Adjustment

● Definition
● Defensive coping/mechanism (freud)

Maladjustment
● Definition
● Pwede mo din isabay ung mga factors that affects the person
● 5 common type of maladjustment

Treatments
Medical Treatment
● Definition
● Type of medical treatment

Psychological Treatment
● Definition
● Type of psychological treatment
 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY REPORTS
Assigned topic: Adjustment
Prepared by: Florence Socito

Note: Do not mind the open close parenthesis; to be discussed by the reporter)

(Define mental health as an introduction to the topic)

ADJUSTMENT refers to any attempt we make to cope with stressful situations.

(Changes in our environment require adjustment responses, which are called adjustment
mechanism)

WAYS OF DEALING STRESS

1. Coping strategies
2. Social support
3. Biofeedback
4. Relaxation
5. Aerobic exercises

TYPES OF ADJUSTMENT MECHANISMS (Defensive coping/mechanism)

1. Fantasy or daydreaming – desires or goals can be fulfilled through imagination

2. Nomadism – never satisfied
3. Denial – refusal to acknowledge reality
4. Repression – uncomfortable thoughts from consciousness
5. Projection – placing motives in someone else
6. Identification – enhances self-esteem by conducting as if another person.
7. Introjection – unconsciously acquires characteristics from a person he dislikes.
8. Regression – childlike behaviour and defenses
9. Rationalization – plausible reasons in place for real reasons.
10. Intellectualization – thinking abstractly about stressful situations as a way of detaching
oneself from them.
11. Displacement – motives are shifted from an original object to a substitute object
12. Reaction Formation – exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of one’s
repressed beliefs or feelings.
13. Sublimation – unconscious desires are directed into socially acceptable activities.
14. Substitution/Compensation – cover behaviour in an unrelated one rather than the
opposite.

MOTIVES FOR ADJUSTMENT (possible motives to reduce anxiety)

• Goal-directed behaviour is block (being frustrated)

• Conflict between motives ( may lead to defensive behaviour)
• Increase in intensity of a motive (mild desire)
MALADJUSTMENT
- It is the inability to maintain effective relationships, function successfully in various domains, or
cope with difficulties and stresses.

CAUSES OF MALADJUSTMENT
1. Family:
-It is obvious that the family as an institution has various functions to perform, by discharging
their duties, parents indirectly fulfill the needs of their children.
a. Social causes: According to Gibbian, the social problem of one generation is the
psychological problem of the next generation. Children coming from homes that have been
broken due to death, divorce, desertion, separation, etc., are often maladjusted in their
behavior.
b. Economic causes: The occupational status of parents, problems of unemployment, poverty
and low-economic status breed maladjustment among children.
c. Psychological causes: If parents are over-possessive, highly authoritative, unrealistic in their
expectations, incompatible, abusive and prejudiced, this will have a deleterious effect upon their
children.
2. Personal causes:
-It is observed that individuals who are physically, mentally and visually handicapped react
abnormally to the situation. Even children with partial deficiency, such as defective eyesight,
poor hearing and impaired speech may find it difficult to adjust under normal situations.
3. School-related causes:
-Children spend roughly seven hours a day in school. When growing children do not find ways
and means to channelize their energy in a purposeful manner in school, they exhibit
maladjusted behavior.
4. Teacher-related causes:
-An imbalanced personality in the teacher has its impact on the behavior of the children. If the
teacher is unfair, biased or not involved with the students, it certainly affects the mental health of
the children in the school.
5. Peer-group related causes:
-An unhealthy relationship with their peer group. Popularity among the peer group depends on
various factors, such as good looks, athletic abilities, social class, academic performance, and
special talents. If the student lacks these qualities, he may fail to get status among his/her peer
group and gets frustrated and maladjusted.

VARIED VIEWPOINTS ON WHAT CONSTITUTES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

1. Normative View
-Anybody who is different from the one making judgment is said to be abnormal.
2. Statistical View
-Anybody is abnormal if they diverge from the average wherein the average is deemed normal.
3. Social View
-The abnormal person is unadjusted to his environment wherein he would like to escape from
reality.
4. General View
-The person with no socially-acceptable goals, is at cross-purpose within himself and does not
enjoy life and instead shuts himself away from it, is abnormal.

When the frustrations seem overwhelming and the person's coping and defense mechanisms
become futile and inadequate, it may result to:
A. Neurosis
-is a mild mental disorder
B. Psychosis
-is a severe mental disorder that needs hospitalization.

The following are the neurotic reactions to frustrations or stressful situations:

A. NEUROTIC REACTIONS
1. Anxiety Neurosis
-is characterized as excessive feelings of apprehension, helplessness. and indecision without
apparent reasons.
2. Phobia
-is an irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or even person.
3. Obsessive-compulsive
-Is characterized as persistent unreasonable ideas and actions.
4. Conversion reactions
-is also known as conversion hysteria
-This is a condition wherein psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms.
5. Hypochondria
-A condition whereby a person has an unusual preoccupation with his health.
6. Dissociative reactions
-are neurotic reactions in which important episodes in the life of an individual are repressed in
response to extreme stress.
a. Amnesia
-which refers to temporary loss of memory that would remind him of a threatening situation.
b. Fugue
-is another form characterized by loss of memory that continues for a long period of time usually
for several years and accompanied by physical flight.
c. Multiple Personality
-is an extreme dissociative reaction whereby a person may develop two or more distinct
personalities in which each personality developed is completely unaware of each other.

B. OTHER MALADAPTIVE REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATIONS

1. Alcoholism
-According to Chaplin in 1999 “it is a personality disorder characterized by excessive and
compulsive drinking.”
2. Drug Addiction
-People who are confronted with stress sometimes resort to drugs if not alcohol.
3. Sexual Deviations
-a condition brought by underlying conflict and needs at the unconscious level, early exposure
to sex and other causes.
a) Voyeurism
-is a sexual disorder when a person finds satisfaction by watching erotic behaviors of other
people
b) Exhibitionism
-is when a person finds satisfaction from exhibiting his body particularly his sex organ to other
people.
c) Sadism
-is when a person finds gratification when he inflicts pain on other people.
d) Masochism
-is when a person gains satisfaction when being hurt by others or his partner.
e) Frotteurism
-is the recurrent urge to slap oneself or touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person.
f) Pedophilia
-is the sexual attraction to young children.

C. PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS
1. Schizophrenia
-is characterized by withdrawal from reality and a severe disturbance of his intellectual and
emotional functioning and continues for at least six months coupled with deterioration of social
and occupational functioning.
2. Schizophreniform Disorder
-has the same symptoms with schizophrenia but the episode lasts from 1-6 months and there is
no deterioration of status.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder
-has both psychotic and mood disturbances.
4. Brief Psychotic Disorder
-has psychotic symptoms that last between 1 and 30 days.
5. Manic-depressive
-also known as bipolar disorder
-It is characterized by emotional distortion consisting of recurrent episodes of depression and
elation occurring simultaneously.

Characteristics associated with psychotic disorders

1. Delusions
a) Grandiose delusion
-occurs when a person's belief about his importance or status in life is grossly out of proportion
to what is really true
b) Persecutory delusion
-occurs when a person believes that somebody will attack him or there is a conspiracy to harass
or punish him.
2. Hallucinations
a) Visual hallucinations
-When a person sees things that aren't there.
b) Auditory hallucinations
-When a person hears voices that are not really present.

References:
http://www.edugyan.in/2017/03/adjustment-maladjustment.html
(Aguirre, 2011)
(Kahayon, Aquino, 1999)

TREATMENT
TWO CATEGORIES OF TREATING MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDER
1. Medical Treatment
2. Psychological Treatment (Psychotherapy)

MEDICAL TREATMENT

PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT (PSYCHOTHERAPY)

● A treatment of individuals with emotional problems, or mental illness primarily through
verbal communication
● It is the application of specialized techniques to treat disorder or to everyday problems of
adjustment.

TYPES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

1. ART THERAPY
- “Creative art therapy”
- Uses creative process to help people who might have the difficulty expressing their
thoughts and feelings
- This therapy includes music, dance and movement, drama, drawing, painting and poetry
- It can help in increasing self-awareness, cope with symptoms and traumatic experiences

2. BEHAVIOR THERAPY
- Behavior modification, sets up rewards and punishments to change thinking patterns and
shape behavior
- Involves relaxation training, stress management, biofeedback, and desensitization of
phobias
- Patients learn how to get more satisfaction and rewards through their own actions and
how to unlearn the behavior patterns that contribute to or result from their problems
Note!!! (wag mo na po isama ang mga notes ko sa ppt)

Ex. if a person have a fear of germs that cause them to do excessive washing, they will be taught
techniques on how to get rid of this behavior

FORM OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

● EXPOSURE THERAPY
- A form of behavior therapy
- exposes a person to the thing or situation that he finds upsetting or disturbing
- Usually useful for people with obsessive-compulsive behavior or post-traumatic disorder

NOTE!!!

Under controlled circumstances, a person who is exposed to the event or thing that triggers the obsessive
thoughts or traumatic reactions, he may learn to cope with them effectively

3. COGNITIVE THERAPY
- Designed to help a person identify and change distorted thought patterns that can lead to
feelings and behaviors that are troublesome, self-defeating or self-destructive
- Person’s experiences are important part of the therapy process
- It focuses on the current problem, than the underlying or past conflicts or issue

4. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY (CBT)

- Helps a person to recognize his negative thought patterns and behaviors and to replace
them with positive one
- One’s thought not other people/situations determines how he behaves

NOTE!!!

A person may not able to change an unwanted situation, but he can change the way he thinks and behaves

● DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT)

- A type of CBT
- Primary objective is to teach behavioral skills to help a person tolerate stress,
regulate emotions, and improve relationship with others
- Derive from a philosophical process called dialectics - contradictory facts or
ideas are weighed against each other to come up with a resolution or balance
- Designated for people with borderline personality disorder *
NOTE!!!

(*who often have suicidal tendencies, with eating disorder, and substance abuse)

While undergoing this process, a person may learn how to accept himself while making changes in his
thought and behavior

5. EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
- Deals with important life themes
- Themes - living and dying, freedom, responsibility to self, and others, finding mean in
life, and dealing with a sense of meaninglessness
- Examines individual’s self-awareness of themselves and their ability to look beyond their
immediate problems and daily events to problems of human existence
● LOGOTHERAPY
- Viktor Frankl
- An existential therapy that seeks to help patients find meaning to their
life
6. GESTALT
- Based on the here and now of living
- Web relationship
● EMPTY-CHAIR TECHNIQUE
- Empty chair represent another person or another part of the client’s self

NOTE!!!

Ex. if client is angry with his father and he cannot express it, the client may pretend that the empty chair
is the father, and then the client may then express his feelings by speaking in the direction of the chair

7. INTERPERSONAL THERAPY (IPT)

- Short term therapy often used to treat depression
- Focuses on an individual’s social relationships and how to improve social support
- Seeks to improve a person’s relationship skills, working on communication more
effectively, expressing emotions appropriately, and being properly assertive in social and
work situations
- Can be conducted individually or by group

NOTE!!!

Patients are help to learn how to deal more effectively with others to reduce conflict and gain support
from family and friends

8. PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
- “Client-centered therapy”
- Emphasizes understanding and caring rather than diagnosis, advice, and persuasion
● CARL ROGERS
 -Believed that the quality of the therapist-client relationship influences the success of the
therapy
- Effective therapist must be;
a. Genuine
b. Accepting
c. Emphatic
● ACTIVE LISTENING
- An approach used in the therapy

9. PHOTOTHERAPY
- “Light therapy”
- Used to treat people suffered from seasonal affective disorder - a form of depression
brought by change of season within geographic location
- It uses special light bulbs, where the therapist/physician instructs patients on how to use
the high-intensity light to improve symptoms of seasonal depression

10. PLAY THERAPY

- For young children at specific developmental levels
- Uses variety of techniques - playing with dolls or toys, painting or other activities

11. PSYCHOANALYSIS
- Person has to examine memories, events, and feelings from the past to understand current
feelings and behavior
- A long-term, intensive therapy
● TRANSFERENCE
- Develop during the therapy
- Patient may identify the therapist with other person who has been the
center of his emotional conflict
a. POSITIVE TRANSFERENCE
- Develops love and admiration
b. NEGATIVE TRANSFERENCE
- Develops feeling of envy or hostility

12. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

- Focuses on increasing a person’s awareness of his unconscious thoughts and behaviors,
developing new insights, and resolving conflicts to live a happier life
- Less intense and less frequent
- Variety of techniques - exploring the past, confronting beliefs and actions, offering
support, and interpreting thoughts and behavior
- Allows a person modifies unwanted thoughts or behavior
 13. RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
- Works on the theory of Albert Ellis
- Emotional disturbance are brought by the person’s perception of an event or situation in
an irrational way
- Disrupting irrational thoughts and confrontational techniques

14. REALITY THERAPY

- Developed by William Glasser in 1960s
- All human is motivated by fundamental needs and specific wants
- Clients explore behaviors that created problems for them and examine the consequences
of their behavior and to evaluate how will their behavior helped them fulfill their wants,
at the same time, to formulate concrete plan of action to change certain behaviors

15. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

- Developed by Eric Berne
- When people interact with each other, they function either as a parent, adult or child
- Usually conducted in group
- Clients learn how to change roles in order to behave in more desirable ways

16. ECLECTIC THERAPY

- Eclectic means “coming from various source”
- Utilizes a combination of therapies

References:
● https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/c0097425/800wm/C0097425-Art_therapy.jpg
● https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.40a82c4227e428246c0abfe8ab10f147?rik=iuRlWES
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11vyzn9.jpg&ehk=Pa1nz6TOScJkdHru2iO6hKR077u84tPeSpT5VgRsjPY
%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0
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Dialectical_Behavior_Therapy_How_Does_It_Work.jpg
● https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0077/3711/4682/products/
GESTALT_THERAPY_720x@2x.jpg?v=1533772858
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What-Does-It-Do-780x470.jpg
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● https://www.corewellceu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/young-child-friendly-
teacher-play-therapy-session-bright-office-room-boy-speech-language-therapy-play-
104389049.jpg
● https://images.theconversation.com/files/133873/original/image-20160812-11006-
ni2dq6.jpg?ixlib=rb-
1.1.0&rect=0%2C170%2C3920%2C1901&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop
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rik=3FkfGyv8tyACIA&riu=http%3a%2f%2fnotesread.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads
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●