed by a period of disorientation. Its effects
include nausea, sneezing, coughing, nosebleeds, fatigue, and lack of coordination and loss of appetite.
Insufflation - Commonly known as “snorting," “sniffing," or "blowing" is the most frequent method of ingestion of recreational powder cocaine in the Western world.
Interstitial Group - Delinquent group that fills a crack in the social fabric and maintain standard group practices.
Lottery – It is a game for the distribution of prizes by chance among persons who have paid or agreed to pay a valuable consideration for the chance to obtain a
prize.
Maintainer – Refers to a person who sets up and furnishes the means with which to carry on the gambling game.
Manufacture - Means the production, preparation, compounding or processing of a dangerous drug.
Marijuana - Obtained from an Indian hemp plant known as “Cannavis Sativa” a strong, hardy annual shrub that grows wild in most temperate and tropic regions. The
dried leaves of the cannabis plant. Embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis Sativa L. including, but not limited to, Cannabis Americana,
hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus and ganja, and embraces every kind, class and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops,
or any part or portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin, extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.
Massage Clinics – These houses are operated under a licensed or permit issued by the government but acts as a front for prostitution where the act maybe done or
as per arrangement.
Miscellaneous Drugs - Refers to those stimulants that increase alertness and induce a sense of well-being.
Moderate Inebriation – The person is argumentative and overconfident. There is a slight impairment of mental difficulties, difficulty of articulation, and lesser
coordination of fine movements.
Morphine - The chief alkaloid ingredient of opium, ranging from 4 to 21 percent concentration.
Morphine Group –Although most opoid drugs are legal pharmaceutical substances, if abused this can lead to dependence. Most of the drugs classified under this
produce sleep and stupor such as heroin, methadone, morphine, codeine, meperedine and opium. It gives a feeling of euphoria or a false sense of well-being followed
by drowsiness, nausea and vomiting.
Narcotic Drug - Refers to any drug which produces insensibility, stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind with delusion and which may be habit forming.
16 GLOSARRY 37816
Narcotics – Is any drug that produces sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its depressant effect on the central nervous system. The term narcotic came from the
Greek word for sleep “Narkotikos”, sometimes known as “Opiates”.
Neurosis – Produces anxiety, depression, or phobia.
Opium - Refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy.
Opium Poppy – Refers to any part of the plant of the species papaver somniferum including the seeds thereof.
Organized Crime – Criminal group which centers on vices such as dangerous drugs, illegal gambling, prostitution, and other illicit means of making money such as
piracy, kidnapping, bank robbery, smuggling and the like.
Overdose - The inadvertent or deliberate consumption of any substance.
PAGCOR (Philippine Amusement and Gambling Corporation) – office that controls gambling games like the casino.
PDEA – Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
Peyote - Peyoti in Aztec is a spineless cactus with a small “button" and a long carrot like root.
Physical Dependence - A physiological state of an adaptation to a drug or alcohol usually characterized by the development of tolerance to drug effects and the
emergence of a withdrawal symptom during prolong abstinence.
Pimp – One who owns or manages houses of ill-refute where the business of prostitution is conducted. Sometimes they are called “madam or mama san”.
Planting of Evidence – The willful act by any person of maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through any overt or
covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of an
innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act.
Point Shaving – Any such arrangement, combination, scheme or agreement by which the skill of ability of any player or participant in a game, races or sports
contests to make points or scores shall be limited deliberately in order to influence the result thereof in favor of one or other tea, player or participant therein.
Polydrug Abuse - Use of two or more psycho-active substance in quantities and with frequencies that cause the individual significant physiological, psychological or
sociological distress or impairment.
Prizes – It is the unequal amount due to the winner.
Prohibited Drug – Includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine, alpha
and beta cocaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar effects; Indian hemp and its
derivatives; all preparations made from any of the foregoing; and other drugs, whether natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic drug.
Promoter – A person who calls and takes care of bets from owners and bettors, a bet taker.
Protector – Also known as coddler refers to any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the unlawful acts and uses his/her influence, power or position in
shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the
provisions of the dangerous Drugs Act in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.
Prostitute - A woman who indiscriminately consort with men for hire.
Prostitution – It is an act or practice of a woman who engages or habitually indulges in sexual intercourse for money or profit.
Psychedelics - Sometimes known as mind expanders or hallucinogens, these drugs affect a person’s perception, awareness, and emotions, and can also cause
hallucinations (completely groundless, false perceptions) as well as illusions (misinterpretations of reality or something imagined).
Psychoactive Drug - Often described as a psychotropic (mind-affecting) or mind-altering drug, a psychoactive drug is a chemical substance that changes ones
thinking feelings, perceptions, and behavior.
Psychological Dependence - The emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid the negative effects associated with its absence.
Pusher - Refers to any person who sells, administers, delivers or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or transports
any dangerous drugs.
Regulated Drug – This includes self-inducing sedatives, such as self-inducing secobarbital, penobarbital, barbital, amobarbital, and any other drug which contains a
salt or any derivative of a salt of barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer of amphetamine, such as benzedrin or Dexedrine or any drug which produces a
physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as methaqualone, nitrazepam or any other compound producing similar physiological effects.
Rehabilitation - The restoration of an optimum state of health by medical, physical, psychological, social and his significant others.
Relapse - Recurrence of alcohol or drug dependent behavior in an individual who has previously achieved and maintained abstinence for a significant time beyond
the period of detoxification.
Sedatives - Drugs of the barbiturate family that depress the central nervous system into a sleep-like condition.
Sell - Means the act of giving a dangerous drug, whether for money or any other material consideration.
Shabu (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride) - Popularly known as “poor man’s cocaine”. It is a Japanese form of drug abuse. It is amphetamine type of stimulant that
was originally known as “Kakuseizai”. “Kakusei” is the Japanese word for waking and “Zai’ the term for drugs. The stimulant started in Japan immediately after the end
of the Pacific War and brought into the Philippines by Japanese tourists.
Slight Inebriation – Degree of intoxication where there is a reddening of the face. There is no sign of mental impairment and difficulty of speech.
Speed Freak - Amphetamines taken orally can be used in excess with unfortunate results; but enormous quantities of oral amphetamines were consumed in the
United States during the 1940s and 1950s with apparently little misuse.
Steroid Anabolic - Drugs used by athletes and body builders to gain muscle bulk and strength.
GLOSSARY 37816 17
Stimulants - Chemical substance that generally speed up central nervous system function, resulting in alertness and excitability. (“uppers”, ”speed”, “pep pills”) are
synthetic drugs that stimulate action in the central nervous system. It increases respiratory and heart rate dilates the pupils and decreases one’s appetite.
Substance Abuse - Using drugs or alcohol in such a way as to cause physical harm to the user.
Tetra-Hydro-Cannabinol – It is the psychoactive agent of Marijuana. The more THC present in marijuana, the more potent is the drug. It is also known as the
“sinister element” in marijuana. This is what causes the “high”, “lift” or “trip” in marijuana users. The Delta 9, THC or Tetrahydrocannabinol is the component
responsible for the adverse physical and mental effect as well as alteration in the nervous system of the user.
Thebaine - One of the minor components of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine.
Tolerance - The physiological adaptation to the effect of drugs so as to diminish the effects with constant dosages or to maintain the intensity and duration of effects
through increased dosage.
Totalizer – refers to a machine for registering and indicating the number and nature of bets made in horse races.
Toxic Reaction - The effect of a toxic or poisonous reaction due to overdose accompanies the use of any drug.
Trading - Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but
not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such
transactions whether for money or any other consideration.
Tranquilizers - Relieves uncomfortable emotional feelings by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.
Treatment - The application of planned procedures to identify and change patterns of behavior that are mal-adoptive, destructive, health injuring or to restore
appropriate levels of physical, psychological or social functioning.
Tupada – An illegal cockfighting conducted on a day or at a cockpit not permitted by law.
Use - Refers to the act of injecting intravenously or intramuscularly or of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise
introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the dangerous drugs.
Very Drunk – Degree of intoxication where the mind is confused and disoriented.
Wager – It is the bet or consideration placed on gambling games.
Werniche’s Syndrome - Related to thiamine (part of the vitamin B complex) deficiency, is characterized by total be wilderment and disorientation, paralysis of the
motor nerves of the eye, rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, loss of muscular coordination, and diseases of the peripheral nerves.
Whores / Knockers – Term often used for all types of prostitutes.
White Slavery – The procurement and transportation of women across state line for immoral purposes.
Withdrawal – Cessation of drug or alcohol use by an individual in whom dependence is established.
Withdrawal Symptoms - the onset of a predictable constellation of signs and symptoms involving altered activity of the central nervous system after the abrupt
discontinuation of the intake of an addictive substance.
18 GLOSARRY 37816
POLICE INVESTIGATIVE REPORT WRITING
Abstract - A short summary of a long article using the words of the original article. In many instances, the summary is written in the words of writer, such the
abstractor may not use the words of the original.
Accuracy - The report should give exact information for the reader to act correctly and justifiably. It should not confuse the reader by using vague words and general
statements.
Action Form – A type of correspondence to which offices and personnel subscribe to.
Action Report - Report on the work or deed taken on a special assignment given.
Addressee – The authorized recipient of a written communication, usually authorized abbreviation are used to indicate the commanding officer, or head of an office or
unit by his tile and rank.
Adjective – Are words which describe a noun or pronoun.
Adverb – Refers to words used to depict a verb, adjective or another adverb.
Antonym – Words with opposite meaning.
After Patrol Report – Also known as beat inspection report.
Arrest Report – Used to document the events that transpired in criminal apprehension.
Article Report - This is a report that uses the format of a magazine article. The report in the magazine or newspaper is usually an innovative project, plan, and
system, operation of PNP whose purpose is to inform the public of their progress, new tactics, inventions, and discoveries.
Article - It presents brief summary of the article, the content of the article, its valves, relevance to human experience and society.
Attention Line - Name of the Person or Office or Officer who needs to attend to the communication.
Audience – Refers to the reader of the report, in writing reports you have to consider the reader of your report. The reader performs actions after receiving the
information in your report.
Bibliography - Is a collection of sources information arranged alphabetically by the author of the book place in the end of principle.
Body - The body should be short simple and concise.
Brevity - Short, brief, simple, sentences no vague words no seemingly verbs that give other meanings.
Circular - Inter-office communication dealing with official matters. Interpreted in the simplest way and message is boiled down to the fewest word possible.
Clearance Report – Details used to document the disposition of a criminal case.
Crime Report – Also known as “face sheets”, it is a report which includes the result of the preliminary investigation, suspect’s identity, description, modus operandi,
evidence collected and injuries to the victim.
Complaint Letter - This is a communication written to express dissatisfaction with goods, services or communications received by the persons concerned.
Complimentary Close – A flattering remark, commonly used phrase are: Sincerely yours, truly yours, respectfully yours.
Copy Furnished Notation - Name of office to which a copy of the letter is sent for information.
Daily Activity Report – It typically includes the location of the activity, amount of time spent, and the names of the person’s involved and brief disposition.
Diction – Refers to manner of speaking, enunciation and proper choice of words.
Double Report Form - A report written both in technical English and English for the layman is called double report Form.
Efficiency - A report must be used for what it is intended. It must not contain other subject matter to warrant its valve for another project. You have to make a
separate report for another subject.
Examination Report - A specific examination report on a specific problem, project, system or operation. It is one that presents information used as a basis for action.
Extracts - These are the exact reproduction of the original article and may be used as part of tour long article or report. Extract usually strengthen your point of
discussions making it factual and authentic.
Evidence Report – Detailed account of the collection and preservation of evidence obtained at the crime scene. Indicating among others quantity, quality of the
evidences and the chain of custody.
Feasibility Study - This is much longer and more detailed report than a proposal. It argues on a certain advantage or viability, applicability, or operation.
Field Work - In the field, the writer collects information and describes them carefully. His may be a careful analysis of the problem, a crime, an accident, a system, or
operation.
File Number – It is the file reference.
Footnote - Author, title of the book, page etc.
Form Report Style - This kind of report is done by the writer by just filling up the, the information asked for by the form. This is the easiest way and the routine job
done in the office. This may be called inside report.
Formal Report – It usually contains the following: Introduction, body, summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Functional - The report must be used either now or in the future. A report without use today or sometime later is a useless report. It does not value at all.
Gathering Facts - Refers to the first basic step in writing police report.
General Circulars – It contains administrative instructions which are advisory, directory or informative in nature, general in application and permanent in duration and
requires compliance by or observance from or information of the employees and the general public.
GLOSSARY 37816 19
Grammar – Refers to the forms of words and their arrangement in sentences, a system of rules in writing and speaking a language.
Homonym – Refers to words with similar sounds but with different spelling and meaning.
Identifying Initials - Capital Letters of the letter sender, small letter of the one who encoded or typed the letter.
Incident Report – Accounts and details of events not amounting to a crime.
Informative - A report must give new information about the subject. It must give additional knowledge to what you already know.
Instruction Report - Report on what or how to take action on a mission taken.
Introductory Paragraph – Readily informs the reader the nature of police report and its subject.
Letterhead - Refers to the name, address, of a firm or person printed as a heading on a sheet of paper.
Letter Directives – It contains routine instructions, its effectivity is usually two years unless sooner rescinded or superceded.
Letter Orders – Refers to instructions sent in the form of a correspondence to the person concerned.
Linking Verb – Verbs that connect the subjective compliment to the simple subject.
Linking Words – Words that join the idea of a previous paragraph to another.
Memorandum Circular – This issuance deals with subjects such as explanation or classifications of certain rules/regulations which are complied with or executed by
subordinates.
Noun – Refers to those group of words that indicates or names a person, object, place, thing or action.
Office Circulars – This administrative issuance informs the majority of a particular directorate or office only and not intended for those personnel in the field.
Office Orders – They refer to internal instructions which are regulatory in nature, mandatory in character and it calls for definite compliance by the personnel.
Police Report – An accurate narration of facts discovered in the course of an investigation which serves as a permanent written record for present and future
reference.
Police Sentence – A grammatically structured sentence with a subject and a predicate with a distinctive use of police words, phrases and terminologies.
Pronoun – Refers to words which are used in place of a noun.
Progress Report – It may be in a form of an accomplishment report, this is simply a follow up version of the initial report.
Punctuation – Little customary marks that determines whether a sentence is clear or has a doubtful meaning.
Situation Report – This is done on a need basis, to determine the actual condition of a particular incident which can be of public interest.
Special Order – A directive affecting the status of individuals, such as appointment, promotion, transfer, relief from duty, leave of absence or separation.
Spot Report – Also known as a special report, this is done within twenty four hours after an important incident in a particular area of responsibility.
Standing Operating Procedures – A set of instructions pertaining the course of action to be followed on a routinary basis.
Subject Verb Agreement – Refers to the grammatical relationship of words with respect to their person, number, gender or case.
Synonym – Words with similar meanings but with different spelling and sound.
Topic Sentence – The main subject of the paragraph, usually found in the beginning of the first sentence.
Verb – That part of speech which expresses an action, state or condition or processes.
Vocabulary – Refers to all the words used by a particular person, a glossary.
20 GLOSARRY 37816

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CRIME DETECTION, INVESTIGATION & PREVENTION 2015

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION

Arson - Is defined as the malicious destruction of the property by fire.

Interview – Refers to the questioning of a cooperative subject, usually witnesses to a crime.

Legend – The explanation of symbols used to identify objects in a sketch.

Search of a Person - Is conducted to discover weapons, or evidence to determine identity.

Seizure - Is the taking into custody property which is found by searching.

Shadowing – Also referred to as tailing, it is the act of following a person.

ATV – All Terrain Vehicles

AUV – Asian Utility Vehicle

Bus – A large motor vehicle designed to transport passengers.

Crosswalk – Refers to a pedestrian lane

Curb – It is a concrete edge bordering the sidewalk.

Deceleration – Negative acceleration or rate of slowing down of a vehicle.

Diverging – Departure of vehicles from one stream or flow to another.

Encroachment – Movement into the path assigned to another unit.

Head on Collision – It is a frontal impact and overlap between two vehicles.

Humps – Concrete protrusions on a street or road intended to slow down traffic.

Impact – The striking of anybody against another.

Impression – An imprint of a tire or shoe pattern in soft material.

Induced Damage – Impairment to a vehicle other than contact dent.

Lane – Series of parallel marked section of a street or road.

Maximum Engagement – The greatest overlap or collapse in a collision.

Merge – Act of combining another lane or forming one lane.

Modifier – A circumstance that changes or alters an attribute temporarily or permanently.

Momentum – A sector of quantity obtained by weight or mass multiplied by speed or velocity.

Overpass – Refers to a roadway passing through another roadway.

Reaction Time – The time from perception to reaction.

Right of Way – The right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or pedestrian.

Road Side – Portion of a street which is not occupied by a road or sidewalk.

Sidewalk – Portion of the highway designed primarily for pedestrian travel.

Stop – To halt, zero forward or backward speed.

Stopping – Coming to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation.

Traffic System – Consists of the entire road and vehicle complex.

Traffic Unit – Refers to an element of traffic, either a driver, pedestrian, passenger.

Tricycle – Refers to any mode of transportation or conveyance with three wheels.

Violation – Any act or deed which is contrary to law.

Volume – The number of vehicles passing a point during a specific time.

Arson – Refers to the malicious and willful destruction of property by fire.

Cellulose – The component of wood that is pyrolized.

Combustion - Is the rapid oxidation of substances accompanied by heat and light.

Conduction – Heat transfer by direct contact from one body to another.

Fire Pump - Is a mechanical contrivance used for supplying water.

Flame Front - The outermost edge or surface of the flame.

Free Radicals – Refers to gases liberated by heat.

Heat of Fusion – The amount of heat necessary to convert solid to liquid.

Industrial Gases – Refers to gases used for manufacturing processes.

Oxidation – Union of a substance with oxygen as in burning and rusting.

Plant – Refers to the preparation and gathering of materials to start a fire.

Pyra – Origin of the word fire which means glowing ember.

Pyrolisis – The chemical process whereby fires consumes most solids.

Static Electricity – Refers to electrical energy at rest or in equilibrium.

Trailer – A devise used to spread the fire throughout the structure.

Turbulent Flame – Incandescent gasses having unsteady and irregular swirls.

White Smoke - Indicates the presence of phosphorous in a particular fire incident.

Anorectic - Drug that tends to curb the appetite.

Antidotes – Refers to a mechanical, chemical agents which neutralize a poison.

Antipyretic - Drug that reduces fever.

Bankroll Man – Gambler’s slang to denote a person who wins.

Board - Refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board.

Brothel - Refers to a house of prostitution.

Conductor – A person who manages or carries the gambling game.

Door Knocker – This is the occasional or selective type of prostitute.