MATHEMATICS 9 Quarter 1, Week 2

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS) No. 2

Name of Learner: ______________________________________________________________________________
Grade and Section: ______________________________________ Date: _________________________

ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT
This learning activity sheet will help you recall basic concepts of quadratic equations. This would help you
understand the relationship between the coefficients and the roots of quadratic equations. Moreover, upon
completing this material, you will learn how to write a quadratic equation given its roots.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learner characterizes the roots of a quadratic equation using the discriminant. (M9AL – Ic – 1)
The learner describes the relationship between the coefficients and the roots of a quadratic equation. (M9AL – Ic – 2)

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the nature of roots of a quadratic equation using the discriminant.
2. Explain the relationship of the roots and coefficients of a quadratic equation.
3. Apply the relation of roots in writing a quadratic equation.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Quadratic Equation - an equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 and written in

the form 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑐𝑐 are real numbers, and 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0.
Roots of the Equation – values of the variables that turn the equation into correct equality

Coefficient – an integer that is multiplied with the variable of a single term or the terms

of a polynomial. For example, in the expression 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑥𝑥 is the

variable and 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 are the coefficients.

Quadratic Formula – for real numbers 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐, with 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0, the solution of the quadratic
−𝑏𝑏± �𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
equation 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 is given by 𝑥𝑥 = .
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

Discriminant – the radicand 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 in the quadratic formula; this determines the

number of real solutions of a quadratic equation and tells whether the

solutions are either rational or irrational numbers

DISCUSSION

1
 Using a Discriminant
Given a quadratic equation in the form 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 are real numbers and
𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0, we can determine the number and type of solutions of a quadratic equation by evaluating the
discriminant 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.

Discriminant ( 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒) Nature of Roots

2
𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0 No real number / imaginary root
2
𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0 One real (rational) and equal root
𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0 (perfect square)
2
Two real (rational) and unequal roots
𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0 (not a perfect square)
2
Two real (irrational) and unequal roots

EXAMPLES
Determine the nature of roots of the following quadratic equations.
1. 2
𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 0 2. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑎𝑎 = 1 𝑏𝑏 = 6 𝑐𝑐 = 9 𝑎𝑎 = 1 𝑏𝑏 = 2 𝑐𝑐 = 3

𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 62 − 4(1)(9) 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 22 − 4(1)(3)

= 36 − 36 = 4 − 12
𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = −8

Since the discriminant is 0, the equation has one real Since the discriminant is −8 which is less than zero,
(rational) and equal root. the equation has no real number root/ imaginary
root.
3. 2 2
5𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0 4. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
2
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑎𝑎 = 1 𝑏𝑏 = 7 𝑐𝑐 = 1
𝑎𝑎 = 1 𝑏𝑏 = −1 𝑐𝑐 = −2
𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 72 − 4(1)(1)
2 )2
𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = (−1 − 4(1)(−2) = 49 − 4
=1+8 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 45
2
𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 9
Since the discriminant is 45 and not a perfect square,
Since the discriminant is 9 and a perfect square, the the equation has real (irrational) and unequal roots.
equation has real (rational) and unequal roots.

When you use the quadratic formula in solving quadratic equations, consider calculating the discriminant first.

RELATION OF ROOTS

We state the following principle for the general quadratic equation 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 and we denote the roots of a
quadratic equation as 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐.
1. The sum of the roots is the additive inverse of the quotient of 𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂. 𝒃𝒃
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = −
𝒂𝒂
2. The product of the roots is the quotient of 𝒄𝒄 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂. 𝒄𝒄
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 =
𝒂𝒂

The relations that exist between the roots of a quadratic equation can be of best use in deriving the quadratic equation.
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0

2
 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 )𝒙𝒙 + (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎

EXAMPLES
Solve each quadratic equation. Determine by inspection the sum and product of the roots and use the checking
the validity of the solutions.
1. 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐
2. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏
We solve this equation by factoring. 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0 (always transform to standard form)
𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 10 = 0 We solve this equation using Quadratic Formula.
(𝑥𝑥 + 5)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0 𝑎𝑎 = 2 𝑏𝑏 = −4 𝑐𝑐 = −1
−𝑏𝑏±�𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑎
−(−4)±�(−4)2 −4(2)(−1)
𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0 𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0 2(2)
4±√16+8
𝑥𝑥 = −5 𝑥𝑥 = −5 𝑥𝑥 = 4
4±√24 2±√6
𝑥𝑥 = =
4 2

Therefore, 𝑟𝑟1 = −5 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟2 = 2. Therefore, 𝑟𝑟1 =

2+√6
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟2 =
2−√6
.
2 2
Now, check whether the roots are correct.
Now, check whether the roots are correct.
𝑎𝑎 = 1 𝑏𝑏 = 3 𝑐𝑐 = −10
𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = − 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = − 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 =
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂
𝟑𝟑 (−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏) 2+√6 2−√6 (−4) 2+√6 2−√6 (−1)
−𝟓𝟓 + 𝟐𝟐 = − (−𝟓𝟓)(𝟐𝟐) = + =− �= � ��
2 2 2
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 2 2 2
4−6 1
4 4
−3 = −3 −10 = −10 = =−
2 2 4 2
2=2 1 1
− =−
2 2
Since 𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 = − 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑟𝑟1 ⋅ 𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑎𝑎 , the roots −5 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2
𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
Since 𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 = − and 𝑟𝑟1 ⋅ 𝑟𝑟2 = , the roots 2 and 2
𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 2+√6 2−√6
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
are correct. are correct.

Writing Quadratic Equation Given a Pair of Solutions

Rule: To derive the quadratic equation when the two roots are given, subtract each root from 𝑥𝑥 to geth the
corresponding linear factors and equate the product of the linear factors to zero.

Example: Write a quadratic equation given the pair of solutions: 7 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 2

Reverse the factoring method using the solutions 7 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 2.
𝑥𝑥 = 7 𝑥𝑥 = −2
𝑥𝑥 − 7 = 0 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
(𝑥𝑥 − 7)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 0 Use the Zero Factor Property
𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 14 = 0 Multiply the factors

We can use the form 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 )𝒙𝒙 + (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎.
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = −𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − (𝟕𝟕 + (−𝟐𝟐))𝒙𝒙 + (𝟕𝟕 ⋅ (−𝟐𝟐)) = 𝟎𝟎
𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 14 = 0

Example:
Write the quadratic equation given the pair of solutions: 8 and 6.

By Zero Factory Property By 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 )𝒙𝒙 + (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎𝟎

𝑥𝑥 = 8  𝑥𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = 6  𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝑥𝑥 2 − (8 + 6)𝑥𝑥 + (8 ⋅ 6) = 0
(𝑥𝑥 − 8)(𝑥𝑥 − 6) = 0 𝑥𝑥 2 − 14𝑥𝑥 + 48 = 0

3
1. For the equation −5𝑥𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0;

Given: 𝑎𝑎 = −5 𝑏𝑏 = 10 Required: 𝒄𝒄
a. Find 𝒄𝒄 so the equation has only b. Find the range of 𝒄𝒄 for which the c. Find the range of 𝒄𝒄 for which the
one rational number solution. equation has two real number equation has no real number
solutions. solution.
For the equation to have only one
rational number solution, the For the equation to have two real For the equation to have no real
discriminant 𝑏𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0.
2
number solutions, the discriminant number solution, the discriminant
𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0. 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0.
𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0
)2
(10 − 4(−5)𝑐𝑐 = 0 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0
100 + 20𝑐𝑐 = 0 )2
(10 − 4(−5)𝑐𝑐 > 0 )2
(10 − 4(−5)𝑐𝑐 < 0
20𝑐𝑐 = −100 100 + 20𝑐𝑐 > 0 100 + 20𝑐𝑐 < 0
20𝑐𝑐 −100
= 20𝑐𝑐 > −100 20𝑐𝑐 < −100
20 20
20𝑐𝑐 −100 20𝑐𝑐 −100
𝒄𝒄 = −𝟓𝟓 > <
20 20 20 20
𝒄𝒄 > −𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄 < −𝟓𝟓

2. Find the value of 𝑐𝑐 if the roots of 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 − 𝒄𝒄 = 0 differ by 5.

Let 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎𝒎 Given: 𝑎𝑎 = 4

𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = 𝒎𝒎 + 𝟓𝟓 (since the roots differ by 5) 𝑏𝑏 = −12
𝒃𝒃
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = −
𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄
(−12) 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 =
𝑚𝑚 + (𝑚𝑚 + 5) = − 𝒂𝒂
4 𝒄𝒄
(−𝟏𝟏)(𝟑𝟑) =
2𝑚𝑚 + 5 = 3 𝟒𝟒
𝑐𝑐
2𝑚𝑚 = 3 − 5 −3 =
4
2𝑚𝑚 = −2
(−3)(4) = 𝑐𝑐
2𝑚𝑚 2
=− 𝑐𝑐 = −12
2 2
𝑚𝑚 = −1
Thus, 𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 = −1 and Therefore, the value of 𝒄𝒄 is −7.
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = −𝟏𝟏 + 𝟒𝟒  𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑

Reference
 E-Math 9 K-12 Edition 2014, pp 158-173

4
 MATHEMATICS 9 Quarter 1, Week 2
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS) No. 2
Name of Learner: ___________________________________Grade and Section: ____________________Date: ______________

ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

A. Write the corresponding letter of your answer before each item.

_________1. The radicand in the quadratic formula a. No real number solution

_________2. When 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0, there are ______ solution/s. b. One real number solution

_________3. The equation has two real solutions when the discriminant is c. 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0

__________. d. 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0

_________4. The sum of the roots is the _____________ of the quotient of .

𝑏𝑏 e. 𝑏𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎
f. Additive inverse
_________5. The expression ____________ is the radicand in the quadratic formula.
g. Multiplicative inverse

h. Discriminant

B. State whether the roots of the following equations are:

a. real (irrational) and unequal
b. real (rational) and unequal
c. real and equal
d. imaginary and unequal
Show your complete solution. (Hint: Use the discriminant)
1. 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 6 = 13𝑥𝑥 2. 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 4 = 0

C. Complete the table below.

Quadratic Equation 𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 ) (𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 ⋅ 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 )
1) 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
2

2) 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 = −3

5
D. Write the quadratic equation with the given roots. Show your solution.
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 Quadratic Equation
3) −4 7 by Zero Factor Property

4) 1 −3 by 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 )𝑥𝑥 + (𝑟𝑟1 ⋅ 𝑟𝑟2 ) = 0

PERFORMANCE TASK
Refer to the scoring rubric.
1. Discuss the step-by-step procedure on how to determine the quadratic equation when the roots are 5 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 6.

2. Explain the relation of roots and coefficients of Quadratic Equation. Provide an example.

RUBRIC

CRITERIA VERY GOOD (5) FAIR (3) POOR (1)

Accuracy The explanation and solution The explanation and solution The explanation and solution
were completely and accurately were accurately but not were not accurately illustrated.
illustrated. completely illustrated.
Neatness The solution was presented well- The solution was presented The solution was not well-
orderedly and there were no neatly but with erasures. presented and with erasures
erasures.