Mental disorders and abnormal behavior

Anxiety disorder
- anxiety and fear are effective response to certain situations and are in loved in anxiety
disorders.
- Anxiety is an uneasiness over a foreseen problem or threat while fear is a reaction to
direct danger
- When anxiety goes out of proportion or becomes unrealistic it is called a disorder or a
neurosis
Panic Disorder
- Frequent panic attack or sudden attacks of intense dread or fear that are not related to
the real situations a person is in.
- Accompanied by physical and physiological symptoms such as difficulty in breathing,
heart palpitations, chest pain, nausea, feelings of choking and smothering, seating,
dizziness, trembling, and even fear of going crazy, losing control or dying.
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
- Having constant, unrestrainable and often irrational thoughts or urges (obsessions) and
of doing certain repetitive actions excessively (compulsions)
- An OCD to be diagnosed, the obsession and compulsions must be distressing enough
or inhibit daily normal activities
- Common manifestation: frequent hand washing out of excessive fear of contamination,
sexual or aggressive impulses, counting certain items repeatedly, checking certain
things for almost 10 times
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Characterized by flashbacks (when the trauma repeats in the mind for no apparent
reason) or avoidance of trauma-associated stimuli
- Symptoms: getting deeply upset in sleeping or concentrating, an exaggerated frightening
response when confronted with a similar dreadful event experienced in the past or
avoidance of the stimuli

Mood Disorder

Depression
- Intense sadness and/or the inability to experience pleasure even if one has all the
reasons to be happy
- The personal pain and suffering of someone with depression is unfathomable
- Symptoms: depressed mode, inability to experience pleasure, fatigue, failure to
concentrate on yaks, and suicidal ideation
Bipolar Disorder
- The term "bipolar" refers to opposite poles because this disorder is showing two extreme
emotional states from extremely high (Manis) to extremely low (depression)
 - The person suffering from it may appear very euphoric at one point the suddenly
fluctuates into being irritable without being conscious that the extreme mood swings
occure

Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder

- They are suspicious of others which affects relationships with those around them.
- They read or give hidden meanings into events or actuations of others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Certain amount of care in one's appearance is needed
- For most adolescents, this can be form of vanity like appearing or smelling really good,
or of speaking intelligently to impress and attract attention
- Excessive concern over oneself may already be a sign of fixation or a narcissistic
personality disorder

Psychotic Disorder
- These are severe mental disorders that so paires ones thinking and feelings
- People with psychosis are out of contact with reality
Schizophrenia
- Disorder thoughts, emotions, and behavior
- Do noy have logical ideas; lack emotional expressiveness or show this in an
inappropriate way
- May have halluncination and delusion

Childhood Disorders
- These are disorders unique to children but may continue into adulthood.
- Children or adolescence who behave in ways that are outside the typical behavior of
their age are usually assessed by developmental pediatrician, developmental
psychologist or psychopathologidt to determine if there is a disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Children or adolescents who are restless, gabie jiggling legs, tapping fingers, talking out
of turn, or poking others for no apparent reason are considered hyperactive
- They cannot concentrate properly on the task given to them
- They are also aggressive, often annoying, lack social cues, and react badly on neutral
action by others
Autism
- Have hard time relating with people in ordinaru ways.
- They have an obsessive desire for what they like and they want things to remain
unchanged
- Limited in speaking communication skills
- Have repetitive or stereotyped behaviors or interest
Dyslexia
- Learning disabilitiesx specifically a reading diaorder
 - Difficulty in recognizing and spelling out words, using punctiation and grammar and
reading comprehension
Conduct Disorder
- Manifested through actions that violate the basic rights of others and major norms of
society.
- Their callous and vicious attitude is expressed in aggression and cruelty towards people,
anals, and property; stealing, lying, and some criminal acts.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Emotional Intelligence

5 Domains of emotional intelligence

1. Knowing one's emotion or self awareness
- This is about knowing how we feel and the thought behind the feeling.
2. Managing emotions
- We can have control on how long an emotion will last
3. Motivating oneself
- Hope is a major indicator of emotional intelligence
4. Recognizing emotions in others
- Empathy
- If we recognize our own emotions and how these affect us, then it will be easier
to recognize others people emotions as well.
5. Handling relationships
- The way we manage our relationshipa with others

Personal Relationships

3 attachment styles defined by Ainsworth

1. Secure attachment
- when the primary caregiver is most of the time present and availble and when all
the emotional needs of an infant are met, providing a senase of security to the
infant.
2. Avoidant attachment
- When the primary care give is cold and detached, and even unresponsive to a
child's needs.
- Often experience unstable relationships in the future
3. Anxious-ambivalent attachment
- When the primary caregiver is not consistent in terms of presence and in meeting
a child's emotional needs.
- May develop separation anxieties with a loved one, or may have mixed feelings
between hesitancy and commitment when entiring into meaningful relationships

3 stages of falling in love:

 1. Lust
2. Attraction
3. Attachment

Several theories related to attraction and liking:

1. Transference Effect
2. Propinquity Effect
3. Similarity
4. Reciprocity
5. Physical Attractiveness
6. Personality Characteristics and Traits

Social Relationship in Middle and Late Adolescence

Types of Social Influence

1. Compliance
- When a person seems to agree, and follows what is requested or required of him
or her to do or believe in.
2. Identification
- When a person is influenced by someone he or she likes or looks up to, like a
movie star, or social celebriti.es
3. Internalization
- When a person is able to own a certain belief or act, and willing to make it known
publicly or privately

Theories of Leadership
1. Trait Theory
- Defines leadership based on certain personality traits such as assertiveness,
decisiveness, persistence and self-confidence.
2. Behavioral Theory
- Learned behavior
- Certain types of behavior they exhibit
3. Participative Theory
- Involves other people to make common decision
4. Situational Theory
- Leadership behavior is based on the factors present in a situation.
5. Transactional Theory
- Leadership involves a transaction or negotiation
- Also give reward and punishment
6. Transformational Theory
- Involves a vision
- Leader is in motivating others to support the vision and make it happen.

Authentic Leadership
 1. Leadership is situational
- Leaders behavior and what is required of him will always be influenced by the
situation.
2. Leadership is non-hierarchical
- Leadership is not based on one's position in an organization chart alone, but also
dependent on other employees
3. Leadership is relational
- Leaders and followers establish a relationship where their interests are mutually
met.

Conflict

4 Stages of Conflict
1. Intrapersonal
- With oneself, like when one is indecisves about things
2. Interpwrsonal
- 2 or more individuals, like having a misunderstamding between friends, family
members, or lovers
3. Intragroup
- Within the same interest group
4. Intergroup
- Between 2 or more groups, like fraternities.

4 strategies can be use when in conflict

1. Fight - accept a stand that's is against the party's interest
2. Submit - yield to the demands of other party
3. Flee - leave the situation
4. Freeze - do nothing and wait for them to make move

5 Modes in dealing with Conflict

1. Competing (assertive and uncooperative)
- Individuals interest are above all else
- Powers and authority are often used to win against others
2. Accommodating (unassertive & cooperative)
- Individual is willing to neglect his or her interest or needs for the sake of the other
person
3. Compromising (moderately assertive & moderately)
- An individual is neither here nor there, prefers to split whatever is at stake in half
to partly satisfy both parties
4. Avoiding (unassertive and uncooperative)
- Individual prefers to stay out of the situation either by postponing a decision,
taking a wait or withdrawing completely until conditions are better
5. Collaborating (assertive and cooperative)
 - Individual seeks a mutualllu satisfying solution by understanding the needs and
interests of the other person.
- Seeks a win-win solution

Family Structures

4 Kinds of Family Relational

1. Nuclear or traditional family
- Compriaes of a father, mother and children
- Father/mother plays the role of the breadwinner;
- Or both husband and wife are working and earning a living for the family while
entrusting their growing child or children to hired caregivers.
2. Single parent
- Rears the child or children while earning for the offsprjng
- May be supported by the relative or hired caregivers to take care of growing
children;
- Or assisted financially by the parents or relatives
3. Extended family
- Common family arrangements particularly in Asia
- nuclear family + parents of the husband or wife, or both + sometimes brothers or
sisters of the couple
- Mostly problem arises in terms of making decisions
4. Childless family
- Couple without child or children, who may be living all by themselves
- They may or may not have household help assisting around the house.

Kinds of Parenting Styles

1. Authoritarian parents
- Parents who are rigid and punitive
- Value unquestioning obedience from their children
2. Authoritative parents
- Parents who are firm set clear limits, reason with their children and explain things
to them
3. Permissive parents
- Parents who give their children lax or inconsistent direction
4. Uninvolved parents
- Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached
Genogram
- Graphical map of family history
- Traits you want to trace:
- Physical characteristics
- Genetic or extern factors
- Social and economic background
- Religious values
- Family values
- Cultural background