REVIEWER IN ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT 12 (Q1) - elements:

COMMUNICATION
- “communicare” Latin word “to share” or “to impart”
- understand
- speak (act), listen (feedback), and observe (facial expression)
- dual/two-way process of transmitting messages from one 2. Lasswell Model of Communication
person to another - for mass communication (advertising, journalism, politics)
- a symbolic interaction between 2 or more people that influences - 1948
each other’s behavior - linear model (one-way)
LANGUAGE - principle of 5ws:
- medium through which messages are sent and received a. Who?
- verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning b. Says what?
SPEECH c. In which channel?
- mode of language d. To whom
- process of shaping into words the sound/voice/energy of breath e. With what effect?
by means of speech organs
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between 2 or more people.
3. Communication can be expressed through written/spoken
words (verbal), actions (non-verbal), or both at the same time.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 3. Shannon-Weaver Model Of Communication
1. Speaker – source of information - 1948
2. Channel – mode of transmission - concepts:
3. Message – information, idea, thought conveyed by speaker in a. Sender (information source)
words or actions b. Encoder (transmitter)
4. Receiver – accepts the message c. Channel
5. Feedback – response, reactions, facial expressions d. Decoder (receiver)
6. Encode – conversion of ideas/thoughts into language/words e. Noise
(sender) f. Feedback
7. Decode – interpretation of message to ideas/thought (receiver)
8. Barrier – noise
9. Context – environment where communication takes place
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Regulation – communication is used to control and order
2. Social interaction - communication is used to interact with
others
3. Motivational – communication is used to uplift, inspire others
4. Emotional expression – communication is used to express
feelings
5. Information – communication is used to inform/give knowledge 4. Schramm Model of Communication
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION - 1954
ENCODE - components:
Sender Message

Channel
TRANSMIT
TRANSMIT
Process of
Communication
Feedbac Receiver
DECODE
k

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Aristotle Model of Communication - concepts:
- 300BC a. Foe (field of experience)
- rhetoric (faculty of observing in any given case the available b. Context of relationship
means of persuasion) c. Context of social environment influencing the foe
- for public speaking d. Use of metaphors
- sender, receiver is both passive e. Mental models
- linear model (one-way) 5. Berlo Model of Communication
- description of proof - 1960
a. Logos – logic - linear model (one-way)
b. Pathos – emotions - focuses on emotions
c. Ethos – ethics - SMCR (Sender-Message-Channel- Receiver)
- components: 8. Symbolic interaction model
- symbolic interactionism theory assumes that people respond to
elements of their environments according to the subjective
meanings they attach to those elements, such as meanings
being created and modified through social interaction involving
symbolic communication with other people.

a. Source – message originates

Factors:
1. Communication skills – sender must have good comm.
skills
2. Attitude – sender must have manners/etiquette
3. Knowledge – sender must be informed/have knowledge 9. Speech Communication Transaction Model (Gronbeck et al)
before speaking - The transaction model of communication describes
4. Social system – sender can inject his social factors communication as a process in which communicators generate
(position, place, stability, etc.) social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. In
5. Culture – sender can inject his beliefs, values, cultural this model, nurses don’t just communicate to exchange
differences messages; they communicate to:
b. Message – information 1. Create relationships.
Factors: 2. Form intercultural alliances.
1. Content – whole message 3. Shape self-concept.
2. Elements – non-verbal content (gestures, signs, 4. Engage with others in dialogue to create communities.
language, etc.) In short, you don’t communicate about your realities;
3. Treatment – how message is conveyed communication helps to construct your realities.
4. Structure – how message is arranged - areas:
5. Code – context (language, text, picture, etc.) 1. Speaker
c. Channel – medium (5 human senses) a. Purpose
d. Receiver – accepts message b. Knowledge
Factors: (same as the sender) c. Attitude
6. White model of communication d. Credibility
- 1960 2. Message
- Eugene White's model tells that communication in circular and a. Content
continuous, without a beginning or an end. He also introduced b. Structure
the concept of feedback. d. Style
3. Listener
a. Purpose
b. Knowledge and interest
c. Command of listening skills
d. Attitudes
4. Feedback
5. Situation
6. Context
a. Social – social rules/unstated norms
b. Relationship – interpersonal history and type of
7. Dance model of communication relationship
- 1967 c. Cultural – various aspects of identity
- Helical model TYPES OF NOISE
- Frank Dance's communication model assumes that a person's 1. Internal – physiological (health of communicators),
communication starts at birth, and continues as life progresses. psychological (mental), cultural (approach to message)
Communication usually moves forward, but there are also cases 2. External – physical (environment)
of it moving backwards. This is because memories and 3. Semantic – different meaning/perception of communicators
impressions from the past also influence the present. ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal or linguistic aspect – makes use of words (oral/written,
formal/informal)
2. Non-verbal or extra-linguistic aspect – does not make use of
words but may enhance or change the linguistic code
a. Elements of non-verbal communication:
1. Non-linguistic – devices used in conveying messages
without entirely relying on speech or language
 Elements: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
a. Kinesics – language of body - Individuals of varied cultural backgrounds interact, negotiate
b. Proxemics – language of space/distance and create meanings (Ting-Tooney, 1999)
c. Chronemics – language of time - Sending and receiving messages across languages and
d. Haptics – language of touch cultures
e. Olfatics – language of smell DMIS (DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL
f. Artefactual – language of object and physical SENSITIVITY) (BENNET AND BENNET, 2004)
appearance Stage 1: Denial – does not recognize cultural differences
2. Paralinguistic – include the following attributes of the (“All cities are the same; they all have tall buildings, fast food
voice that accompany the words we say: vocal quality, chains, and coffee shops.”)
pitch, tempo, volume, and juncture. Our voice is Stage 2: Defense – recognizes but compares, justifying own as
capable of various dimensions making it possible to superior
identify one person from another (“Their ways are better than my own; I wish I were one of them.”)
3. Metalinguistic – takes place in the mind of Stage 3: Minimization – more universality of ideas
communicators – their awareness of the component (“Once we see through the cultural differences, we really are just
units of language like sound, words, phrases and the same!”)
sentences Stage 4: Acceptance – appreciate differences in behaviors and
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXTS eventually to values
1. Intrapersonal – “intra” meaning “within” (self); speaker acts (“These people and I have different values and experiences, and
both the sender and receiver I think we can learn from one another.”)
2. Interpersonal – among people and establishes relationships Stage 5: Adaptation – open to accepting new perspectives
(“To address our issue, I have to adjust my approach to consider
Types: both my own and my counterpart’s background.”)
a. Dyad – occurs between 2 people Stage 6: Integration – “putting oneself on the shoe of others”
b. Small group – occurs between 3-12 people (“I can look at things from the perspective of various cultures.”)
3. Public – deliver message in front of crowds/group; channels Importance:
are exaggerated 1. Recognize differences
4. Mass communication – through TV, radio, newspapers, 2. Consider what can influence these type of behaviors
magazines, print media, internet and other types of media 3. Analyze how linguistic and cultural communication differ in
7C’S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION terms of behavior and factors
1. Completeness – everything CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL
2. Conciseness – direct to the point COMMUNICATOR
3. Consideration – culture/background 1. Flexibility/tolerate high levels of uncertainty
4. Concreteness – supported by facts 2. Reflectiveness/mindfulness
5. Courtesy – manners/attitude/respect towards context/culture 3. Open-minded
6. Correctness – grammar 4. Sensitivity
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION 5. Adaptability
1. Emotional barriers - feelings 6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking
2. Physical barriers – noisy environment 7. Politeness
3. Use of jargon – specialized vocabulary/terminologies in a TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES (JOOS, 1968)
certain discipline 1. Intimate – private
4. Feedback barrier – lack of confidence/lack of time/lack of a. Examples: family members, relationships
experience 2. Casual – common among peers and friends
VERBAL COMMUNICATION – words (written/spoken) 3. Consultative – standard (professional/mutual language)
Consider: a. Examples: coach giving instructions to player
a. Appropriateness 4. Formal – one way (formal settings)
b. Brevity a. Examples: delivering oratorical speech
c. Clarity 5. Frozen – remains unchanged
d. Ethics a. Examples: Panatang Makabayan
e. Vividness
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION – behavior/actions
Importance:
a. Enhances/emphasizes message
b. Communicate feelings/perceptions without saying a word
c. Sustain attention of listeners
d. Preview type of speaker
e. Appear more dynamic/animated
f. Release tension/nervousness
g. More dramatic speech
h. Build connection with listeners
i. Makes credible speaker
j. Vary speaking style (avoids monotonous delivery)