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UNIT # 2
THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
Quadratic Equation 2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 0
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Quadratic Formula Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = 16
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 As we have
𝑥=
2𝑎 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Discriminant of a Quadratic equation Discriminant = (−8)2 − 4(1)(16)
In quadratic formula, the expression 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is Discriminant = 64 − 64
called Discriminant of quadratic equation. Discriminant = 0
Nature of quadratic equation Thus the roots are real, equal and rational
Case 1:
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, then the roots are real, equal (ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
and rational. Solution:
Case 2: 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 = 0
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, then the roots are unequal and Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
imaginary. Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 9, 𝑐 = 2
Case 3: As we have
If 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎, then: Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is a perfect square, then Discriminant = (9)2 − 4(1)(2)
roots are real, unequal and rational.
Discriminant = 81 − 8
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is not a perfect square, then
Discriminant = 73 > 0
roots are real, unequal and irrational.
Thus the roots are real, unequal and irrational
Example 1:
Find discriminant of the following equation (iii) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 Solution:
Solution: 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15 = 0
𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 = 0 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −15
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 9, 𝑐 = 2 As we have
As we have Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Discriminant = (−1)2 − 4(6)(−15)
Discriminant = (9)2 − 4(1)(2) Discriminant = 1 + 360
Discriminant = 81 − 8 Discriminant = 361
Discriminant = 73 Discriminant = 192 > 0
Thus the roots are real, unequal and rational
Example 2:
Examine the nature of the roots of the
following quadratic equations.
𝟐
(i) 𝒙 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
Solution:
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
𝟐 As we have
(iv) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution: Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 Discriminant = (5)2 − 4(1)(6)
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Discriminant = 25 − 24
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 Discriminant = 1
As we have Discriminant = 12 > 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Hence the roots are real, unequal and rational
Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(4)(1) 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Discriminant = 1 − 16 Using Factorizatin Method
Discriminant = −15 < 0 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
Thus the roots are unequal and imaginary 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 3(𝑥 + 2) = 0
Example 3:
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
Determine the nature of roots of the following
𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 3 = 0
equations and verify the results by solving the 𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3
by factorization. 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥, 𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥
(i) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝
Solution: Example # 4:
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 Without solving, determine the nature of the
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 roots of the quadratic equation.
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 9 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
As we have Solution:
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 0
Discriminant = (−6)2 − 4(1)(9) Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Discriminant = 36 − 36 Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 6
Discriminant = 0 As we have
Hence the roots are real, equal and rational Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Discriminant = (−4)2 − 4(3)(6)
Using Factorizatin Method Discriminant = 16 − 72
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 Discriminant = −56 < 0
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 3(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Example # 5:
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Without solving, determine the nature of the
𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 roots of the quadratic equation.
𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 = −𝟏
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥, 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 Solution:
𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 = −1
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
(ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Solution: Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = 1
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 As we have
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 6 Discriminant = (−7)2 − 4(2)(1)
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Ex # 2.1
Discriminant = 49 − 8 Ex # 2.1
Discriminant = 41 Page # 27
Hence the roots are real, unequal and irrational Q1: Find the discriminant of the following
Example # 6 (i): quadratic equations:
Determine the set of values of 𝒌 for which the (i) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎
given quadratic equations have real roots. Solution:
𝒌𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 13 = 0
Solution: Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑘𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = 13
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 As we have
Here 𝑎 = 𝑘, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 1 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 Discriminant = (−4)2 − 4(1)(13)
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 Discriminant = 16 − 52
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 Discriminant = −36
(4)2 − 4(𝑘)(1) ≥ 0
16 − 4𝑘 ≥ 0 (ii) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
16 ≥ 4𝑘 Solution:
16 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
≥𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
4
4≥𝑘 Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 1
𝑘≤4 As we have
(ii) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Solution: Discriminant = (−5)2 − 4(4)(1)
2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 3 = 0 Discriminant = 25 − 16
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Discriminant = 9
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 3
𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 (iii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 Solution:
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑘)2 − 4(2)(3) ≥ 0 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑘 2 − 24 ≥ 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
𝑘 2 ≥ 24 As we have
Taking square root on B. S Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
√𝑘 2 ≥ ±√24 Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(1)(1)
Discriminant = 1 − 4
𝑘 ≥ ±√4 × 6
Discriminant = −3
𝑘 ≥ ±√4 . √6
𝑘 ≥ ±2 √6 Q2: Examine the nature of the roots of the
Therefore following equations:
(i) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑘 ≥ 2 √6
Solution:
𝑘 ≤ −2 √6
3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 1
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
As we have Taking square root on B. S
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 √𝑘 2 = ±√36
Discriminant = (−5)2 − 4(3)(1) 𝑘 = ±6
Discriminant = 25 − 12 (ii) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
Discriminant = 13 > 0 Solution:
Hence the roots are real, unequal and irrational 12𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 3 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(ii) 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 Here 𝑎 = 12, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 3
Solution: As roots are equal then
6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −2 (𝑘)2 − 4(12)(3) = 0
As we have 𝑘 2 − 144 = 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑘 2 = 144
Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(6)(−2) Taking square root on B. S
Discriminant = 1 + 48 √𝑘 2 = ±√144
Discriminant = 49
𝑘 = ±12
Discriminant = 72 > 0
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
Hence the roots are real, unequal and rational
Solution:
(iii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
Solution: Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
As roots are equal then
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
As we have
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(−5)2 − 4(1)(𝑘) = 0
Discriminant = (2)2 − 4(3)(1)
25 − 4𝑘 = 0
Discriminant = 4 − 12
−4𝑘 = −25
Discriminant = −8 < 0
4𝑘 = 25
Thus the roots are unequal and imaginary
25
Q3: For what value of 𝒌 the roots of the following 𝑘=
4
equations are equal. Q4: Determine whether the following quadratic
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 equations and verify the results by solving
Solution: them.
𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 9 = 0 (i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Solution:
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 9 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
As roots are equal then Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 5
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 As we have
(𝑘)2 − 4(1)(9) = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑘 2 − 36 = 0 Discriminant = (5)2 − 4(1)(5)
𝑘 2 = 36
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
Discriminant = 25 − 20 𝟐
(iii) 𝟔𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Discriminant = 5 > 0 Solution:
As the roots are real 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
Now find the roots Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 Here 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −2
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 As we have
𝑥=
2𝑎 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Put the values Discriminant = (1)2 − 4(6)(−2)
−(5) ± √(5)2 − 4(1)(5) Discriminant = 1 + 48
𝑥=
2(1) Discriminant = 49
−5 ± √25 − 20 Discriminant = 72 > 0
𝑥= Verification by Solving equation
2
−5 ± √5 Using Factorizatin Method
𝑥= 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
2
−5 + √5 −5 − √5 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) + 2(2𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 2
−𝟓 + √𝟓 −𝟓 − √𝟓 (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 , 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
(ii) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 2𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 = −2
1 −2
Solution: 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 3
4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 1 −2
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = { , }
2 3
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 12, 𝑐 = 9 Q5: Determine the nature of roots of the following
As we have quadratic equations and verify the results by
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 solving them.
Discriminant = (12)2 − 4(4)(9) (i) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟏
Discriminant = 144 − 144 Solution:
Discriminant = 0 = 0 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
As the roots are real Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Now find the roots Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −10, 𝑐 = 3
Using Factorizatin Method As we have
4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 Discriminant = (−10)2 − 4(3)(3)
2𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) + 3(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 Discriminant = 100 − 36
(2𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 Discriminant = 64
2𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 Discriminant = 82 > 0
2𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 = −3 Verification by Solving equation
−3 −3
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = Using Factorizatin Method
2 2 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
−𝟑
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = { } 3𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝟐
𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) − 3(3𝑥 − 1) = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
3𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 As we have
3𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
1 Discriminant = (0)2 − 4(1)(−3)
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
3 Discriminant = 0 + 12
𝟏 Discriminant = 12 > 0
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = { , 𝟑}
𝟑 Verification by Solving equation
𝟐
(ii) 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝑥2 − 3 = 0
Solution: 𝑥2 = 3
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0 Taking Square root on B. S
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 √𝑥 2 = ±√3
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 4
𝑥 = ±√3
As we have
𝑥 = √3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −√3
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Discriminant = (−6)2 − 4(1)(4) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {√𝟑 , −√𝟑}
Discriminant = 36 − 16 Q6: For what value of 𝒌 the roots of the following
Discriminant = 20 > 0 equations are :
Verification by Solving equation (a) real (b) imaginary
Using Quadratic formula (i) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎
Solution:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
2𝑎
Put the values Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 𝑘
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(1)(4)
𝑥= 𝒂) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥
2(1)
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
6 ± √36 − 16
𝑥 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
2
(3)2 − 4(2)(𝑘) ≥ 0
6 ± √20
𝑥 = 9 − 8𝑘 ≥ 0
2
9 ≥ 8𝑘
6 ± √4 × 5
𝑥 = 9
2 ≥𝑘
8
6 ± 2√5 9
𝑥 = 𝑘≤
2 8
2(3 ± √5) 𝒃) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
𝑥 =
2 Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑥 = 3 ± √5 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑥 = 3 + √5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3 − √5 (3)2 − 4(2)(𝑘) < 0
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {𝟑 + √𝟓 , 𝟑 − √𝟓} 9 − 8𝑘 < 0
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 9 < 8𝑘
Solution: 9
<𝑘
𝑥2 − 3 = 0 8
9
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑘>
8
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −3
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Ex # 2.1 Ex # 2.1
𝟐 𝒃) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
(ii) 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Solution: Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑘𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (5)2 − 4(1)(𝑘) < 0
Here 𝑎 = 𝑘, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1 25 − 4𝑘 < 0
𝒂) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 25 < 4𝑘
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 25
<𝑘
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 4
(2)2 − 4(𝑘)(1) ≥ 0 25
𝑘>
4 − 4𝑘 ≥ 0 4
4 ≥ 4𝑘 Ex # 2.2
4
≥𝑘 Cube root of unity
4
1≥𝑘 Let 𝑥 by the cube root of 1
1
𝑘≤1
x = (1) 3
𝒃) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
3
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 1
( x) = (1) 3
3
(3)2 (2)2 − 4(𝑘)(1) < 0
4 − 4𝑘 < 0
4 < 4𝑘 𝑥3 = 1
4 𝑥3 − 1 = 0
<𝑘 (𝑥)3 − (1)3 = 0
4
1<𝑘 𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝑘>1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + (𝑥)(1) + (1)2 ) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solution: 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 Now
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝒂) 𝐈𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 1
Discriminant = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 As we have
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(5)2 − 4(1)(𝑘) ≥ 0 𝑥=
2𝑎
25 − 4𝑘 ≥ 0 Put the values
25 ≥ 4𝑘 −(1) ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(1)
25 𝑥=
≥𝑘 2(1)
4
25 −1 ± √1 − 4
𝑘≤ 𝑥=
4 2
−1 ± √−3
𝑥=
2
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
−1 ± √−1 × 3 The Product of cube roots of unity is one
𝑥= 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1
2
−1 ± √−1. √3 −1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3
𝑥= As 𝜔 = and 𝜔2
2 2 2
−1 ± 𝑖√3 −1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3
𝑥= 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1. ( )( )
2 2 2
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 (−1 + 𝑖√3)(−1 − 𝑖√3)
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
2 2 2×2
−1 + 𝑖√3 2 2
Thus the cube root of unity are 1, (−1) − (𝑖√3)
2 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
4
−1 − 𝑖√3 1 − 𝑖 2 (3)
and 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
2 4
Here 1 is the real root and 1 − 3𝑖 2
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
𝑎𝑛𝑑 are complex roots 4
2 2 1 − 3(−1)
1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = ∴ 𝑖2 = 1
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 4
Let 𝜔 = and 𝜔2 1+3
2 2 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
𝑥 = 𝜔 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝜔2 4
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {𝟏, 𝝎, 𝝎𝟐 } 4
1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =
4
Properties of the cube root of unity 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 =1
The sum of cube roots of unity is zero 𝐎𝐑
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 𝜔3 = 1
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 Reciprocal of the cube root of unity
As 𝜔 = and 𝜔2 1 1
2 2 𝜔 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2 =
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 𝜔 𝜔
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1 + + 3
As 𝜔 = 1
2 2
2 + (−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 − 𝑖√3) We can write it as:
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1
2
2 − 1 + 𝑖√3 − 1 − 𝑖√3 1
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = Thus 𝜔 = 2
2 𝜔
And also
2 − 1 − 1 + 𝑖√3 − 𝑖√3
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1
2 𝜔2 =
1 − 1 𝜔
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = Example # 7:
2
0 Show that
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 =
2 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎𝟐 𝒚)
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 Solution:
Other properties are: 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦)
1 + 𝜔 = −𝜔2 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
1 + 𝜔2 = −𝜔 (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦)
𝜔 + 𝜔2 = −1 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜔𝑥𝑦 + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 )
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦(𝜔2 + 𝜔) + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 ]
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
𝟐
𝐀𝐬 𝝎 + 𝝎 = −𝟏 (vii) 1
𝜔−13 =
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)[𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦(−1) + (1)3 𝑦 2 ] 1. 𝜔
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 1
𝜔−13 =
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒 𝜔
𝟏
Example # 8 𝐀𝐬 = 𝝎𝟐
𝝎
Evaluate 𝝎𝟏𝟓 , 𝝎𝟐𝟒 , 𝝎𝟗𝟎 , 𝝎𝟏𝟎𝟏 , 𝝎−𝟐 , 𝝎−𝟏𝟑
Solutions: 𝜔−13 = 𝜔2
(i) 𝜔15 = 𝜔3×5 Example # 9
= (𝜔3 )5 𝟑
(−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑) + (−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑) = 𝟏𝟔
𝟑
= (1)5 Solution:
=1 3 3
(ii) 𝜔24 = 𝜔3×8 (−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 + 𝑖√3) = 16
= (𝜔3 )8 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
3 3
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 (−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 + 𝑖√3)
= (1)8 As
=1 −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
(iii) 𝜔90 = 𝜔3×30 𝝎= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝎𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐
= (𝜔3 )30 𝟐
𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 So
= (1)30 = (2𝜔)3 + (2𝜔2 )3
=1 = (23 𝜔3 ) + (23 𝜔6 )
(iv) 𝜔101 = 𝜔99 . 𝜔2 = (8𝜔3 ) + (8𝜔3×2 )
𝜔3×33 . 𝜔2 = (8𝜔3 ) + [8(𝜔3 )2 ]
(𝜔3 )33 . 𝜔2 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 = 8(1) + 8(1)2
= (1)33 . 𝜔2 = 8 + 8(1)
= 1. 𝜔2 =8+8
= 𝜔2 = 16 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
(v) 1
𝜔−2 = 2
𝜔
𝟏
𝐀𝐬 𝟐 = 𝝎
𝝎
−2
𝜔 =𝜔
(vi) 1
𝜔−13 =
𝜔13
1
𝜔−13 = 12
𝜔 .𝜔
1
𝜔−13 = 3×4
𝜔 .𝜔
1
𝜔−13 = 3 4
(𝜔 ) . 𝜔
𝟑
𝐀𝐬 𝝎 = 𝟏
1
𝜔−13 =
(1)5 . 𝜔
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Ex # 2.2
Ex # 2.2 1 + 𝑖√3 1 − 𝑖√3
Page # 31 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
2 2
Q1: Find the cube roots of the following numbers. −1 − 𝑖√3 −1 + 𝑖√3
(i) −𝟏 𝑥 = −( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − ( )
2 2
Solution: 𝑥 = −(𝜔2 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −(𝜔)
−1 𝑥 = −𝜔2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −𝜔
Let 𝑥 by the cube root of − 1 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {−𝟏, −𝝎, −𝝎𝟐 }
1
x = ( −1) 3 (ii) 𝟖
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 Solution:
3 8
1
( x) = (−1) 3
3
Let 𝑥 by the cube root of 8
1
𝑥 3 = −1
x = (8) 3
𝑥3 + 1 = 0 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
3
(𝑥)3 + (1)3 = 0 13
( x) = (8)
3
𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − (𝑥)(1) + (1)2 ) = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) = 0 𝑥3 = 8
𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥3 − 8 = 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑥)3 − (2)3 = 0
Now 𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + (𝑥)(2) + (2)2 ) = 0
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) = 0
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = 1 𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
As we have 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Now
𝑥= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
2𝑎
Put the values Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(1)(1) Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 4
𝑥= As we have
2(1)
1 ± √1 − 4 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2𝑎
Put the values
1 ± √−3
𝑥= −(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(4)
2 𝑥=
2(1)
1 ± √−1 × 3 −2 ± √4 − 16
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
1 ± √−1. √3 −2 ± √−12
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
1 ± 𝑖√3 −2 ± √−1 × 4 × 3
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
−2 ± √−1. √4. √3 3 ± √9 − 36
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
−2 ± 2𝑖√3 3 ± √−27
𝑥= 𝑥 =
2 2
2(−1 ± 𝑖√3) 3 ± √−1 × 9 × 3
𝑥= 𝑥 =
2 2
−1 ± 𝑖√3 3 ± √−1. √9. √3
𝑥 = 2( ) 𝑥 =
2 2
−1 + 𝑖√3 −1 − 𝑖√3 3 ± 3𝑖√3
𝑥 = 2( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 ( ) 𝑥 =
2 2 2
3(1 ± 𝑖√3)
𝑥 = 2(𝜔) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2(𝜔2 ) 𝑥 =
𝑥 = 2𝜔 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2𝜔2 2
1 ± 𝑖√3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {𝟐, 𝟐𝝎, 𝟐𝝎𝟐 } 𝑥 = 3( )
2
(iii) −𝟐𝟕
Solution: 1 + 𝑖√3 1 − 𝑖√3
𝑥 = 3( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3( )
−27 2 2
Let 𝑥 by the cube root of − 27 −1 − 𝑖√3 −1 + 𝑖√3
𝑥 = −3 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3 ( )
1 2 2
x = (−27) 3
𝑥 = −3(𝜔2 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3(𝜔)
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 𝑥 = −3𝜔2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3𝜔
3 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐭 = {−𝟑, −𝟑𝝎, −𝟑𝝎𝟐 }
1
( x) = (−27) 3
3
Q2: Evaluate:
(i) 𝝎𝟏𝟐 + 𝝎𝟓𝟖 + 𝝎𝟗𝟓
𝑥 3 = −27 Solution:
𝑥 3 + 27 = 0 𝜔12 + 𝜔58 + 𝜔95
(𝑥)3 + (3)3 = 0 = 𝜔12 + 𝜔57 . 𝜔1 + 𝜔93 . 𝜔2
𝐀𝐬 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝜔3×4 + 𝜔3×19 . 𝜔 + 𝜔3×31 . 𝜔2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 − (𝑥)(3) + (3)2 ) = 0 = (𝜔3 )4 + (𝜔3 )19 . 𝜔 + (𝜔3 )31 . 𝜔2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9) = 0 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏
𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 = (1)4 + (1)19 . 𝜔 + (1)31 . 𝜔2
𝑥 = −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 = 1 + 1. 𝜔 + 1. 𝜔2
Now = 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 = 0 =0 ∴ 𝟏 + 𝝎 + 𝝎𝟐 = 𝟎
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(ii) (𝟏 + 𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 )𝟕
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 9
As we have Solution:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )7
𝑥= = (−𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )7
2𝑎
Put the values = (−2𝜔2 )7
−(−3) ± √(−3)2 − 4(1)(9) = (−2)7 (𝜔2 )7
𝑥= = −128𝜔14
2(1)
= −128. 𝜔12 . 𝜔2
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.2
= −128. 𝜔3×4 . 𝜔2 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
= −128(𝜔3 )4 . 𝜔2 4
(−1 + 𝑖√3) (−1 + 𝑖√3)
5
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 𝐀𝐬
= −128(1)4 . 𝜔2
−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
= −128(1). 𝜔2 𝝎= 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝎𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐
= −128 𝜔2 𝟐
𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝝎 = −𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
(iii) (𝟏 + 𝟑𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝝎 − 𝟐𝝎𝟐 ) So
= (2𝜔)4 (2𝜔2 )5
Solution:
(1 + 3𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔 − 2𝜔2 ) = (24 𝜔4 )(25 𝜔10 )
= (1 + 𝜔 + 2𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔 − 2𝜔2 ) = 16 × 32𝜔4+10
𝐀𝐬 𝟏 + 𝝎 = −𝝎𝟐
= 512𝜔14
= (−𝜔2 + 2𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(−𝜔2 − 2𝜔2 )
= 512𝜔12 . 𝜔2
= (2𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )(−3𝜔2 )
= 512(𝜔3 )4 . 𝜔2
= (2𝜔 − 2𝜔2 )(−3𝜔2 )
= −6𝜔3 + 6𝜔4 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏
= −6𝜔3 + 6𝜔3 𝜔 = 512(1)4 . 𝜔2
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟏 = 512𝜔2 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
= −6(1) + 6(1)𝜔
= −6 + 6𝜔 Q4: Show that:
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
= −6(1 − 𝜔) (i) 𝒙 − 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎𝒚)(𝒙 − 𝝎 𝒚)
Q3: Prove that: Solution:
(i) (𝟏 + 𝟐𝝎)(𝟏 + 𝟐𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝝎 − 𝝎𝟐 ) = 𝟔 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔2 𝑦)
Solution: 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
(1 + 2𝜔)(1 + 2𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) = 6 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝜔2 𝑦)
𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒: = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝜔2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝜔𝑥𝑦 + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 )
(1 + 2𝜔)(1 + 2𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦(𝜔2 + 𝜔) + 𝜔3 𝑦 2 ]
= (1 + 2𝜔2 + 2𝜔 + 4𝜔3 )[1 − (𝜔 + 𝜔2 )] 𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟐 + 𝝎 = −𝟏
= [1 + 2(𝜔2 + 𝜔) + 4𝜔3 ][1 − (𝜔 + 𝜔2 )] = (𝑥 − 𝑦)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦(−1) + (1)3 𝑦 2 ]
𝐀𝐬 𝝎𝟐 + 𝝎 = −𝟏 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
= [1 + 2(−1) + 4(1)][1 − (−1)] = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
= (1 − 2 + 4)(1 + 1)
(ii) (𝟏 + 𝝎)(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟒 )(𝟏 + 𝝎𝟖 ) = 𝟏
= (−1 + 4)(2)
Solution:
= (3)(2)
(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) = 1
= 6 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒
Hence
(1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 )
(1 + 2𝜔)(1 + 2𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) = 6
= (−𝜔2 )(−𝜔)(1 + 𝜔8 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔12 )
(ii) (−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑)𝟒 (−𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑)𝟓 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝝎𝟐 𝐀𝐬 𝟏 + 𝛚 = −𝝎𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 = −𝝎
Solution: = (𝜔3 )(1 + 𝜔6 . 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 𝜔 + 𝜔12 )
4 5
(−1 + 𝑖√3) (−1 + 𝑖√3) = 512𝜔2 = (𝜔3 )[1 + (𝜔3 )2 . 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 𝜔 + (𝜔3 )4 ]
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Ex # 2.2 Ex # 2.3
= (1)(1 + (1)2 . 𝜔2 + (1)𝜔 + (1)4 ) 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬
= 1 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔 + 1 −𝑏
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
𝐀𝐬 𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 + 𝝎 = 𝟎 𝑎
𝑐
=0+1 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝛼. 𝛽 =
𝑎
=1
Example # 10
Ex # 2.2 Without solving, find the sum and products of
Roots and co-efficients of a Quadratic equation the roots of the equations.
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation (i) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Solution:
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
Thus 𝛼 =
2𝑎 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −4
And 𝛽 =
2𝑎 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 −(−3) 3
𝛼+𝛽 = + 𝛼+𝛽 = = =
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2 2
(−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ) + (−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ) 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 =
2𝑎 𝑐 −4
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝛼 .𝛽 = = = −2
𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑎 2
2𝑎
−𝑏 − 𝑏 (ii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝛼+𝛽 =
2𝑎 Solution:
−2𝑏
𝛼+𝛽 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
2𝑎
−𝑏 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝛼+𝛽 = Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = −2
𝑎
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝛼. 𝛽 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 −6
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝛼+𝛽 = = = −2
=( ).( ) 𝑎 3
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
(−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ). (−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ) 𝑐 −2 2
𝛼. 𝛽 = 𝛼 .𝛽 = = =−
(2𝑎)(2𝑎) 𝑎 3 3
2 Example # 11
(−𝑏)2 − (√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 )
𝛼. 𝛽 = Find the value of 𝒌 so that the sum of the roots
4𝑎2
of the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 is equal to
𝑏 2 − (𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐) three times the product of its roots.
𝛼. 𝛽 =
4𝑎2 Solution:
𝑏 2 − 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑐 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝛼. 𝛽 =
4𝑎2 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
4𝑎𝑐 Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 6
𝛼. 𝛽 = 2
4𝑎 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝑐
𝛼. 𝛽 =
𝑎
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 7𝑎2 7
−𝑏 −𝑘 =
7 7
𝛼+𝛽 = = 2
𝑎 2 𝑎 =1
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒
𝑐 6 √𝑎2 = ±√1
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 3
𝑎 2 𝑎 = ±1
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝟑 × 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 Example # 13
−𝑘 Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of
=3×3
2 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 differ by unity.
−𝑘
=9 Solution:
2
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
Multiply B. S by 2
−𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
×2=9×2 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = 𝑘
2
−𝑘 = 18 Let 𝛼 and α + 1 be the roots of equation
𝑘 = −18 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏
Example # 12 𝛼+α+1=
𝑎
Find the value of 𝒂 if the sum of the square of −(−7)
the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎 is equal to 7. 2𝛼 + 1 =
1
Solution: 2𝛼 + 1 = 7
𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 = 0 2𝛼 = 7 − 1
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2𝛼 = 6
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −3𝑎, 𝑐 = 𝑎2 6
𝛼=
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 2
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝛼=3
−𝑏 −(−3𝑎) 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 = = = 3𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 1 𝛼 ( α + 1) =
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎
𝑘
𝑐 𝑎2 𝛼2 + 𝛼 =
𝛼 . 𝛽 = = = 𝑎2 1
𝑎 1 𝛼2 + 𝛼 = 𝑘
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶
𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟕
(3)2 + 3 = 𝑘
𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
9+3=𝑘
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
12 = 𝑘
𝐒𝐨
𝑘 = 12
(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = 7
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬
(3𝑎)2 − 2(𝑎2 ) = 7
9𝑎2 − 2𝑎2 = 7
7𝑎2 = 7
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟕
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
Example # 14 Example # 15
If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎, find 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧 𝐢𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝
the 𝒌 such that 𝟐𝜶 + 𝟓𝜷 = 𝟕 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Solution: 𝒎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒏 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎.
9𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 Solution:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑚𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0
Here 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = −27, 𝑐 = 𝑘 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Here 𝑎 = 𝑚, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑛
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
−𝑏 −(−27) 27 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝛼+𝛽 = = = =3 −𝑏 −(−5) 5
𝑎 9 9
𝛼+𝛽 = = =
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖) 𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐 𝑘 𝑐 𝑛
𝛼 .𝛽 = = 𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 9 𝑎 𝑚
𝑘 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝛼 .𝛽 = … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖) 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎
9
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 5
= 10
2𝛼 + 5𝛽 = 7 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑚
Equ (i) ⇒ 5 = 10𝑚
5 10𝑚
𝛼+𝛽 =3 =
10 10
𝛼 = 3 − 𝛽 … … … Equ (iv) 1
Put the value of 𝛼 in Equ (iii) =𝑚
2
2(3 − 𝛽) + 5𝛽 = 7 1
6 − 2𝛽 + 5𝛽 = 7 𝑚=
2
6 + 3𝛽 = 7 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎
3𝛽 = 7 − 6 𝑛
= 10
3𝛽 = 1 𝑚
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟑 𝑛 = 10𝑚
3𝛽 1 1
= 𝑛 = 10 ×
3 3 2
1 𝑛=5
𝛽= 1
3 Thus 𝑚 = and 𝑛 = 5
1 2
Now put 𝛽 = in equ (iv)
3
1
𝛼 =3−
3
9−1
𝛼=
3
8
𝛼=
3
Put the value of 𝛼 and 𝛽 in Equ (ii)
8 1
( )( ) = 𝑘
3 3
8=𝑘
𝑘=8
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Ex # 2.3
Ex # 2.3 Q2: Find the value of 𝒌 if sum of the roots of
𝟐
Page # 34 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 is equal to the product of
Q1: Without solving the equation, find the sum and its roots
products of the roots of the following quadratic Solution:
equations. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 6 = 0
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Solution: Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 6
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Here 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −4, 𝑐 = −3 −𝑏 −𝑘
𝛼+𝛽 = =
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 𝑎 2
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 −(−4) 4 𝑐 6
𝛼+𝛽 = = = =1 𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 3
𝑎 4 4 𝑎 2
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝑐 −3 3 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 = 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬
𝛼 .𝛽 = = =− −𝑘
𝑎 4 4 =3
2
(ii) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 Multiply B. S by 2
Solution: −𝑘
×2=3×2
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 2
−𝑘 = 6
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑘 = −6
Here 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 6
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Q3: Find the value of 𝒌 if the sum of the square of
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒌𝒙 + 𝟔𝒌𝟐 = 𝟎 is equal to 13.
−𝑏 −5 5 Solution:
𝛼+𝛽 = = =− 𝑥 2 − 5𝑘𝑥 + 6𝑘 2 = 0
𝑎 2 2
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 6 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5𝑘, 𝑐 = 6𝑘 2
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 3
𝑎 2 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
(iii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 −𝑏 −(−5𝑘)
𝛼+𝛽 = = = 5𝑘
Solution: 𝑎 1
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑐 6𝑘2
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 6𝑘2
Here 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −5 𝑎 1
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑
−𝑏 −2 2 𝐀𝐬 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐
𝛼+𝛽 = = =−
𝑎 3 3 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶𝜷
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝐒𝐨
𝑐 −5 5 (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 = 13
𝛼 .𝛽 = = =−
𝑎 3 3
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 Q5: Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of
𝟐
(5𝑘)2 − 2(6𝑘 2 ) = 13 𝒙 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝒌 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 differ by three.
25𝑘 2 − 12𝑘 2 = 13 Solution:
13𝑘 2 = 13 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 𝑘 + 2 = 0
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐁. 𝐒 𝐛𝐲 𝟏𝟑 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
13𝑘 2 13 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −9, 𝑐 = 𝑘 + 2
= Let 𝛼 and α + 3 be the roots of equation
13 13
𝑘2 = 1 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 −𝑏
𝛼+α+3=
√𝑘 2 = ±√1 𝑎
−(−9)
𝑘 = ±1 2𝛼 + 3 =
1
Q4: Find the value of 𝒌 if the roots of 2𝛼 + 3 = 9
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 differ by unity. 2𝛼 = 9 − 3
Solution: 2𝛼 = 6
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 6
𝛼=
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 2
Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘 𝛼=3
Let 𝛼 and α + 1 be the roots of equation 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝑐
𝛼 ( α + 3) =
−𝑏 𝑎
𝛼+α+1= 𝑘+2
𝑎 𝛼 2 + 3𝛼 =
−(−5) 1
2𝛼 + 1 = 𝛼 2 + 3𝛼 = 𝑘 + 2
1
2𝛼 + 1 = 5 𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶
2𝛼 = 5 − 1 (3)2 + 3(3) = 𝑘 + 2
2𝛼 = 4 9+9 =𝑘+2
4 18 = 𝑘 + 2
𝛼=
2 18 − 2 = 𝑘
𝛼=2 16 = 𝑘
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑘 = 16
𝑐
𝛼 ( α + 1) = Q6: If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌 = 𝟎, find
𝑎 the 𝒌 such that 𝟑𝜶 + 𝟐𝜷 = 𝟏𝟐
𝑘
𝛼2 + 𝛼 = Solution:
1
𝛼2 + 𝛼 = 𝑘 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
𝐏𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝜶 Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(2)2 + 2 = 𝑘 Here 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −5, 𝑐 = 𝑘
4+2 =𝑘 Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation
6 =𝑘 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
−𝑏 −(−5) 5
𝑘=6 𝛼+𝛽 = = =
𝑎 1 1
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 5 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖)
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Ex # 2.3 Ex # 2.3
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 3×5=3×𝑚
𝑐 𝑘 15 = 3𝑚
𝛼 .𝛽 = = = 𝑘 15 3𝑚
𝑎 1 =
𝛼 . 𝛽 = 𝑘 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖) 3 3
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 5=𝑚
3𝛼 + 2𝛽 = 12 … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑚=5
Equ (i) ⇒ 𝟑
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨
𝛼+𝛽 =5 𝟓
−𝑛 3
𝛼 = 5 − 𝛽 … … … Equ (iv) =
𝑚 5
Put the value of 𝛼 in Equ (iii) −𝑛 3
3(5 − 𝛽) + 2𝛽 = 12 = ∴𝑚=5
5 5
15 − 3𝛽 + 2𝛽 = 12 −𝑛 3
15 − 𝛽 = 12 ×5= ×5
5 5
−𝛽 = 12 − 15 −𝑛 = 3
−𝛽 = −3 𝑛 = −3
𝛽=3 Thus 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑛 = −3
Now put 𝛽 = 3 in equ (iv)
𝛼 =5−3 Ex # 2.4
𝛼=2 Symmetric functions of roots of a Quadratic
Put the value of 𝛼 and 𝛽 in Equ (ii) equation
(2)(3) = 𝑘 Let 𝛼 , 𝛽 be the roots of a quadratic equation,
6=𝑘 then the expressions of the form of 𝛼 + 𝛽 ,
𝛼𝛽 , 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 are called the functions of the
𝑘=6
roots of the quadratic equation.
Q7: 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧 𝐢𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 By symmetric function of the roots of an
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 equation, we mean that the function remains
𝟑 unchanged in values when the roots are
𝒎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒏 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 interchanged.
𝟓
Solution: Example:
𝑚𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑛 = 0 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 then
Compare it with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑓(𝛽, 𝛼) = 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2
Here 𝑎 = 𝑚, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −𝑛 Both are symmetric functions.
Let 𝛼 and β be the roots of equation Example # 16 (i)
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, find
−𝑏 −(−3) 3 the values of the symmetric function 𝜶 + 𝜷
𝛼+𝛽 = = = Solution:
𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 −𝑛 As 𝛼 and β are the roots of equation
𝛼 .𝛽 = =
𝑎 𝑚 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬:
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 −𝑏
𝟑 𝛼+𝛽 =
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝑎
𝟓
3 3
=
𝑚 5
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Ex # 2.4 Ex # 2.4
Example # 16 (ii) Now to find 𝛼 + 𝛽3
3
3 12 40 160
4 −2 0 −150
3 10 40 10
(ii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
Ex # 2.6 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐
Page # 45 Solution:
Q1: Solve the following system of equations. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 … … … Equ (i)
(i) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 = 32 … … … Equ (ii)
2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐 Equ (i) ⇒
Solution: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 … … … Equ (i) 𝑥 = −2𝑦 … … … Equ (iii)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2 … … … Equ (ii) Put the value of 𝑥 in Equ (ii)
Equ (i) ⇒ (−2𝑦)2 + 4𝑦 2 = 32
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 32
−𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥 8𝑦 2 = 32
𝑦 = −3 + 2𝑥 Divide B. S by 8
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 … … … Equ (iii) 8𝑦 2 32
Put the value of y in Equ (ii) =
8 8
𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 − 3)2 = 2 𝑦2 = 4
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Ex # 2.6 Ex # 2.6
𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐁. 𝐒 (iv) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒
√𝑦 2 = ±√4 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑
𝑦 = ±2 Solution:
𝑦 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 … … … Equ (i)
Now put 𝑦 = 2 in equ (iii) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 3 … … … Equ (ii)
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