.

THE ROOTS OF QUADRATIC

EQUATION
for Mathematics Grade 9
Quarter 1/Week 2

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 OBJECTIVES:
K: Identifies the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation
through its discriminant.

S: Relates the coefficients and the roots of a quadratic

equation.
: Finds the sum and product of the roots of a quadratic
equation
A: Demonstrate self-confidence in evaluating the sum and
product of the roots of quadratic equation.

Learning Competency:
i. Characterizes the roots of a quadratic equation using the
discriminant. (M9AL-Ic-1)
ii. Describes the relationships between the coefficients and the
roots of a quadratic equation. (M9AL-Ic-2)

2. What Happened

Hi! I would like you to join with

me in characterizing the roots
and describing the
relationship between the
coefficients and the roots of
a quadratic equation?
Come and let us explore
together.

1
PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice. Choose and write the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer for each question below.

1.Evaluate the expression 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 given the values of

a = 2; b=1; c = -21.
a. 64 b. 121 c. 169 d. 225

2. The value of 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 in the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0.

a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6

3. The sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12 = 0.

a. -4 and 12 b. -4 and -12 c. – 4and 12 d. 4 and -12

4. The nature of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0.

a. not equal and rational c. equal and rational

b. equal and irrational d. not equal and irrational

5. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0.

a. 7 b. -7 c. 12 d. -12
6. The sum of the product of the roots of the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12 = 0.

a.-4 and 12 b. -4 and -12 c. 1 and 12 d. 4 and -14

(Bryant, et al. 2014)

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 5. What You Need to Know

Are you ready to learn more on the

nature about the roots of quadratic
equations? Before doing these
activities, read and understand first
some important concepts of
Quadratic Equations with
illustrations and examples
presented.

DISCUSSION:
The value of the expression b² -4ac is called the discriminant of the
quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0. This value can be used to describe the
nature of roots of a quadratic equation.

It can be zero, positive and perfect square, positive but not perfect square
or negative.

1. When b² -4ac is equal to zero, then the roots are real rational and equal.
Example: Describe the roots of 𝑥² -6𝑥 + 9 = 0.
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are the following.
a=1 b=-6 c=9
Substitute this values of a , b , and c in the expression b² -4ac.
b² -4ac = (-6)² - 4(1)(9)
= 36 - 36
=0
Since the value of b² -4ac is zero, we can say that the roots
of x² -6x + 9 = 0 are real rational and equal.
This can be checked by determining the roots of 𝑥² -6𝑥 + 9 = 0
using any of the methods of solving quadratic equations.

If the quadratic formula is used, the roots that can be obtained are the
following:

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 2 2
-(-6)+√(-6) -4 (1)(9) -(-6)-√(-6) -4 (1)(9)
𝑥= 𝑥=
2(1) 2(1)
6+√36-36 6-√36-36
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
6+√36-36 6-√36-36
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
6+√0 6-√0
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
6+0 6-0
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
𝒙=3 𝒙=3

The roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥² -6𝑥 + 9 = 0 are real, rational and equal.

2. When b² -4ac is greater than zero and a perfect square ,then the roots are
real rational but not equal.
Example: Determine the nature of roots of 𝑥² + 5 𝑥 + 4= 0.
In the equation, the values of a, b and c are 1, 5 and 4 respectively.
Use these values to evaluate b² -4ac .
b² -4ac = 5² - 4(1)(4)
= 25 - 16
=9
Since the value of b² -4ac is greater than zero and a perfect square,
then the roots of the quadratic equation x² + 5 x + 4= 0 are rational numbers
but are not equal.
To check, solve for the roots of x² + 5 x + 4= 0.

-(5)+√(5²-4 (1)(4) -(5)-√(5²-4 (1)(4)

𝑥= 𝑥=
2(1) 2(1)
-5+√25-16 -5-√25-16
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
-5+√9 -5-√9
𝑥= 2
𝑥= 2
-5+3 -5-3
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
-2 -8
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
𝒙=-1 𝒙=-4

The roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥² + 5 𝑥 + 4= 0 are rational numbers

but are not equal.

3. When b² -4ac is greater than zero but not a perfect square, then the roots
4
 are irrational numbers and are not equal.
Example: Describe the roots of 𝑥² + 6 𝑥 + 3= 0.
Evaluate the expression b² -4ac using the values a, b, and c.
In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are 1, 6 and 3
b² -4ac = 6² - 4(1)(3)
= 36 – 12
= 24
Since the value of b² -4ac is greater than zero but not a perfect square, then
the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥² + 6 𝑥 + 3= 0 are irrational numbers and
are not equal.
To check, solve for the roots of 𝑥² + 6 𝑥 + 3= 0.

-(6)+√(6²-4 (1)(3) -(6)-√(6²-4 (1)(3)

𝑥= 𝑥=
2(1) 2(1)
-6+√36-12 -6-√36-12
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
-6+√24 -6-√24
𝑥= 2
𝑥= 2
-6+2√6 -6-2√6
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
𝒙 = - 3 + √𝟔 𝒙 = - 3 - √𝟔

The roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥² + 6 𝑥 + 3= 0 are irrational numbers and

are not equal.

4. When b² -4ac is less than zero, then the equation has no real roots.
Example: Determine the nature of the roots of 𝑥²+ 2𝑥+ 5= 0.
In the equation, the values of a, b and c are 1,2 and 5, respectively.
Use these values to evaluate b² -4ac.
b² -4ac = 2² - 4 (1) (5)
= 4 – 20
= - 16
Since the value of b² -4ac is less than zero, then the quadratic equation
𝑥² + 2 𝑥 + 5= 0 has no real roots.

To check, solve for the roots of 𝑥² + 2𝑥 + 5= 0.

-(2)+√(2)²-4 (1)(5) -(2)-√(2)²-4 (1)(5)
𝑥= 𝑥=
2(1) 2(1)
-(2)+√(4-20 -(2)-√(4-20
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
-2+√(-16 -2-√(-16
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
5
 The roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥² + 2𝑥 + 5= 0 are not real numbers.
(Bryant, et al. 2014)

Let us now discuss how the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic
equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 can be determined using the coefficients a, b, and c.
Remember that the roots of a quadratic equation can be determined using the
-b±√ b²-4 ac -b+√ b²-4 ac
quadratic formula, 𝑥 = . From the quadratic formula, let 𝑥₁ =
2a 2a
-b+√ b²-4 ac
and 𝑥₂ = be the roots.
2a

Let us now find the sum and product of these roots.

Sum of the Roots of Quadratic Equation

2
-b+√b -4 ac -b+√ b²-4 ac
𝑥₁ + 𝑥₂ = +
2a 2a
-b+√b²-4ac-b-√b²-4ac
𝑥₁ + 𝑥₂ =
2a
-2b -b
𝑥₁ + 𝑥₂ = → 𝑥₁ + 𝑥₂ =
2a a
-b
The sum of the roots of quadratic equation is
a

Product of the Roots of Quadratic Equation

(-b)2 -(√b2 -4ac )² b²-b +4ac

2
𝑥₁ ∙ 𝑥₂ = → 𝑥₁ ∙ 𝑥₂ =
(2a)² 4a²
4ac 𝑐
𝑥₁ ∙ 𝑥₂ = 𝑥₁ ∙ 𝑥₂ =
4a² 𝑎
-b+√b²-4ac -b-√b²-4ac
𝑥₁ ∙ 𝑥₂ =( )( )
2a 2a
c
The product of the roots of quadratic equation is .
a

(Bryant, et al. 2014)

6
(Bryant, et al. 2014)
Let’s take a look at the given example:
1. Find the sum and product of the roots of 𝑥² + 4𝑥 -5 = 0.
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are 1, 4 and -5, respectively.

-b -b -4
Sum of the roots = → = = - 4,
a a 1
−𝑏 −4
So, = = −
𝑎 1
c
Product of the roots : =a
𝑐 −5
So , 𝑎 = 1
= −5
To check, find the roots of 𝑥² + 4𝑥 -5= 0 using any method of solving
quadratic equations. Then determine the sum and the product of the roots that
will be obtained. For this example, we are going to use the method of Factoring
to determine the roots of 𝑥² + 4𝑥 -5= 0.
By Factoring,
𝑥² + 4𝑥 -5= 0
(𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 – 1) = 0
𝑥 + 5 = 0 ; 𝑥– 1 = 0
𝑥 = −5 ; 𝑥 = 1
The roots of the equation are -5 and 1. Find the sum of these roots.

Let 𝑥₁ = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥₂ = 1.
Sum of the roots: 𝑥₁ + 𝑥₂ = −5 + 1 = −4
Product of the roots: 𝑥₁ ∙ 𝑥₂ = (−5)(1) = −5

Therefore, the sum and the product of the roots of 𝑥² + 4𝑥 − 5 = 0 are

-4 and -5.

Hence, the sum of the roots of a quadratic equation can be obtained using the
b
values of a and b, that is − a; and the product of the roots of a quadratic equation
c
using the values of a and c, that is
a

7
 6. What Have I Learned
A. Complete the table below Write your answers on your notebook.

Equation b²-4ac Nature of roots

1. 𝑥² + 5𝑥 + 4 = 0
2. 2𝑥² + 𝑥 − 21 = 0
3. 4𝑥² + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
4. 𝑥² − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
5. 9𝑥² + 16 = 0

B. WHAT’S THE MESSAGE

Write the corresponding letter of the quadratic equation inside the appropriate
box that contains its roots and the sum and product of the roots. Write your answer
in your notebook.

𝑻 𝑥² + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑵 4𝑥² + 8𝑥 + 3 = 0

𝑺 6 𝑥² − 12𝑥 − 18 = 0 𝑼 9 𝑥² − 6𝑥 = 8

𝑴 𝑥² + 4𝑥 − 21 = 0 𝑰 8 𝑥² = 6𝑥 + 9

𝑬 2𝑥² + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑭 10𝑥² − 19𝑥 + 6 = 0

𝑨 3 𝑥² − 10𝑥 − 8 = 0 𝑯 2𝑥² − 3𝑥 = 0

Sum Product Roots

-4 -21 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − 7

10 −8 −2
𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
3 3 3

-4 3 𝑥 = − 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − 3

3 3
2
0 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2

3 −9 3 −3
8
𝑥 = 2
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 4
4
-2 -3 𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = − 3

19 3 2 3
10 5
𝑥 = 5
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
8
 2 −8 4 −2
3 9
𝑥 = 3
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3

3 3 1
-2 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −
4 2 2

(Bryant, et al. 2014)

POST TEST
Multiple Choice. Choose and write the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer for each question below.

1. Evaluate the expression 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 given the values of

a = 1; b = -3 ; c = -10.
a. 25 b. 36 c. 49 d. 64
2. The value of 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 in the quadratic equation
2

𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 = 0.
a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d.4
3. The nature of the roots of the quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − 2 = 0.
a. not equal and rational c. equal and rational
b. equal and irrational d. not equal and irrational

4. The nature of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 28 = 0.

a. equal and rational c. not equal and rational

b. equal and irrational d. not equal and irrational

5. The sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0.

1 1
a. 1 b. -2 c. 2 d. -1

6. The sum of the products of the roots of the quadratic equation

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 = 0.
a. -5 and 3 b. -5 and -12 c. -2 and 15 d. -2 and -15

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_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
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CHRISTIAN EVEN D. SANTILLAN
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ENHANCEMENT TEAM
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.

10
 REFERENCE

Bryant, M., et al. 2014. Mathematics Grade 9 Learner’s Material First

Edition. Pasig City: DepEd-IMCS

KEY ANSWERS
MATH IS FUN
Pre-test d 6.
b 5. What’s the message?
1. c c 4.
2. a d 3.
3. a b 2.
4. a c 1.
5. a
6. d Post- test

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