Communication

Models
 Linear Communication Models
 The first kind of model that experts have made to
understand the process of communication.
 Characteristics of the linear model are
the following:

1) Unidirectional - It is one-way
communication. The speaker
sends messages to the receiver
with or without effect.

2) Simple - There is only the

beginning and the end and there
is no interchanging of roles
between the sender and receiver.
3) Persuasion not Mutual understanding
- promotes one-way direction of
communication which promotes advice
and influence rather than understanding
from both receiver and sender.

4) Values psychological over social

effects: This model focuses more on the
psychological effects (such as
understanding the messages) rather than
the social effects (like building the
relationship among the communicators).
This conceptual model has six elements:
 a) Information source / Sender:
Chooses the message/s to be
communicated to the receiver and the
channel to use and sends the message.

 b) Transmitter/ Encoder: This

changes the message into a signal then
sends it over the communication
channel .

 c) Channel :This is the medium the

sender uses to transmit the message/s
 d) Receptor/Decoder : This does the
opposite of the Encoder. It decodes the
message sent over the channel.

 e) Receiver / Destination : The receiver is

the person or group of people who must get
the message. The receiver can then provide
a feedback which will then reverse their
roles.

 f) Noise : Noise is a kind of disturbance

coming from people, the environment,
internal knowledge, beliefs, etc. which
hinders the receiver from getting and
understanding the message.
 Berlo’s model has 4 component
1) Sender

 a) Communication Skills of sender and receiver plays a significant role

in the process. Communication skills include writing, speaking,
listening, presenting, reading, etc.

 b) Attitudes of the sender and receiver also plays a part in the process.
The sender’s attitude towards others, himself/herself, and the
environment can affect the meaning of the message.
 c) Knowledge of the sender and receiver on the subject matter makes
the sender and effective communicator. If the sender is familiar with
the subject or topic at hand, it adds value and impact to the message.

 d) Social System Beliefs, religions, social status, values and other

social factors can affect how the sender communicates the message
and how the receiver understands it.

 e) Cultural difference can make it difficult to communicate. Some

culture may accept something while the other may find it offensive.
 2) Message

 a) The content is the entirety of the message – it covers the beginning

until the end.
 b) Elements These are what comprise the message. This includes
gestures, body language, language, haptics, etc. Content is
accompanied by elements.
 c) Treatment is how the message is conveyed. It is how you package
your message.
 d) Structure refers to the arrangement of elements in the content of
the message.
 e) Code is the form in which the message will be sent. Message can be
sent in the form of videos, spoken word, text, culture etc.
 3) Channel

 a) Hearing - is when you use your ears to get the message.

 b) Seeing - When eyes are used, the sense of sight is activated.
 c) Touching - Communication through touching is also possible.
 d) Smelling - Can also be used as a channel for communication.
The smell of something burning can communicate the danger of
fire nearby.
 e) Taste - Taste can also be a channel of communication. The
tongue has millions of tastes buds that can be used to decipher. (to
use a key to understand a coded message)
4) Receiver

 a) Communication Skills
 b) Attitudes
 c) Knowledge
 d) Social System
 e) Culture
Transactional Communication Models
 Interactive Communication
Model
 Interactive communication model,
also known as convergence model,
emphasizes the coding and decoding
components of the process.

 Italso focuses on the cycle of message

exchanges between the sender and
receiver.
Schramm’s Communication Model
 a. Sender (transmitter) – sends the
message.

 b. Encoder - converts the message into

codes before sending.

 c. Decoder - gets the encoded message

then converts it into the language
understandable by the receiver.

 d. Interpreter - tries to understand and

analyze the message. Message is considered
received after interpretation is done and
message is understood. Interpreter and
receiver are the same.
 e. Receiver - gets the message. Decoding and interpreting is also part of his/her
role.

 f. Message - data sent by the sender and information that the receiver gets.

 g. Feedback - process where in receiver responds to the received message.

 h. Medium or media - channel used to send the message.

 i. Noise - interference disruptions during the process. This is also created when the
intended meaning sent by the sender is different from what was interpreted by the
receiver.

 j.Field of experience - patterns which affect the communication process. This can be
from society, culture, situations, psychological or sociological events or experiences of
the sender and receiver.