UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Behavior is defined as an organism's responses to stimulation or environment. If one would like to

understand the study of human behavior, it is just fitting and proper to discuss its basic types, kinds and
aspects.

Two Basic Types of Behavior (IL)

1.Inherited

This refers to any behavioral response or

reflex exhibited by people due to their genetic

endowment or the process of natural selection.This is otherwise known as innate behavior.

2. Learned

This invoves cognitive adaptation that

enhances the human being's ability to cope with changes in the environment and to manipulate the
environment in ways, which improve the chances for survival. It is also called as operant behavior.

Kinds of Behavior (CORVS)

it is necessary to know the several kinds of

behavior because this will serve as the basis on what approach to be used to property handle the
behavior of the person particularly the perpetrator As cited by Alicia Kahayon, behavior may be.

Conscious or Unconscious

When the person is aware of his actions, this

classified as Conscious Behavior On the contrary, if the acts are embedded in one's sub consciousness, it
is unconscious or unaware

Overt or Covert

Overt Behavior is directly observable while Covert Behavior is not visible to the naked eye. The former is
outwardly manifested while the latter is hidden

Rational or Irrational
The action is Rational when it is done with sanity while the Irrational Behavior is done without knowing
the nature and consequences of the action

Voluntary or Involuntary

Voluntary Behavior is an act done willingly while the Involuntary refers to the body activities and
processes that we cannot stop even we are sleeping like breathing Circulation of the blood and
metabolism.

Simple or Complex

These are the activities classified based on the number of neurons involved. If there is less neuron used
in a certain act, this is categorized as Simple Behavior. On the other hand, if there is more number of
neuron used, it is Complex Behavior

Aspects of Behavior (ISEP- PMA)

1. Intellectual

This refers to the mental processes Such as decision making, reasoning and solving problems

2. Social

This refers to our interaction and relationship with other people

3. Emotional

This is concern with our feelings, moods and temper

4. Psychosexual

This is concern to our state of being whether man or woman because it is referring to our expression of
love to another person irrespective of sex

5. Political

This aspect of behavior involves our ideology towards Governnent

6. Moral
This pertains to our conscience whether the action is good or bad.

7. Attitude/Value

This aspect of behavior pertains to our likes and dislike or our interest towards something

In the same token, one of the most interesting

topics under the study of behavior is human behavior which refers to the voluntary or involuntary
attitude a person adopts to fit society's idea of right or wrong. It is partly determined by heredity and
environment, and modified through learning. It is also the way human beings act

Types of Human Behavior (IHCS)

The following are the four (4) types of human

behavior.

1. Instinctive

This type of behavior is unlearned, since

the person's action is dictated by his instinct. Like for instance, the child puts to his mouth anything that
he holds or touches because it is dictated by his instinct, which is basically based on the principle of
pleasure

2. Habitual

This type of behavior deals with the

person's motor, emotional and language that is regularly repeated and tends to occur subconsciously.
Example is drinking every

morning your "lasang caramel na kape, yummy

3. Complex

This type of behavior is characterized by

two or more habitual behavior occur in one situation like driving while singing or reading while listening
to your favorite song "A Very Special Love".

4. Symbolic
This type of behavior happens when a person uses signs as substitutes for words to describe a particular
thing or event. A traffic enforcer uses his hands and other body parts to signal the motorists whether to
stop, get ready or go in the absence of traffic light signals.

Characteristics of Human Behavior (LEA)

1. Primarily native or Learned (DIL)

Drives-The drives theory states that a driving force originates from a natural need, like thirst.

instinct-The instinct theory posits that all thinking and behavior are the result of instinct. It also refers to
an innate biological force which commands an individual to behave in a particular way

Learning- a relatively permanent change in

behavior that occurs as a result of prior experience.

2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need

3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious, motor

or international.

Attributes of Human Behavior (E - D-IQ)

1. Extensity- It focuses in size, distance and location.

2. Duration- It deals with the function of time.

3. Intensity- It centers on terms of magnitude.

4. Quantity-  It is concerned with normal and abnormal traits

Factors that Influence Human Behavior (HEL)

1. Heredity

Genes are segments of cell structures

called chromosomes by which parents pass On traits to their offspring: genes are composed of chemical
substances that give the offspring a tendency toward certain physical and behaviora qualities.

2. Environment

It consists of the condition and factors that

surround and influence an individual.

3. Learning

This is the process by which behavior

changes because of experience or practice.

People Interaction and Transaction Causes of Human Behavior (SPA)

Human behavior takes place through any of the following three (3) causes

1. Sensation (VAGOC)

It relates to the feeling of impression or stimulus.

This is categorized into five, to wit:

a. Visual- It refers to the sense of sight.

b. Auditory- It refers to the sense of hearing

c. Gustatory- it refers to the sense of taste.

d. Olfactony- It refers to the sense of smell.

e. Cutaneous- it reters to the sense of touch.

2. Perception

It deals with the person's knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual
behavioral response in a given situation.

3. Awareness

It is concerned with psychological activity based on the interpretation and experience of object or
stimulus.
Ways on How People Interact (CAP)

People interact by means of any of the following three (3) psychological positions or behavioral patterns
called egostates:

1. Child Ego State

Characteristics: (RED SID)

Rebellious

Emotional

Dependent

Selfish

Impatient, and

Demanding

2. Adult Ego State

Characteristics: (RFC WF)

Reasons

Factual,

Co equal

Worthy, and

Fiexible

3. Parent Ego State

Charactenstics: (PlERR)

Protective;

Idealistic;

Evaluative;

Righteous; and

Refer to laws, rules and standards.

How People Transact? (C -NC)

People transact with one another depending on the stimulus and response patterns whether it is parallel
or not

Below are its two (2) types

1.Complimentary

  This happens when the stimulus and response patterns from one ego state to another are parallel.

2.Non -Complimentary

  It is characterized when the stimulus and response patterns from one ego state to another are not
parallel.

The study of social interactions of people to provide better understanding of how people relate to each
other so that they may improve communication and human

relationship is known as Transactional Analysis.

Defense Mechanism (CAW)

When a person is threatened by severe emotional injury arising from frustration, he resorts to
unconscious psychological processes, which serve as a psychological equilibrium. This self - deceiving
emotional conflict and anxiety is known as defense mechanism, which is categorized into the following

1. Compromise Reaction (C - SIS)

a. Compensation

   It is a process of balancing inferiority by doing well in another activity, one thinks he could succeed.

b. Substitution

  It is a process of replacing an a unattainable or unacceptable goal by one that is attainable or

acceptable.

c. Isolation

It is a process of avoiding conflict

d. Sublimation

it is a process of changing unacceptable impulses or needs into socialy and culturally acceptable
channels or means.

2. Withdrawal (DR- FNR)

It is a form of physical flight

a. Depression

it is a process of excluding memories causing

pain

2. Regression

It is a process of going back to a pattern of

behaving which was proper to an earlier stage of development.

C. Fantasy

It is also known as daydreaming. It is a

process of imagining sequence of events or mental images that serves to express unconscious conflicts,
to gratify unconscious wishes or to prepare for an anticipated future event.

d. Nomadism

It is a process of travelling, migrating or

loitering as a form of withdrawal from the present problem or sad reality of life.

e. Reaction Formation

It is a process of doing the opposite of that we do not want to recognize. It is shown, when an individual
is motivated to act in a certairn way, but behaves in the opposite way, and be able to keep his urges and
impulses under control.

3. Aggressive reaction (SPD)

a.Suicide
It is a process of destroying oneself.

b. Displacement

It is a process of directing anger to something

other than the one he is somewhat angry at.

c. Projection

It is a process of blaming others for one's own

mistake.

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction to Criminal Psychology

Basically, psychology is a branch of knowledge regarding human behavior. The person who is expert in
this field is called as psychologist who uses diferent methods and techniques of science in order to
investigate behavior and mental processes.

Psychologists in the early part of the history got interested in the study of crimes and criminals which
gave way for the birth of another branch of study, a sub field of psychology known as Criminal
Psychology. It is defined as the study of criminal activities, behavior and conduct in an attempt to
discover intermittent patterns and to create set of laws about his behavior.

In other references, criminal psychology studies criminal behavior, its nature and causes. Criminal
behavior refers to actions that are against the laws of the state and are accorded punishment. However,
whether a behavior is deemed a crime, and how severely it is condemned, varies from culture to culture
and depends on time, place, circurmstances, political system, economic and social conditions, and the
prevailing moral climate.These Considerations make it difficult to define what really Constitutes a
criminal act.

Psychoanalytical Theory of Human Personality (IES)

According to the Father of Psychoanalysis,

Sigmund Freud, the existence of crimes can be explained by the conflict of the three parts of human
psycho personality the ld, Ego and Superego most particularly the ld and Superego.
What is ld?

It refers to the unconscious Instinctual Drive of a person which is based on the Principle of Pleasure. It
contains all the urges and impulses including libido because the satisfaction of it gives enjoyment to the
person. Anything which feels good wants to experience and nothing else.

What is Ego?

It is the only part of the conscious personality that is dominated by the Principle of Reality. It tries to
mediate the demands of the ld and prohibition of the superego

  Ego comprises that organized part of the personality structure which includes defensive, perceptual
intellectual-cognitive, and executive functions. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all
of the operations of the ego are conscious. The ego separates what is real. It helps us to organize our
thoughts and make

sense of them and the world around us

What is Superego?

It is the conscience of man which is the unconscious part of our personality. It may be represented by
the voice of God, commandment of the community or self

goodwill and sense of right and wrong.

In order to be normal, the three components, Id, Ego and Superego must be balanced otherwise, there
will be disharmony that will cause the person to become neurotic

and will lead him to become violent and commit crimes.

Personality and Criminal Behavior

Is there a criminal personality? Researchers have shown varied and contradictory findings as to whether
or not be distinctive personality pattern of the criminal or personality traits are considered causative
factors of criminal behavior. The following research findings however are worth considering:

•Studies on personality structures of criminals and non-criminals (prison inmates) show that inmates are
typically more impulsive, hostile, self-centere and immature than non-criminals.

•Studies comparing the personality traits of the social criminals (those who act in concert with others)
and the solitary criminals found out that the social criminals tend to be more sociable, affiliative,
outgoing, and self confident than the solitary criminals.
•Criminals are angry people who feel a sense of superiority, expect not to be held accountable for their
acts and have highly inflated self image. Any perceived attack on their glorified self-image elicits a strong
reaction, often a violent one.

•Researchers on personality profiles of criminals revealed that they are significantly similar in traits such
as deficient self-control, in tolerance, and lack of responsibility.

A personality disorder that is significantly linked to ciminality is the antisocial personalty otherwise
known as  psychopathy or sociopathy. This is a personality charactorized by the inability to learn from
experience, lack of warmth, and absence of guilt. People with this kind of personality disorder live a life
of crime, violence, and delinquency. These individuals regularly violate the rights of others and show no
remorse when haming someone.

Psychopaths are seriously ill even if they do not appear to be one. They seem to have excellent mental
health, but what is seen is only a "mask of sanity" initially, they appear to be reliable and honest but
after sometimes, it will become clear that they have no sense of responsibility whatsoever. They show a
disregard for truth, are insincere, and feel no sense of shame, guilt or humiliation. Psychopaths also
cheat without hesitation and engage in verbal and physical abuse without any thought. (Adler, F 1998)

Intelligence and Criminality

The question on whether or not intelligence (IQ)and ciminality are significantly related has also been the
focus of several researchers and a subject of debates. Findings of researchers vary resulting to different
opinions about the matter.

Early researchers found out a good majority of criminals tested for intelligence were shown to have a
low IQ. However, other reasoned out that social and environmental factors caused delinquency and not
IQ. Recent investigations on the matter have revealed the following findings:

•The effect of low IQ on delinquent behavior is more significant than father's education. A strong
relationship exists between low IQ and delinquency independent of social class. IQ is more closely
related to delinquency than in

social class (Adler, 1998)

  The result of other researchers however rejected the findings. With children studied from birth to age
17, the researchers failed to confirm a direct relationship between

IQ and delinquency.

  The conflicting findings of researchers and different opinions of experts simply that the debate on the
matter will still continue for a long long time.
Abnormal Behavior

It is a term that refers to behavior that is socially unacceptable. Many different psychological
perspectives can be used to determine the causes for abnormal behavior. The medical perspective has a
view that the causes of abnormal behavior are due to diseases, including mental illnesses. The behioral
perspective believes that the causes of abnommal behavior are due to a person not learning or being
conditioned to know how to behave. The psychodynamic perspective, cognitive perspective, and social-
cultural perspective are also used to explain why a

person acts abnormally. (www.medicinenet.com)

Causes of Abnormal Behavior

According to Psyc - INFO Database Record 2012, the causes of abnormal behavior are complex, and it is
not always possible to isolate and evaluate the multiple factors involved. Some of the difficulties are
listed below.

1. There are many varieties of mental deficiencies, psychoneuroses, psychoses, and antisocial
personalities, and each variety tends to have an independent etiology. It is not a question of what is the
cause of mental deficiency ,psychoneurosis, psychosis, and antisocial behavior, but rather what is the
cause of each specific clinical type included under these general headings.

2. Psychological disorders are usually due to the interaction of two or more agents. It is frequently
difficult to ascertain the relative importance of each contributory factor in almost all forms of hereditary
diseases, some account must be taken of environmental influences, and the inherent resistance level of
the organism is a complicating factor in all diseases of physiochemical or environmental origin.

3. The same symptom patterns may arise from a variety of different causes. Even when it is known that
certain factors are responsible for a specific type of psychoiogical disorder, it does not follow that these
factors are always present in the same degree in all patients exhibiting similar symptoms.

4. The symptoms of the abnomal are not always tailored to fit standard disease entities. Often it is
difficult to arrive at a definite diagnosis, and errors are quite common.These errors naturally complicate
the task of evaluating the causes of specific diseases. The contributions of heredity, constitution, the
endocrine glands, the nervous system, and psychological, social and cultural factors to psychopathology
are described.

Personality (PEPSI)

It refers to the totality of a person. It is composed of the following aspects

1.Physical;.

2. Emotional;

3. Psychological;
4.Social and Spiritual; and

5. Intellectual

Classification of Personality Disorders (CPP- H)

  Personality disorder refers to aberration in the development process leading to maladaptive behavior.
The following are its classifications:

a. Compulsive

It is an excessive concern in conforming with the rules and regulations

b. Passive - aggressive

It is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent ways.

c. Paranoid

It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy,

hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance

d. Hysteria

It is characterized by strong and an uncontrolled behavior of a person.

Classification of Neurotic Disorders (COP

1. Conversion neurosis

It refers to an emotional distress, which is

converted into physical symptoms associated with all parts of the body.

2.Obsessive-compulsive

It is characterized by actions that are repeated for unexplained reasons.

3. Phobia

It is a morbid fear of particular object or situation.

Schizophrenia
It is a mental disorder, often characterized by delusions and hallucinations and loss of contact with
reality. It is derived from the Greek term schidzein (split) and phren(mind).

Kinds of Schizophrenia (SPH)

Below are the three (3) kinds of schizophrenia.

1. Simple schizophrenia

It is characterized by gradual deterioration of

intellectual function emotional disturbances and depression without delusions and hallucinations.

2.Paranoid schizophrenia

It is characterized by delusion of persecution or grandeur, hallucination, usually auditory is sometimes

present.

3. Hebephrenic

It is a severe disintegration of personality,

inappropriate giggling and smiling and use of bizarre language.

Personality Dimensions that affect Human Behavior (PEN)

1.Psychoticism

It is characterized by cold, cruelty, social

insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others, and attraction toward the
unusual.

2. Extraversion

It dictates conditionability and is therefore

the principal factor in anti- social behavior.

3. Neurotism

This reflects an innate biological predisposition to react physiologically to stressful or upsetting events;
this represents emotionality.

is defined into three (3) different points of view, such as sociological, medicine and law. (SML)

Sociologically, this is the persistent inability to

adapt oneself to the ordinary environment. It is the individual's loss of power to regulate his actions and
conduct according to the rules of society.

Medically, this is the prolonged departure of the individual from his natural mental state arising from
illness.

Legally, this covers nothing more than what a

person does and the particular act that is the subject of judicial investigation; this is synonymous with
insanity, lunacy, derangement, aberration, and alienation.

Several Types of Mental Disorders (3P)

1. Psychoneurosis

A person may have no physical difficulty,

but may experience lack of sleep and loss of appetite, and becomes emotionally unhealthy obsessions,
fears, or phobias are  its

characteristics; hysteria belongs to this type and manifests itself because of anxiety.

2. Psychosis

It refers to a serious mental and emotional

disorder that is a manifestation of withdrawal from reality; examples are encephalitis, intoxication,
cerebral, arteriosclerosis, senile brain disease, mania, dementia praecox, or split personality.

3. Psychosomatic IlIness

It implies an interrelationship of mind,

body, and desire; includes colds, asthma, ulcers,allergy, colitis, eczema, arthritis, and disorders of the
circulatory system, obesity, and sterility

Some Manifestations of Mental Disorders (VEC)

Volition Disorders- Conation

Kinds (IC)

a. Impulsion

It is the sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to the conscious performance of some action
without motive or forethought.
b. Compulsion

It is an act against his freewill and with duress because of the external factors

2. Emotional Disorders- Feeling

Kinds (E - PAD)

a. Exaltation

It is the feeling of unwarranted well

being and happiness,

b. Phobia

It is the excessive, irrational and

the uncontrollable fear of perfectly natural situation or object.

c. Apathy

It is the serious disregard for the

surrounding and the ènvironment.

d. Depression

It is the feeling of miserable thought,that a

calamitous incident occurred in his life, someting has gone wrong with his bodily functions and prefers
to be quiet and in seclusion

3. Cognition Disorder- Knowing (CP TM)

1) Content of Thought Disorder

Kinds: (D0)

a. Delusion

It is a false or erroneous belief in

something which is not a fact.

b. Obsession
It refers to thoughts and impulses

which continually occur in the person's mind despite attempts to keep them out; a condition of the mind
bordering on sanity and insanity; sometimes associated with some sort of fear and usually occurs in
persons suffering from nervous exhaustion.

2) Perception Disorders

Kinds: (HI)

a. Hallucination

It is an eroneous perception

without an exterrnal object of stimułus.

b.illusion

It is a false interpretation of an extenal stimulus; may be manifested through sight, hearing, taste, touch,
and

smell.

3) Trend of Thought Disorders

Kinds: (MM)

a. Mania

It is a state of excitement

accompanied by exaltation or a feeling of well-being which is out of harmony with the surrounding
circumstances of the patient

b. Melancholia

It refers to an intense feeling of which

depression misery and unwarranted by his physical condition and external environment.

4) Memory Disorders

Kinds: (DA)

a. Dementia

It is a form of mental disorder

resulting from the degeneration or disorder of the brain characterized by general mental weakness,
forgetfulness, loss of coherence and total inability to reason but not accompanied by delusion or
uncontrollable
impulse.

b. Amnesia

It refers to the loss of memory. There are two kinds: anterograde amnesia, loss of memory of recent
events; and retrograde amnesia, loss of memory of past events and observed in traumas of the head

Psychosis

Psychosis is a common psychiatric term for an abnormal sign or symptom that affects the mind, causing
people to change the way they think, feel, perceive things, and behave. When a person suffers from
psychosis they are  not able to tell the difference between reality and what is in their imagination -- a
loss of contact with reality.

Specialist say psychosis is a symptom which is detected in several different mental illnesses, including
Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression, Delusional Disorder, Brief Psychotic Disorder, . Schizonphrenia, and
Schizoaffective Disorder. Psychosis may also be the result of some physical illnesses, such as Parkinson's
disease, or the effects of taking illegal drugs or abusing alcohol. Psychosis is a symptom, and not a
condition in itself. It is a symptom of other conditions, often the more severe forms of psychiatric
disorders. The sufferer may experience hallucinations, delusions and impaired insight.

Kinds of Hallucinations (TV LAGOHHK)

1. Tactile hallucinations

  it affects the patient‘s sense of touch. He may feel that something is crawling under his skin.

2. Visual hallucinations

It is seeing things that are not real.

3. Lilliputian hallucinations

When things, people or animals appear to be smaller than they really are.

4. Auditory hallucinations

it is known as paracusia or paracusis. The patient may hear angry, unpleasant or sarcastic voices.

5. Gustatory hallucinations

It involves sense of taste. Some psychosis patients say they have an unpleasant taste in their mouths.

6. Olfactory hallucinations

It is when the patient smells things that are not there.

7. Hypnagogic hallucinations

It is dreamlike hallucinations, very vivid ones, at the onset of sleep.

8. Hypnopompic hallucinations

It is during awakening, also vivid and dreamlike.

9. Kinesthetic hallucinations It involves the sense of bodily movements.

Causes of psychosis

1. General medical condition

2. Substance (alcohol or drugs).

3. Mental (psychological) condition,

Psychological causes of psychosis (BS BP) 1. Being bullied

2. Schizophrenia

3. Bipolar disorder.

4. Psychotic depression

SEXUAL DEVIANCY

Sexual deviance refers to unusual sexual behaviors generally defined in moral, medical or legal terms.
The term has always been a contested category as regards its meaning. In the ancient texts, pictures and
sculptures all over the world like the comprehensive textbook for sex “Kamasutra”, and explicit sexual
postures carved in stone in “Khajuraho” temple in india prove that fresh insights emerging from modern
research on sex were already common knowledge in very ancient and medieval cultures in many parts
of the world. With a process of socialization whereby society dictates behavioral expectations to people
and mostly due to moral and religious mores, normal sex, came to be understood as penile vaginal
intercourse probably because of the procreation clause attached to it.

Normal Sexuality

The biggest cause of suffering in relation to human sexuality is the commonly held idea that there is a
'normal' form of sexuality, and that this is in some way more acceptable, natural or good than other
forms.
This 'normal' sexuality looks like differ over time and in different cultures and communities. For
example, sex between men was expected in Ancient Greece and still is in many countries in the world, at
the same time as being regarded as a criminal act and then as a psychological disorder up until the
1950s and the 1970s in the UK. Similarly, solo sex (or masturbation) been regarded as a mundane
activity, a sin, a cause of illness, and the height of sexual pleasure, in different times and places.

The problem with having an idea of ‘normal‘ sexuality is that those who fit into the norm become very
scared of stepping outside it (and this may well lead to sexual problems). Think about the teenage girl
trying to decide when to have sex so as not to be seen as too tight or too easy. Those who are already
outside the perceived 'norm' are often treated as second class citizens, given fewer rights, and may even
be seen as sick or criminal. Consider the treatment of those who enjoy kinky sex.

When educating others about sex it is very important not to implicitly reinforce the importance of
'normal' sexuality. This can be completed through using diverse examples of sexual identities, desires
and practices throughout, and by reflecting on the problems with the idea of normal mentioned. It can
be useful to encourage a conversation about which forms of sexuality are currently seen as most ideal,
which less so, and what that is like for those involved. The heterosexuality questionnaire and straight
privilege checklist are helpful tools for this, as are the ideas in Gayle Rubin's (1984) chapter Thinking Sex.

It has also been recommended that, instead of focusing on what kind of sexuality are normal or not
normal, we focus on the difference between coercive and mutually consensual sex. It is never
acceptable to engage in sex which is coercive (where somebody feels forced into it by another person's
power, or because they feel it is expected of them, or because they aren't able to refuse). Any sex which
mutually consented to by those involved is acceptable regardless of how unusual it may be in this
particular time and place communicating about sex. Being able to consent requires a good
understanding of sexual possibilities, awareness of what our own desires, and the confidence to

communicate these and to accept, refuse or negotiate others' suggestions Healthy Sex.

Deviant Sexual Behavior

   The following are the different deviant sexual behaviors which lead to sex crimes classified as to:

A. Choice of Partner (BIG PAN)

1. Bestiality

  It is a morbid propensity to have a sexual intercourse with animal such as dog, cat, gcat, horse or
carabao.

2. incest
It is a sexual relationship between people who cannot legally marry by reason of blood affiliation.

3. Gerontophilia

it refers to an erotic desire with the elder person.

4. Pedophilia

it is a compulsive sexual desire with a child.

5. Auto Sexual

  This is commonly known as masturbation self gratification or self abuse because this sexual activity is
carried out without the cooperation of anybody.

6. Necrophilia

It is a sexual perversion with a corpse or dead body.

B. Mode of Expression (A0)

1. Algolagnia (Sado-Masochism) (SM) Sexual gratification is attained through pain or  cruelty. There are
two sub classifications of Algolagnia, namely; the Sadism and Masochism.

a. Sadism

Sexual pleasure is achieved through the infliction of pain on the sexual partner.

b. Masochism

Sexual stimulation is obtained through the Infliction of pain to oneself.

2 Oralism (FAC)

The satisfaction is attained by the use of mouth or tounge. Below are the three sub Classification of
Oralism

a Fellatio

It Is the licking and sucking of the male sex organ (penis) which Initiates orgasm,
b, Anillingus

It is the licking of the anus of the sexual partner. This is also called as Anilism.

c. Cunnilingus

In the parlance of the Sexual Maniac, this is commonly called as “Brotchang Lababo, Silindro or Sisid
Marino, since the unexplainable sexual satisfaction is attained by licking the female genitalia.

C. Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

1. Pluralism

   This is caIled as Sexual Festival, since there are several participants on this sexual activity.

2. Triolism

  There are three participants on this sexual activity. It may be one man and two women or two men and
one woman.

D. Part of the Body (F PUS)

1. Frottage

It refers to the rubbing of sex organ to the body parts of the partner in order to achieve sexual
gratification.

2. PartiaIism

  This is the sexual libido on any of the part of the body of a sexual partner.

3. Uranism

Sexual happiness is attained through the licking of partner’s body, holding the breast and fingering the
genital organ.

4. Sodomy

  It is a sexual act characterized by the insertion or penetration of the penis or any object to the anus of
the sexual partner.

E. Sexual Reversal (FHT)

1 Fetishism

   By just looking at some body parts,  underwear or any objects associated with the partner. sexual
enjoyment is achieved.

2. Homosexuality

  For female relationship, this is known as Lesbianism or Tribadism wherein the sexual behavior is
directed towards the same sex. .

3. Transvetism

Sexual satisfaction is obtained by wearing the apparel underwear of the opposite sex.

F. Sexual Urge (SN)

1. Satyriasis

It refers to a strong sexual urge of a man to have sexual intercourse.

2. Nymphomania

It is an extreme sexual desire of a woman to have sexual intercourse.

G. Visual Stimulus (SV)

1. Scoptophilia

  This is a sexual behavior characterized by deliberately watching undress or nude people especially
during sexual activity.

2. Voyeurism

The sexual satisfaction is obtained through watching person doing something which might undress
herself in a private area like toilet or dressing room. The maniac is called as Peeping Tom who usually
masturbates white doing his sexual behavior.

H. Other Sexual Abnormalities (DEC)

1. Don Juanism

The man is commonly known as Womanizer or Babaero. It is the act of seducing women without
permanency of sexual partner.

2. Exhibitionism
It is the indecent exposure of sex organs to other.

3. Coprolalia

The sexual happiness and excitement is attained by using obscene language while having sexual
intercourse.

Labeling Theory

This theory had its origins in Suicide a book by French sociologist Emile Durkheim. He found that crime is
not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. He was the earliest to
suggest that deviant labeling satisfies that function and satisfies society's need to control the behavior.

This theory concerns itself mostly not with the normal roles that define our lives, but with those very
special roles that society provides for deviant behavior, called deviant roles, stigmatic roles, or social
stigma. A social role is a set of expectations we have about a behavior. Social roles are necessary for the
organization and functioning of

any society or group. We expect the postman, for example, to adhere to certain fixed rules about how
he does his job. "Deviance" for a sociologist does not mean morally wrong, but rather behavior that is
condemned by society. Deviant behavior can include both criminal and non-criminal activities.

Labeiing theory is concerned with how the self identity and behavior of individuals may be determined
or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of seif-
fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. This holds that deviance is not inherent to

an act. but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as
deviant from standard cultural norms.

The theory was prominent during the 1960s and 1970s, and some modified versions of the theory have
developed and are still currently popular, Unwanted descriptors or categorizations - including terms
related to deviance, disability or diagnosis of a mental disorder may be rejected on the basis that they
are merely "labels", often with attempts to adopt a more constructive language in its place. A stigma is
defined as a powerfully negative label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity.

Handling Deviant Sexual Behavior

  Sexual deviants almost never voluntarily search for therapeutic treatment for the simple reason that
they do not identify their condition as a typical sexual behavior. They meet a doctor only when an
unwilling partner or a victim decides to take legal action or when concerned family members who have
detected a paraphilic behavior refer and compel them to benefit from a mental health system. Also,
given the enormous pleasure sexually deviant people derive from their paraphilic behaviors they are
reluctant to change their compulsive behavior and hinder therapeutic treatments especially
psychotherapy and behavior therapies.

Psychotherapy

lt is a non-invasive handling where a client and the therapist (usually a psychiatrist or a trained social
worker) converse for a period of time each week to help the person overcome powerful urges that
dictate paraphilic behaviors. This method has not proved very efficient even in the case of cognitive
therapy where the therapist tries to change the mindset of the sexually deviant person. Cognitive
therapists try to change a person's maladaptive abnormal sexual behaviors by changing what he thinks
about these acts. The reason why these therapies meet with very little success is that, other than the
obsessive nature of deriving pleasure from such acts, the clients believe that the problems associated
with these sexual acts stem from society's intolerance of their variant sexual behaviors. (http; www.
introduction of deviant sexual behavior.com)

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

The word crisis came from the Greek word krises, which means “to separate”. Crisis refers to a turning
point in the progress of an affair or series of events. On the other hand. the word management came
from Italian maneggiare, which means "to handle.“ especially “to control a horse,“ and also from Latin
manus, which means 'hand.’ Management refers to the process of directing and controlling people and
things so that organizational objectives can be accomplished

Objectives of Crisis Management (ASAR) The following are its obiectives:

1. Accomplish the task within the framework of current community standards.

2. Safety of all participants.

3. Apprehension of all perpetrators. 4.Resolve crisis without further incident.

Types of Crisis (NM)

a) Natural

b) Man made

A. Natural Crises(MVCSPHUNT3FDET)

1. Marine/Air Disasters

2. Volcanic eruption
3. Conflagrations

4. Structural collapse

5. Pestilence/epidemic

6. Hazardous spills

7. Utilities failure (power, water, telephone)

8. Nuclear accidents

9. Tsunami (tidal wave)

10. Food scarcity/Famine

11. Fuel shortage

12. Floods

13. Drought

14. Earthquake

15. Typhoon

B. Man-Made Crises (BTWRC RAKHH)

1. Border Incident

2. Terrorism (E IBA)

a. Extortion

b. Intimidation

c. Bombing

d. Arson

3. War (CN)

a. Conventional

b. Nuclear

4. Revolt (I MC)

a. Insurrection

b. Mutiny
c. Coup d’ etat

5. Civil Disturbance (VRAD)

a. Violent labor strikes

b. Riots

c. Anarchy

d. Disorderly Mass Demonstrations

6.Revolution

7Attacks/raids on government installationsl facilities

8.Kidnapping

9. Hijacking (LAS)

a. Land

b. Air

c. Sea 10.

Hostage Taking

GENERAL TASKING

The PEACE AND ORDER COUNCIL/ NATIONAL PEACE AND ORDER COUNCIL is an agency of the Philippine
government under the Department of Interior Local Government (DILG) shall be the organizational body
that shall primarily act on the crisis situation that arises out of man-made emergencies.

AMENDING EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 309, S. 1987, ENTITLED "REORGANIZING THE PEACE AND ORDER
COUNCIL," AS AMENDED BY EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 317, S. 1988

Sec. 1. Section 1 of Executive Order No. 309 is further amended to read as follows: ”Sec. 1.
Reorganization of the Peace and Order Council. The Peace and Order Council is hereby reorganized on
the national, regional, provincial, city and municipal levels of government to be constituted as follows:

(a) The National Peace and Order Council (NPOC) shall be composed of the following:
•The Secretary of Local Government as Chairman

•The Secretary of National Defense as Vice Chairman;

•The Secretary of Justice;

•The Secretary of Social Welfare and Development;

•The Secretary of Public Works and Highways;

•The Secretary of Trade and Industry,

•The Press Secretary;

•The Director of the National Security Council;

•The Chairman of the National Peace Commission;

•The Director of the National Bureau of Investigation;

•The Chairman of the National Police

Commission;

•The Chairman of the Commission on

Human Rights;

•The Executive Director of the Dangerous

Drugs Board;
•The AFP Chief of Staff;

•The PNP Chief; and

Eight (8) representatives from the private sector who shall be appointed by the Chairman, representing
the academic, civic, religious, youth, labor, legal, business and media organizations

National Disaster and Risk Reduction Council (NDRRMC)

It is formerly called National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) was formed last October 19, 1970. It
is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of National Defense. responsible for
ensuring the protection and welfare of the people during disasters or ememencies.  Its national
headquarters is located in Camp Aguinaldo. EDSA cor. Boni Serrano. Quezon City.

In February 2010. the National Disaster

Coordinating Council (NDCC) was renamed, reorganized, and subsequently expanded. The followmg
composes the NDRRMC:

•Chairperson Secretary of Department of National Defense

•Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness Secretary of Interior and Local Government

•Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development

•Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Secretary of the Department of Science and
Technology

•Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery - Director-General of the National Economic
Development Authority

Members: (HE RCP LEG NDRRC AFP POLICE SAF-BJMP BSP E -T3)
•Secretary of the Department of Health •Chairman, Commission on Higher Education

•One (1) Representative from the Private Sector Four representatives from the CSOs

•President of the League of Provinces in the Philippines

•President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines

•Secretary of the Department of Education

•President,  Government Service Insurance System

•Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

•Chairman, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council

•Secretary-General of the Philippine Red Cross

•Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women

•President of the League of Cities in the Philippines

•Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines

•Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs

•Chief, Philippine National Police

•Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process

•Administrator of the 0CD

•Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment ‘

•President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation;

•Executive-Director of the Climate Change Office of the Climate Change Commission

•The Executive Secretary;

•The Press Secretary

•Secretary of the Department of Agriculture

•Secretary of the Department of Finance •Secretaty of the Department of Budget and Management

•Secretary of the Department of Justice

•President of the League of Municipalities in the Philippines

•Commissioner of the National Anti Poverty Commission - Victims of Disasters and Calamities  Sector

• President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay

• President, Social Security System

• Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways

•Secretary of the Department of Energy

•Secretary of the Department of Trade and

Industry

•Secretary of the Department of Transportation  and Communication  •Secretary of the Department of

Tourism

The 4P of Crisis Management Model      •Prediction

• Prevention

• Preparation

• Performance

Phases of Crisis Management (PR)

1. Pro Active Phase (3P) It is designed to predict or prevent the probability of occurrence of crises and at
the same time prepare to handle them when they occur

a. Prediction - It deals with foretelling the likelihood of crises occurring whether natural or man-made
through the continuous assessment of all possible threats and threat groups, as well as the analysis of
developing or reported events

and incidents.

b. Prevention It involves the institutions of passive and active security measures, as well as the remedy
or resolution of destabilizing factors and/or security flaws leading to such crises/emergencies.

c. Preparation - It entails planning, organization, training. and stockpiling of equipment and supplies
needed for such crises/emergencies.

2. Reactive Phase (IAP)

It is the actual execution or implementation of Contingency plan when a crisis situation occurs, which
includes the following Stages:

a. Initial Action

It includes monitoring the progress of the incident, securing the scene, protecting the unit, establishing
perimeter security, evacuating innocent civilians, if possible, and preventing the escape of the
perpetrators, until the designated security and tactical elements/units augment the unit as they arrive.

b. Action

It is consists of two distinct activities: negotiation and tactical action or interventions, which may take
place independently either simultaneously or in succession.

c. Post Action

It begins as soon as the perpetrators surrender, or when they are captured or neutralized and the crisis
situation is deemed cleared.

Hostage Negotiation and Recovery

Definition of terms: 

1. Hostage taker - person who holds other people as hostage

2. Hostage - person held as security for the hostage taker

3. Negotiator - person charged with establishing communication with the hostage taker(s) Negotiate to
arrange or settle by conferring or discussion

Priorities in Hostage Situation (LAP)

1. Preservation of everyone’s Life; the hostage, hostage taker and the public;

2. Arrest hostage taker, and

3. Recover and protect Property.

Principles of Hostage Negotiation and Recovery

1. The hostage has no value to the taker. His only value is as a tool to get what the hostage taker wants,
not from the hostage. but from the authorities.

2. For a hostage situation not to go violent, the negotiator must consider the interest of the hostage
taker, as well as the authorities. In case it goes violent, the authorities must always come out the victor.

3. Priorities in a hostage situation are preservation of life, the apprehension of the hostage taker (s) and
recovery and protection of property.

To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker because a
hostage taker who is bent on killing himself is a non-negotiable case. If he is not bent on killing himself,
his intent therefore is to free the hostage and not to harm him.

Types of Hostage Taker

Below are the three (3) major types of hostage taker. (TM SP SP)

1. Terrorists

They are those who use force to achieve a potitical end. They intimidate or coerce a government,
individuals or groups to modify their behavior or policies. They are ideologically inspired individuals or
groups who want prestige and power for a collective goal or higher cause. They are also viewed as
psychopathic with a cause, under a leader of the group. When caught they rationalize by claiming to be
revolutionaries, a situation they resolve to die for the cause.

2. Mentally deranged

These people commit terrorist acts during

a period of psychiatric disturbance like delusion or hallucination.

3. Severe depression
He suffers an intense feeling of sadness and misery, which are unwarranted by his physical condition
and external environment.

4. Personality disorder (anti-social)

He is characterized by continuing violation of the rights of others through aggressive harmful behavior
without remorse or loyalty to anyone.

5. Sociopathic personality

He is sociable, easy-going and carefree but bereft of conscience and impulsive.

6. Paranoid

He is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance.

Quaiities of a Good Negotiator (NEGOTIATOR)

N - Network

A pool of contact is undisputedly essential to the success of every negotiation. Information would be
obtained easier and faster if the negotiator has developed good contacts or sources of information.

E - Enthusiasm

No negotiator would become successful in his objectives if he does not possess this quality.

G - Guts

A good negotiator has an incomparable courage to face several tremendous obstacles along his way. He
should have a moral fortitude to deal with the dangerous hostage takers.

O - Optimistic

Positive thinking no matter how difficult the situation is, would attract positive spirit that would result to
positive outcome.
T - Tactfulness

It is the ability to deal with other people effectively without offending them.

I- Integrity

He should maintain his integrity and honesty and should exude a trustworthy personality and sincerity.

Acting- Ability

It is the ability to go down to the level of the lower strata, minor, squatters or even the level of the elite,
noble or professional. A sweet tongue trait is the key to a successful negotiation,

T- Talented

Being versatile is a key to adapt and be on the top of different situations that would be encountered by
the negotiator in his mission.

O- Observant

A negotiator must be vigilant all the times. He should possessed knowledge in psychology and can read
between the lines to better assess the situation.

R- Research Oriented

This quality makes the negotiator go beyond the usual beliefs and practice. This would help him discover
new ways and techniques to solve a problem.

NEGOTIATORS shall be designated by the GROUND COMMANDER. No one shall be allowed to talk to the
HOSTAGE-TAKER/S without clearance from the NEGOTIATOR or ground commander. (Rule 26, section 3
of the 2010 PNP Operational Procedure)

The Victim (Captivity of Hostages)

One of the notable inquiries revealed a startling result. The case, which happened in Stockholm,
Sweden, involved female hostages who were held, together with the robbers, in a vault for several days.
It has been observed that there has been a change of values-set on the part of the hostages after their
release; they expressed strong attachment to their captors, to the point of not testifying against them.
It was evident that, what could have changed or motivated the change in the value-set of the hostages
were: the good treatment they received from their captors, the long hours of discussion they had with
their captors making them believed that their captors had good mission, and thereby, after all their
captors are not really bad, but have a good cause or purpose. This phenomenon is popularly known
today as the “Stockholm Syndrome.’

This perhaps could also explain the case of Patricia Hearst, heir of a millionaire newspapers publisher,
who joined the Symbionese Army, who robbed, killed terrorized them with a cause. To know:

a. All units to know whose command they are under:

b. Rescue effort should run from top to bottom;

c. There should be no flights of

imagination and daring actions from individual members

1. Several negotiators should be trained with knowledge of different dialects or each of the major
dialects of the Philippines. The group to train in various locations of the place (city, town etc.) on
probable site of incidents, routes and place of destinations (air terminals to attune them on various
situations).

2. Psychology - analyze various situations and develop strategies using psychological technique rather
than to obtain release of hostages. Point of training is to provide basis for understanding and
anticipating hostage takers’ moves, as well as possible reactions to police tactics.

Example: House location of site of incident; negotiator after having agreed with hostage taker to
negotiate face-to-face. may shout, “I am coming to see you there.” He does come with bullet proof vest
slowly delayed (with some stealthily and slowly climbing the house to grab and apprehend hostage. The
lone hostage will surely be trying to witness the approaching negotiator, to see if armed, etc.

Example: A hostage taker demands to talk and hold conference with media-men for publicity. Granted
request with all participants coming with ID and dressed in uniform of major newspapers (some
participants coming from authorities to apprehend him, right coming out from the door or at the site of
conference room).

3. Physical Training - physical conditioning, weapon disarming method and unarmed self-defense.
4. Firearms .38 and .45 caliber, sniper scope rifle; shotgun (double barrel); sub-machine gun; tear gas
launcher with bullet proof vest.

5. Electronic Equipment familiarization with the use of monophony, wireless transmitter, electric
tracking devices, walkie-talkie. etc.

6. Emergency Rescue Ambulance - how to use or operate auxiliary equipments; public address system;
fire unit; first aid gear-ambulance may be used as a safe base to start negotiation.

7. Vehicle Operation - escape vehicle and chase vehicle with attention placed on street and routes from
various locations in the site of incidents to destination (airport or other terminals).

8. Liaison - jurisdiction matters cleared; cooperation with other agencies routes must be sought.

Upon arrival at the scene of incident the negoriator should execute / act immediately the following:

1. Containment controlling situation and area by people involved. Other people / by standers must be
obliged to get out from the area as they may add more problems.

2. Establish Contact immediately after positioning at advantage position, communicate with the leader.
He may introduce himself by saying “My name is , I am a . I am willing to help.” Never tell him your rank;
the hostage taker might think you can give all. So that he may ask for impossible demand. Neither
should the negotiator give the feeling that he has the authority to decide. Do not bluff. Deal only with
the leader to avoid complication and further demand.

3. Time Lengthening - give more time to the police to organize and coordinate plan of action.

4. Telephone Negotiation Technique - Be the caller, plan and prepare, be ready with graceful exit, and
discipline yourself to listen. Do not tell that you are the commander, neither your rank. Use delaying
tactics to wear down the hostage takers(s), physically and psychologically. Give time for the police to
organize and coordinate plans or course of action. Where the demand is impossible to get, stall time by
explaining that you still need to talk to other people. Hold on to your concession. But when concession is
granted, try to get something in return. Say, a grant of food, get the release of sick or old people in
exchange. When there is no demand, hostage taker may really have no demand at all.
5. Need of face-to-face - Don‘t be over anxious, prepare for proper psychological, physical and
emotional confrontation. Wear body armor, possess a weapon, but if asks to come without weapon,
ensure that they too should lay down arms before entering. In entering, see to it that you are protected
with tactical back up. And consider that hostage taker might have body trap in some portions of the area
- door or window of the building. Coming up on face-to-face situation, maintain proper distance,
observe their movement. Elicit a promise or motivate them to surrender. In retreating, or in getting out
of the room, face hostage takers slowly back out of the door with good cover or tactical back up.

6. Surrender approach - start with a position approach, act as if hostage taker will surrender. Do not talk
too much. Gradually ask him to surrender. Reassurance is the wisest thing to do. Talk details of
surrender process. And explain why now is better that later.

Why the Commander should not be the negotiator:

1. Hostage taker will have sense of importance.

2. He may make impossible demands, knowing that he is dealing with the commander.

3. Conflict of Commander as negotiator and commander.

4. As a cardinal rule, commander do not negotiate, negotiator do not command.

Advantages of Communication (between the hostage taker and the negotiator)

1. Lessens tension of hostage taker(s).

2. Gives more time for authorities to plan and coordinate course of action.

Disadvantage of Telephone Conversation

1. Impersonal cannot see the hostage reaction.

Surrender Approach

1. Start with a positive approach. Act as if the hostage taker will surrender,

2. Don’t talk too much;

3. Ask why hostage taker is reluctant assure him of security;

4. Make sure hostage taker understands; 5.Gradually ask him to surrender;

6. Don’t impose, never go to him at once.

What are non-negotiable items?

Weapons, ammunitions

Hostage Taker - Negotiator Relationship

1. Trust and Rapport - while trust must be there, beware of it.

2. Deceit - tell lies but do not be caught.

Demand of Hostage Taker(s): Money, containing people, escape, vehicle

Rules:

1. Delay, impress with the hostage taker(s) that even simple demands are hard to get; that you need to
talk with the commander or other people, etc;

2. Get something in return for every concession granted, like aged, sick and youngster hostages;

3. Don’t give concession at once; it will be interpreted that you could be gotten easily.

Face-to-face Negotiation

1. Don't be over anxious.

2. Wear body armor;

3. Have tactical back-up (snipers);

4. Enter the premises without gun being pointed at you;

5. Face to face  mountain distance;

    a. personal distance 1 to 3 feet

    b. intimate distance about 6 inches

6. Hostage taker’s demand may be reduced;

7. Stockholm Syndrome may develop. This is an ideal relationship between hostage takers and hostages
characterized by mutual feelings for each other but

results to negative feeling against authorities.

PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR HOSTAGE SITUATION

Designation of Duties:

1. Field Commander

a. takes charge of all forces

b. provides containment of hostage taker sealed off place, evaluate civilians

c. establishes contact with hostage taker

d. consults with the commanding officer (highest authority) regarding other options e. wears civiiian
clothes

2. Operational Aide

a. reports to field negotiator

b. sets up temporary headquarters

c. coordinates assignment of off-duty personnel arriving at the scene

d. assigns units as necessary

e. relays orders/information to personnel involved; receive requests

3. Administrative Aide

a. reports of field negotiator

b. supervises temporary headquarters

c. maintains record of operation and units at the scene Patrol Personnel (with one leader) Assault Team
(with one leader)

a. Sharpshooters (with high powered arms, on flak vests (protective armor)

b. Chemical agent

Needed facilities (walkie talkie) for each of the above and what to do:
1. Radio set in single frequency (strict discipline needed)

2. Communication to originate from operation aide form of orders, request or updating information

What is Important?

1. Dry run -  a simulated or practice performance or rehearsal of hostage operation; one way to ensure
hostage-negotiating units is capable of establishing control over a situation. .

2. Considerable screening - members, once chosen, should be given free reign in handling and
evaluating incidents; should a senior officer begins countermanding orders in the site, the results will
certainly be bungled.

3. Patrol units, assault unit. etc. should know exactly whose command they are under.

4. Rescue efforts have to run strictly from the top down.

IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS TO DEAL WITH HOSTAGE SITUATION.

Phase 1 (Scene of Incident) - after stabilizing situation, hostage takers have been contained and civilians
evacuated out of the area of incident.

1. Set-up' communication with hostage taker (establish swiftly) by:

a. Telephone lines

b. Walkie-talkie sets in frequency not being used by police

c. Written notes

d. Face-to-face verbal exchange A line communication may be established to and from the setting
through medical personnel and ambulance on stand by.

2. Behavior Guidelines (during negotiation)

a. Be the caller.

b. Use of civilian clothes:

c. Use protective armor.

d. Do not suggest of any demand;

e. Give room to negotiate do not cramp, avoid disturbance;

f. Stay reIaxed;

g. Talk to the leader only;

h. Elicit a promise;

i. Make sure you have good cover (hidden or otherwise);

j. Distance 12 to 25 ft (by telephone); k.Conserve concession - hold giving in to demand; if giving in at

once, demand may come more (say, needs approval from higher authority etc.) One giving in, ask
something in return (say, food, provisions ask for release of aged/sick). Delay works in favor of
authorities.

On face-to-face Negotiations:

a. Have firearms- if hostage taker demands without fireams, ask him to throw away his firearms too;

b. Have cover (snipers somewhere) to protect you;

c. When entering place of hostage taker be on the look out for bombs, it may be hidden behind the door
or windows;

d.  Maintain distance -  initially 1 to 3 feet;

intimate - 6 Inches;

e. Be observant of movements;

f. Elicit promise;

g. Do not allow gun to be pointed at you; °

h. Reassure hostage taker of security.

Explain why now is better than later to surrender. Don't ever react - no rigid guidelines in every case. But
flexibility is dependent on the movement of the hostage takers.

3. Demands of Hostage Takers

a. Proceed to airport - inform concerned

authorities
b. Diplomat and political personnel as

hostage - inform concerned authorities

c. Delay concessions as practicable

Rule 26. (Philippine National Police Manual 2010)

HOSTAGE SITUATION/BARRICADED SITUATIONS

SECTION 1. Procedure to be followed in a Hostage Situation

The following steps shall be undertaken:

a. A Crisis Management Task Group shall be activated immediately.

b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated.

c. Unauthonized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident scene.

d. Witnesses' names, addresses, and other information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be directed to
a safe location.

SECTION 2. Ground Commander

There shall be only one Ground

Commander in the area. Until such time that he officially designates a spokesperson, he may issue
appropriate press statements and continue to perform the role of the spokesperson.

SECTION 3. Negotiators

Negotiators shall be designated by the

Ground Commander. No one shall be allowed to talk to the hostage-taker without clearance from the
negotiator or Ground Commander

SECTION 4. Assault Team

An assault team shall be alerted for

deployment in case the negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily
recognizable uniform during the conduct of the operation.
SECTION 5. Assault Plan

The assault shall be planned to ensure

minimal threat to life for all parties.

SECTION 6 Support Personnel

   An ambulance with medical crew and a

fire truck shall be detailed at the incident area.

SECTION 7. Coordination

Proper coordination with all participating

elements shall be done to consolidate efforts insolving the crisis

SECTION 8. Safety of Hostage(s)

In negotiating for the release of a hostage,

the safety of the hostage shall always be paramount.

SECTION 9. Guidelines during Negotiations

a. Situation must be stabilized first and contained before the start of the negotiation,

b. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless their
presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis. If so introduced, they shall be properly
advised on the do's and don'ts of hostage negotiations; and

c. Police officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage negotiations.

TERRORISM

It is the illegal use or the threat of use, of anxiety-inducing unusual violence for political purposes by
individual or groups (either acting for or against a government) intended to influence the behaviour.

Two General Types of Terrorism (ID)

1. International

  Involves citizens or the territory of more

than one country.

2. Domestic

Involves persons or groups committing a

terrorist act/s in their own country.

Kinds of Terroristic Activities (KHABBAG)

1. Kidnappings

2. Hijackings

3. Assassinations

4. Bombings

5. Barricaded/hostage situaticns.

6.Arson

7. Genocide

Categories of Terrorists (3C)

1. Crusaders

Terorists who are ideologically and politically

inspired, and want prestige and power for a collective goal of higher course.

2. Criminals

Terrorists whose motive is for personal gains

3. Crazies

Mentally ill persons who make terroristic act during or on a period of psychiatric disturbances. They are
unpredictable and impulsive.

The Anti-Terrorism Law

RA 9372 is often referred to as the "Anti-Terror

Law" or "Anti-Terrorism Law. or propely known as the"Human Security Act of 2007." took effect on 15
July2007.
Some of the World's Known Terrorist Groups (AAA)

Al- Qaeda

• Dr. Aywan Al -Zawahri replaced Osama Bin Ladenas head of the Al Qaeda.

• He is Bin Laden's lieutenant and the brain behind Al Qaeda's strategy.

• He is an Egyptian.

Abu Nidai Organization (ANO)

   Militant Palestinian group split from the PLO in 1974.  Has carried out terrorist acts in twenty
countries, including the US, UK and Israel - claiming 900 lives;

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

Islamic group fighting for an Islamic state on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The ASG is the
most and violent organized Islamic Group in the radical. It is based in Mindanao particularly in
thePhilippines. Abu Sayaff was

Islands of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-tawi.named after Mujahadin fighter (A war lord in Afghanistan)Abu
Sayyaf means "Bearer of the Sword".