Reviewer GE 5

Lesson 1

LANGUAGE

- tool used in comm. Process, thru this we are able to express our thoughts, feelings and
communicate our views nd perspective abt things.
- can also be the source of misunderstandings, bc there is no one-to-one correspondence
between words nd meanings, nd even between gestures nd meanings.

Eg. “Karon”
hiligaynon, it means “later”
cebuano, it means “now”

“Langgam”
English - Ant
Ilonggo - Ibon

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE
(Fromkin nd Rodman, 2003)

1. Wherever humans exist, language exists.

2. All languages change through time.
3. All grammars contain rules for the formation of words and sentences of a similar kind.
4. Similar grammatical categories (e.g. noun, verb, etc.) are found in all languages.
5. Any normal child, born anywhere in the world, of any racial, geographical, social, or
economic heritage, is capable of learning any language to which s/he is exposed to. The
differences we find among languages cannot be due to biological reasons.

Lesson 2
Models, types, purpose, and principles of communication

COMMUNICATION

- exchange of ideas, thoughts, and info from one source to another. Through communication we
form relationships.
- w/o this no problem would be solved.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1. SENDER
2. COMM. CHANNEL
3. NOISE / BARRIERS TO COMM.
4. RECEIVER
5. FEEDBACK LOOP
 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1. SENDER - source of the message, encodes the message, responsibility is to convey the
message in a comprehensible way.
2. RECEIVER - recipient of the message, decoder, responsibility is to understand the message.
3. MESSAGE- the body of information, anything that is communicated by the semder
4. CHANNEL- what connects the the sender to the receiver, medium eg. Phone, radio, socmed
apps etc.
5. FEEDBACK- response of the receiver, not always available
6. NOISE/ INTERFERENCE- what impedes the communication process. Distractions.

TYPE OF INTERFERENCE:
a) Internal - psychological or physiological noise within
b) External - physical distraction/ noisy surroundings
c) Semantic - language barrier
7. SITUATION- interrelated conditions in the communication process

OTHER COMMUNICATION MODELS:

1. SHANON AND WEAVER COMMUNICATION MODEL

-designed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949
- also known as the telephone model
- first major model of communication
- there could be an interference or noise in the transmission of the message.
2. SMCR ( SENDER-MESSAGE-CHANNEL-RECEIVER)
- designed by David Berlo in 1960
- expansion of the Shannon and Weaver communication model.
- participants in the communication process (the sender and the receiver) are governed
by factors like communication skills, attitude, knowledge, social system, and culture
when they communicate.
3. SCHRAMM
- designed by Wilbur Schramm in 1954
- may include sharing of knowledge and ideas, giving of advice or commands, or asking
questions, among others.

4. TRANSACTIONAL
-simultaneously engage in the act of sending and receiving of messages.
-proposed by Barlund in 2008
-sender and the receiver have their own personal filters when they send or receive
messages
-factors like gender, age, culture, and value system

Lesson 2

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

The key to effective communication is to match the communication channel with the goal of the
message. Barry and Fulmer (2004)

Spoken communication makes more sense when the sender is conveying a sensitive or
emotional message, needs feedback immediately, and does not need a permanent record of the
conversation.
Written media may be a better choice when the sender:
-wants a record of the content,
-has less urgency for a response,
-is physically separated from the receiver,
doesn’t require a lot of feedback from the receiver,
or when the message is complicated and may take some time to understand.”

General Forms of Communication

1. VERBAL
-sharing of information using speech or spoken communication
- Conversation - the most common form of verbal communication

TYPES OF CONVERSATION:

- DIALOGUE, cooperative, two-way conversation Ex. Everyday talking with friends

- DEBATE, competitive, two-way conversation. Ex. Debate competition
- DISCOURSE, cooperative, one-way conversation. Ex. Prof. Giving lecture
- DIATRIBE, competitive, one-way conversation. Express emotions Ex. Venting, rants

Tips for Verbal Communication:

1. Know your audience

2. Know your topic
3. Plan your presentation
4. Be familiar with the venue

2. NON-VERBAL
- transmission of a message without the use of words.
Non-verbal cues that can enhance non-verbal comm.
-Facial expression
-Eye Contact
-Body Language
-Posture
-Space
3. WRITTEN
- communication that uses the written language
-pen and paper letters and documents, electronic documents, e-mail, SMS or text messages,
memos, written reports
-indispensable in formal business communication and legal documents.
-takes a longer time to compose a written communication compared to speech.

OTHER FORMS OF COMMUNICATION:

1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
-McLean (2005) defines intrapersonal communication as communicating with oneself
- Talking to yourself
2. INTERPEROSNAL
-Communication between 2 or more people
-Talking to another person or persons
3. PUBLIC
-Delivery of a message to a particular group of people
- Public speaking
4. VISUAL
-Transmission of information and ideas using symbols and images.
-Signs
5. MASS
-Sends a message through television, radio, print media, and social media to a large group of
anonymous and heterogeneous people and organizations.
-Posting in social media
-Marketing tool
6. COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (CMC)
-“the use of an application computer to control multimedia interactive and message-based
communication” (Walters, 1995)
-Communicating through messenger
- Or other messaging apps

Lesson 3
VISUAL COMMUNICATION

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

-refers to the use of any image to communicate an idea. May take place through pictures,
graphs, and charts, as well as through signs and symbols.
These visual images inform, educate, or persuade a person or an audience.

 Aldous Huxley - the most important figures who explored visual communication
-“The more you see, the more you know.”
- suffered from near blindness when he was young because of an illness, but it set the stage for
his becoming one of the most influential intellectuals to have explored the field of visual
communication.

HISTORY OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION: (Evidences that visual communication is the

oldest form of communication)

1. CAVE PAINTINGS
-primitive form of communication, drawing on cave walls
-representations of animals, landscapes, and religious images, among others.
2. PETROGLYPHS
-drawings on rocks
-believed to have been originated by the Neolithic people
ex. A petroglyph known as “Meerkatze”
found in Mesak, Settafet, Libya

3. GEOGLYPHS
-drawings on the ground by arranging gravel, stones, or soil.
-purpose is uncertain, although some researchers believe that they were built for religious
purposes.
-Some of the most widely known geoglyphs are the Nazca Lines in Peru.

4. PICTOGRAMS, IDEOGRAMS, AND LOGOGRAMS

-Pictograms - images that represent physical objects. Resemble what they signify
-ideograms - pictures which represent ideas.

Picto nd ideo were the basis of early written symbols.

5. CUNEIFORM
-One of the world’s earliest systems of writing is the cuneiform script
-invented by the Sumerians. organize labor and resources
6. HEIROGLYPHS
-combination of logographic, alphabetic, and ideographic elements
-used by Ancient Egyptians
-It is said that it emerged from the pre-literate artistic traditions of Egypt.
-basis of moderm alphabet.
SEMIOTICS
-the study of symbols and visual communication

MAJOR PERSPECTIVES IN ANALYZING VISUAL IMAGES

1. PERSONAL
-This means that two people could look at the same image and see completely different
things because they are looking through their own "personal lens."
- People may have different opinions on images because of personal preferences
2. HISTORICAL
-if something was made a long time ago and has been around for many years, we
might consider it more important than something that was just made recently. This is
because older works have had more time to influence other artists and people who
enjoy art. (What’s the bg, when was this painted or what’s the meaning of this painting.)
3. TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE
-Different platforms or ways of communicating can make the same message feel
different to the person receiving it. (
4. ETHICAL
-This perspective considers the moral and ethical responsibilities shared by the artist or
the producer of the image, the subject, and the viewer. (Right or wrong or
appropriateness)
5. CULTURAL
- this perspective encourages us to pay attention to the hidden messages that symbols
and metaphors convey within a particular culture at a specific time. (Culture, symbols or
anything that might represent something)
6. CRITICAL
-Instead of just reacting to what you see in the picture, it encourages you to think about
what's going on around it and why it's important.
Lesson 4
Ethics
-deals with the issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Ethics in communication

1. BE TRUTHFUL
2. SHOW RESPECT TO THE POWER OF WORDS
- Word are powerful
- They can make or break careers, launch wars, or bridge peace, among others
3. INVOKE PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
-communication ethics is not just the responsibility of the person talking, but also of the
people listening. They work together to make sure that the communication is fair,
honest, and respectful for everyone involved.
4. DEMONSTRATE MINDFULNESS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY
-be careful not to offend others with the things that they say.
5. TREAT PEOPLE AS ENDS, NOT MEANS
-The best interest of the audience should be the ends sought by the speaker. We
should refrain from manipulating people just so we can achieve what we want.

GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING

1. BE COURTEOUS AND ATTENTIVE
-Listen to the speaker
2. AVOID PREJUDGING THE SPEAK
-Listen to the speaker even if you don’t agree with them
3. MAINTAIN THE FREE AND OPEN EXPRESSION OF IDEAS
-They have the right to speak let them speak. This doesn’t me you have to agree with
what they are saying.