QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS
Basic Definition
The quadratic equation is defined as follows , the general equation is written in this form .

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ; a. 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0

Roots of the equation are as follow

𝑏 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑥+ =0 𝑥2
𝑎 𝑎
2 2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + =− +
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
2
𝑏 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= 𝑥+ =
2𝑎 4𝑎2

𝑏 ± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐

=𝑥 + = =𝑥= = 𝑎 ,𝛽
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

−𝑏 𝑐
𝛼+𝛽 = ; 𝛼𝛽 = ‘𝛼 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ′𝛽’ are the roots of the equations
𝑎 𝑎
D= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (Discriminant)

D= 0 It means roots are equal

D<0 It means roots are imaginary
D>0 It means roots are real and distinct.

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥+ =0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 2 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
𝑎 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 =0

Equation: 𝑥 2 - (sum of roots )𝑥 + product of roots = 0

Q1. Find integral value of ‘a’ for which (x-a)(x-10) +1 =0 has integral roots .

Sol:
 1 1
Q2. If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽are the roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0find the value of + .
𝛼2 𝛽2
Q3. If 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 = 2.9𝑥 , find x.
Some Important Facts.

1. If a,b,c ∈ 𝑄 & 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠.

2. If a,b,c ∈ Q and p+√q is a root of the equation , then the other root must be p-√q & vice versa.

3. If a,b,c ∈ R & p+iq is an imaginary root of the equation then the other root must be p-iq (p,q ∈ R).

eg : (i) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0

(ii) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 − ⅈ = 0
Graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

2
𝑏 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎
2 2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + =− +
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
2
𝑏 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑦 =𝑎 𝑥+ =
2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 2 𝐷
𝑦 =𝑎 𝑥+
2𝑎
−
4𝑎
=0
2
𝐷 𝑏
𝑦+ =𝑎 𝑥+
4𝑎 2𝑎
Y=a𝑋 2
If Y=0 , it means y= -D/4a

If X= 0 , it means x= -b/2a

−𝑏 −𝐷
So , turning poing (T.P) = ( , )
2𝑎 4𝑎

Methods to sketch

1. If a>0 , upward parabola

If a<0, downward parabola

−𝑏 −𝐷
2. x= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
2𝑎 4𝑎

3. y=0 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐=0
x= 𝑎 , 𝛽
Q4. Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
Q5. Sketch 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Q6. Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

Since its parabola up and T.P at (1,1), the graph will never intersect the x-axis and therefore the roots will be
imaginary so there is no point in calculating the roots in this case for sketching the graph.
Location of Roots
Case 1. D>0, roots will be distinct and real.
Case 2. D= 0 , roots will be real and equal.
Case 3. D < 0, roots will be imaginary.
Q6.When 𝑓 𝑥 > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ?

Sol: condition 1: D < 0

condition 2: a > 0

Q7. When 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ?

Sol: D < 0 & a < 0

Q8. For what value of k , 𝑥 2 − 5𝑘𝑥 + 4𝑘 2 + 1 > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ?

Sol:
Q9. If 𝐶𝑥 2 − 6𝐶𝑥 − 12 < 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, find the value of C ?

Sol:
Different conditions of roots
1. Both the roots are positive.

2. Both the roots are negative.

3. One root is positive and other root is negative.