SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an
American scientist both of them join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical
Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-
Weaver model of communication”.

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and
receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called “Noise”. At
first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely
applied in the field of Communication.

The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel,
message, receiver, channel, information destination, encode and decode.

Sender :  The originator of message or the information source selects desire message
Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals
Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is
compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites. For example: In telephone
the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables
Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse
process of encode
Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable
and understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will
affect the effective communication between sender and receiver
Receiver : The destination of the message from sender
Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the
message distracted by noise it will affect the communication flow between sender and receiver
Noise:  The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this
process the messages may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder
and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the transmission
process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct
message

BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Berlo’s model follows the SMCR model. This model is not specific to any particular
communication.

Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under each of the elements:

Source: The source is situated where the message originates.

Communication skills – It is the skill of the individual to communicate. For example, the
ability to read, write, speak, listen etc.
Attitudes – This includes attitudes towards the audience, subject and towards oneself. For
example, for the student, the attitude is to learn more and for teachers, it is to help teach.
Knowledge– Communicating also means that the person needs to be knowledgeable about the
subject or topic. For e.g. a teacher needs to know about the subject in detail that he or she
teaches so that they can communicate properly such that the students understand here.
Note: It refers, not to the general knowledge, but to the knowledge of the subject that the
person is communicating and their familiarity with it.
Social system – The social system includes the various aspects of society like values, beliefs,
culture, religion and a general understanding of society. It is where the communication takes
place.
For example, classrooms differ from country to country just like people’s behaviours and how
they communicate, etc.

Note: We can communicate only to the extent that the social system allows. When we
communicate, we take the social system into account.
Culture: Culture of a particular society also comes under the social system.
According to this model, people can communicate only if the above requirements are met in
the proper or adequate proportion.

Encoder: The sender of the message, from where the message originates, is referred to as the
encoder. So the source encodes the message here.
Message
Content – The body of a message, from the beginning to the end, comprises its content. For
example, whatever the class teacher teaches in the class, from beginning to end, is the content
of the message.
Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language, etc. They
constitute all the elements of a particular message. Any content is accompanied by some
elements.
Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message and the way in which the message is
conveyed or the way in which it is passed on or delivered.
Note: When there is too much treatment, communication will not go smoothly.
Structure– The structure of the message refers to how it is arranged; the way people structure
the message into various parts.
Note: Message is the same, but if the structure is not properly arranged then the receiver will
not understand the message.
Code– The code of the message refers to the means through which it is sent and in what form.
It could be, for example, language, body language, gestures, music, etc. Even culture is a code.
Through this, people give and receive messages and communication takes place.
Note:  Only when the code is clear, the message will be clear. The wrong usage may lead to
misinterpretation.
Channel–  It refers to the five sense organs. The following are the five senses:
Hearing
Seeing
Touching
Smelling
Tasting
Communication occurs through one or more of these channels.

Hearing: The use of ears to receive the message. For example, orally transmitted messages,
interpersonal communication etc.
Seeing: Visual channels, for example, Watching television so the message is conveyed through
the scene/film.
Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to communicate. For example, we
touch, buy food, hugging our loved ones,etc.
Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate. For example, perfumes, food,
fragrances etc. Charred smell communicates something is burning. People can deduct which
food is being cooked by its smell etc.
Tasting : The tongue is a muscular organ used in the act of eat and taste food. For example,
while a food is being shared, the communication can happen regarding its taste.
Note: Despite not mentioning a medium, we need to assume that as communication is taking
place, channels can be any of the 5 senses or combination.
Decoder : The person who receives the message and decodes it is referred to a decoder.
Receiver: The receiver needs to think all the contents and elements of the source, so as to
communicate/responds to sender effectively.;
Berlo’s model believes that for effective communication to take place, the source and the
receiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication will happen or take place
properly. Hence, the source and the receiver should be similar.

For example, if the communication skill of the source is good, then the receiver should have
equally good listening skills.

It cannot be said that the receiver does not receive the whole message because even though he
may receive it, but may not be able to interpret its meaning. For effective communication, the
source and the receiver need to be on the same level.

Note: Self-image differs from person to person. For communication, the person should
consider the receiver, speak accordingly and give them what they need.
Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of communication:
1.There is a lack of feedback. The effects are practically unknown.
2.It does not mention the barriers to communication.
3.There is no room for noise.
4.It is a rather complex model.
5.It is a linear model of communication.
6.It requires people to be on the same level for effective communication to happen.
However, that rarely happens in everyday life.
7.The main drawback of the model is that it omits the usage of sixth sense as a channel of
communication, which is an asset to human beings (thinking, understanding, analyzing
etc.)

NEWCOMB MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

THEODORE M.NEWCOMB (July 24, 1903)  in Rock Creek, at the northeastern tip of Ohio
and he was a great pioneer in the field of social psychology. Merely 50 years he worked for the
improvement of human motivation, perception and learning to shape the deep understanding
of social process. In 1929, he started his professional career in the department of psychology
at University of Michigan. In 1931, he moved to Cleveland College, University of Western
Reserve from University of Michigan. In 1934, he got a great offer from New Bennington
College in Vermont which caused remarkable changes in his rest of his professional career.
His works “Personality and Social Change” (1943), “Social Psychology” (1950). He published a
new social approach in field of communication which is called “ABX” system (later it became
Newcomb’s model) and it’s published in the name of “An Approach to the Study of
Communicative Acts (1953)”. He published another great work in the field of social
psychology called “The Acquaintance Process” (1961).

The New Comb’s model of communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb of the
University of Michigan in 1953. He gives different approach to the communication process.
The main purpose of this theory is to introduce the role of communication in a social
relationship (society) and to maintain social equilibrium within the social system. He does not
include the message as a separate entity in his diagram, implying it only by use of directional
arrows. He concentrates on the social purpose of communication, showing all communication
as a means of sustaining relationships between people. Sometimes it’s called as an “ABX”
model of communication.
The Newcomb’s model works in a triangular format or A-B-X system

A – Sender

B – Receiver

X – Matter of Concern

The relationship between A and B is like student and teacher, government and public or
newspaper and readers. Sender and Receiver may work in a same flow but the same time
some factor like “X” may affect their flow of relationship.  “X” it may be third persons, issue,
topic or policy.

Osgood and Schramm's Model of Communication

It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature

Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates)
Decoder – Who receives the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret
Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this
interpretation only the message is received.
This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems communication in a practical way.
It is not a traditional model.

It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and receiver and
hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and decoding.

Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when sender and receiver apply
different meaning to the same message. It happens mostly because of words and phrases for
e.g. Technical Language, So certain words and phrases will cause you to deviate from the
actual meaning of the communication.

Note: When semantic noise takes place decoding and interpretation becomes difficult and
people get deviated from the actual message.
Advantage of Osgood- Schramm model of communication
1.Dynamic model- Shows how a situation can change
2.It shows why redundancy is an essential part
3.There is no separate sender and receiver, sender and receiver is the same person
4.Assume communication to be circular in nature
5.Feedback – central feature.
Disadvantage of Osgood- Schramm model of communication
This model does not talk about semantic noise and it assume the moment of encoding and
decoding.

GERBNER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Introduction:
Mr. George Gerbner is one of the pioneers in the field of communication research. His works
are descriptive as well as very easy to understand any other before. He is working as a
professor and head of the Annenberg School of Communications in the University of
Pennsylvania.  In 1956, Gerbner attempted the general purpose of communication models. He
stressed the dynamic nature of communication in his work and also the factor which affecting
the reliability of communication.
(Note: This model can be best understood when read along with the diagram beginning at E –
Event.)

(i) Perceptual Dimension:

An ‘E’ is an event happens in the real life and the event content or message is perceived by ‘M’
(Man or a Machine). After Perceives the message from “E” by “M” is known as “E1”. E1 is not
same as like ‘E’. Because any man or machine can’t perceives the whole event and they
perceives only the part of the event (E1). This is known as “Perceptual Dimension”.

These 3 factors are involves between ‘E’ and ‘M’

Selection
Context
Availability
M (man or machine) cannot perceive the entire content of the event “E”. So M selects the
interesting or needed content from the entire event and filtering the others. 
The context occurs in the event and Availability is based on ‘M’s attitude, mood, culture and
personality. (For eg. How a journalist perceives the messages from the event and also can’t
focus the whole event so they filter the unwanted or unrelated content from the event. This
filtered content is not same as like the actual event content because the journalist edits the
content based on his attitude, mood and cultural background or press policies).
(ii) Means and Controls dimension:
E2 is the event content which is drawn or artified by M. Here M becomes the source of a
message about E to send someone else. M creates a statement or signals about the message
and Gerbner termed its Form and content as “SE2”. S (Signal or Form) it takes and E2 (Man’s
content). Here Content (E2) is structured or formed (S) by ‘M’ and it can communicate in a
different ways or based on the structured ways.

M has to use channels (or media) over to send the message which he has a greater or lesser
degree of control. The question of ‘control’ relates to M’s degree of skill in using
communication channels. If using a verbal channel, how good is he using words? If using the
Internet, how good is he at using new technology and words?

This process can be extended to infinitum by adding on other receivers (M2, M3etc.) who
have further perceptions (SE3, SE4 etc.) of the statements about perceived events.

Important Note:
Message at every level is altered or changed.

Example:
In case of news reporting, E can be any event that has happened and the reporter (M) selects a
particular part of event (E1) that may be provide his channel higher TRP ratings or the news
may boost the particular party which his channel supports. This SE2 is sent through a
medium to the mass audience. Then the audience distributed the message (SE2) and he (M1)
sends to his friends with his interpretation and the process continues.

WESTLEY AND MACLEAN’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

In 1957 Westley and MacLean’s model of communication is proposed by Bruce Westley (1915-
1990) and Malcolm S. MacLean Jr (1913-2001). Being one of the creators of journalism
studies, Westley served as a teacher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, between 1946
and 1968. Malcolm was director of University of Journalism School (1967-74) and co founder
of the University College at University of Minnesota.
This model can be seen two contexts, interpersonal and mass communication. And the point
of difference between interpersonal and mass communication is the feedback. In
interpersonal, the feedback is direct and fast. In the mass, the feedback is indirect and slow.

Model:
Westely and Maclean realized that communication does not begin when one person starts to
talk, but rather when a person responds selectively to his/her physical surroundings. This
model considers a strong relation between responds from surroundings and the process of
communication. Communication begins only when a person receives message from
surroundings. Each receiver responds to the message they received based on their object of
orientation.

 
X1, X2, X3 and X4….—are news articles or information, Feedback (f), Clients (A), Reader or
Audience (B) and Gate Keeper (c)

Example:
A Daily News Papers will receive many Press releases from Many Public Relations Agencies on
behalf of their clients. In this case, News paper will publish the selected Press release due to
the space constraints. Then, Readers can directly respond to the client or they can respond to
the News daily which published in the Newspaper. If Readers responded to daily News paper,
it will communicate the feedback to concern PR Agency.

X1, X2 and X3—are Press Release, Feedback (f), Clients (A), Reader (B) and Daily News Paper
(Gate Keeper) (c)

1.    Feedback Loop between Reader (B) and News Paper (C) – fBC
2.    Feedback Loop between News Paper(C ) and Client (A)- fCA
3.    Feedback loop between Reader (B) and Client (A)- fBA.

Merits and Demerits:

This model accounts for Feedback.
It can account for different modes of communication, i.e., for both interpersonal
communication and Mass communication.
It is a predictive model of communication and very descriptive also.
It also account for non binary interactions, this means that it will remain good even for
communications involving more than two sources.
Westley and Maclean communication model is Two Dimensional.
It cannot account for multi dimensions; this means this model will not be applicable for
typical communication events that involve broader context and wide range of
communication messages.

HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

In 1967, Frank Dance has proposed the communication model called Dance’s Helix Model for
a better communication process. The name helical comes from “Helix” which means an object
having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly around a cylinder or
cone. He shows communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.
Theory
Dance’s model emphasized the difficulty of communication. Frank Dance uses the form of a
Helix to describe the communication process. He developed this theory based on a simple
helix which gets bigger and bigger as it moves or grows. The main characteristics of a helical
model of communication is that it is evolutionary.
Frank Dance explains the communication process based on this Helix structure and compares
it with communication. In the Helix structure, the bottom or starting is very small then it
gradually moves upward in a back and forth circular motion which forms the bigger circle in
the top and it is still moves further. The whole process takes some time to reach. As like helix,
the communication process starts very slowly and defined small circle only. The
communicators shared information only with a small portion of themselves to their
relationships. Its gradually develops into next level but which will take some time to reach and
expanding its boundaries to the next level. Later the communicators commit more and shared
more portions by themselves.

Example
When a child is born the only means of communication for him is crying, he cries for
everything like hunger, pain, cold etc.. As the child grows the means of communication
become wider and broader. He learns to make noises then he learns a language to obtain
attention and to fulfil his needs. As a Helix, the process of communication, in this case, started
as crying and later it developed into a complex and compound means.

The Helical model of communication is largely dependent on its past. A child learns to
pronounce a word in his elementary classes and throughout his life he uses that word in the
same way he learnt. Just like that, we used to react to certain things in a certain way in our
childhood and such reactions and habits lasts with us forever. The communication evolves in
the beginning in some simple forms then the same process of communication functions and
develops based on past activities. Thus, his way of communication or his reactions may also
different from the past behavior and experiences. It develops further with modifications
according to the situations.

Therefore the model concludes that the process of communication is like a continuous curve
with some changes or flexibility. The base of the helical curve (lower level) can be affected
and/or altered at any time accordingly the experience of an individual.

Conclusion
Frank Dance included the concept of time in his theory. The lifetime experience gained over
the issue will always be based on the similar event/incident happened in the past according to
him. This theory of communication was subject to a number of experimental researches. Even
though this model of communication clarifies everything there is a problem of
oversimplification. According to this theory, a communication process is the product of what
we learnt.

KINCAID’S CONVERGENCE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

The Convergence Model of Communication
So why use
Kincaid's model?
In the CONVERGENCE MODEL, "communication" is defined as a process in which
participants create and share information with one another in order to reach a MUTUAL
UNDERSTANDING.
Lawrence Kincaid proposed the Convergence Model in 1979, which lead to a RELATIONAL
PERSPECTIVE of human communication. When information is shared with individuals or
groups taking part in the communication process, it leads COLLECTIVE ACTION towards
MUTUAL AGREEMENT and MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING. Before this can happen, the
information is understood, interpreted and effectively perceived by INDIVIDUALS.
Communication in the CONTEXT of this model is viewed as a TRANSACTIONAL PROCESS
rather than a single event. The model emphasises information exchange and networks that
exist between individuals.
In recent years Kincaid's model has been particularly popular among proponents of
development communication. Kincaid identified SEVEN EPISTEMOLOGICAL BIASES that
had characterised the dominant Western models of communication.

Epistemo... what?
df: Epistemology. The branch of philosophy that is about the study of how we know things. It
is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge and is also referred to as "theory of
knowledge". It questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to
which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be acquired.

Kincaid is best known among communication theorists as the proponent of the

CONVERGENCE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION.

This is a NON-LINEAR model of communication where two COMMUNICATORS strive to

reach "MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING". He proposed the model in his 1979 East-West
Communication Institute Monograph (Paper No. 18) and detailed it in his book
Communication Networks: Toward a New Paradigm for Research (Free Press, 1981) with
Everett Rogers.

The Convergence Model

of Communication
D Lawrence Kincaid (born 1945) is a Senior Advisor for the Research and Evaluation Division
of the Center for Communication Programs and an Associate Scientist in the Faculty of Social
and Behavioral Sciences at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

1967: BA in Psychology from the University of Kansas. 1967-1969: He was a Peace Corps
volunteer in Colombia and facilitated community development and cooperative organisation.

1971: MA and PhD (1972) in Communication from Michigan State University.

1973: He joined the East-West Communication Institute at the East-West Center in Honolulu,
Hawaii and worked as a Research Associate under the directorship of Wilbur Schramm.

Convergence: WTF?
Key Elements
7 Levels of Bias
In previous models, BIAS was introduced by:

(1) A view of communication as linear

rather than cyclical

(2) A message-source bias rather than a focus on relatedness and interdependence

(3) An analysis of objects of communication in

a manner that isolates them from larger contexts

(4) A concentration on discrete messages instead

of silence, rhythm, and timing

(5) A concentration on persuasion rather than understanding, agreement, and collective

action

(6) Attention to individuals rather than relationships (7) A model of one-way mechanistic
causation

rather than mutual causation.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Intercultural communication essentially means communication across different cultural boundaries.

When two or more people with different cultural backgrounds interact and communicate with each
other or one another, we can say that intercultural communication is taking place. So intercultural
communication can be defined as the sharing of information on different levels of awareness between
people with different cultural backgrounds, or put simply: individuals influenced by different cultural
groups negotiate shared meaning in interactions.

Intercultural communication theories

There are many different intercultural communication types and theories. The most important ones are:

Social science approach: This model focuses on observing the behavior of a person from a different
culture in order to describe it and compare it with other cultures. It also examines the ways in which
individuals adjust their communication with others in different situations, depending on who they are
talking to. For example, we would tell the same story differently to our best friend than we would to
our grandmother.
Interpretive approach: This theory focuses on accumulating knowledge about a culture through
communication in the form of shared stories based on subjective, individual experiences. The main
focus is on intercultural communication as it is used in particular speech communities, so ethnography
plays a major role here. Because the individual context is so important for this model, it does not strive
to make generalized predictions based on its findings.
Dialectical approach: This method examines aspects of intercultural communication in the form of six
dichotomies, namely cultural vs. individual, personal vs. contextual, differences vs. similarities, static
vs. dynamic, history vs. past-present vs. future, and privilege vs. disadvantage. A dialectical approach
helps us think about culture and intercultural communication in complex ways, so we can avoid
categorizing everything in either-or dichotomies by adopting a broader approach and acknowledging
the tensions that must be negotiated.
Critical approach: This approach examines cultures according to their differences compared to the
researcher’s own culture and, in particular, how these cultures are portrayed in the media. The critical
approach is complex and multifaceted and therefore leads to a rich understanding of intercultural
communication.

Here are 7 elements that are essential to successful

communication.
1. Sender
The sender is the person who is trying to communicate a message.

The sender wants the other person to receive and understand his/her message.
The intent of the message is usually to get the other person(s) to do or understand
something.

Unfortunately, in the transference of information, the other person(s) may not

understand the message the way the sender intended. In fact, it is not uncommon for
the other person(s) to respond in some affirmative manner communicating the message
was received. This does not mean the message was understood the way the sender
intended.

2. Receiver
The receiver is the recipient of the message and must translate the words into
thoughts, process the thoughts, and determine how to respond to the sender.

The challenge is that since the receiver’s education and experience may be very
different from the sender, words often have different meanings.
3. Message
While you may carefully choose the words to speak, words alone represent a small
percentage of what is received by the other person. In fact, according to the literature,
words carry the least value in the message.

Hence, what is said is not nearly as communicative as body language and voice
inflection. Even when no words are spoken, communication is taking place. If a
person frowns, does not make eye contact, or looks at his/her watch a message is
being sent…and it may not be the intended message.

Consequently, it makes sense to pay attention to body language and voice

inflection. This takes more than casual watching and listening. It takes our full
attention to be most effective.

An effective message is one where there is congruency, or agreement, between

the words, meaning, and emotion. Body language and voice inflection are essential
in achieving congruency.

4. Channel
Channel is the medium used by the sender to send the message to the receiver.
This may be in-person, via telephone, e-mail, text message, written correspondence
or a third-party.

An important point to remember is that when communication is only verbal the
most important element of communication…body language…is left out. If the
communication is written, then both body language and voice inflection are left out.

Therefore, depending on the nature of the message to be sent, a sender will want
to consider which medium to use. More critical messages may require face-to-face
meetings, while less critical messages may be appropriately sent via a verbal or
written message.
5. Noise
Noise refers to interference that takes place during the communication process.
Both the sender and receiver may be distracted by noise. Noise may come from
internal (thoughts, emotions, etc.) or external sources (radios, other conversations,
etc.).

When encountering a noise, take steps to reduce the distraction. If the noise is
internal, take some time to refocus. Taking several deeps breathes can help.
Excusing yourself to go get a drink of water may be the mental break needed to
clear the mind.

If the noise is external, then try to find a quieter location for the meeting. If
necessary, consider rescheduling the meeting for a time when there are fewer
distractions.

6. Feedback
Feedback is the process of determining if the message has been properly received. This
can be initiated by the sender or receiver. The sender, for example, may ask the receiver
to repeat the message to confirm that the message was received as intended. On the
other hand, a good listener will provide feedback to confirm that he/she correctly
received the message.

Feedback may occur in four ways.

1.First, and probably most common, is paraphrasing.  Paraphrasing is reciting back

what the other person said in your own words.

2.The second is summarizing. This involves making a brief statement of the key
points and feelings expressed by the other person.

3.The third is to reflect the feelings. The focus is not so much on the message as the
emotions behind the message. This is often an effective way to reflect empathy.
 4.The fourth way is to reflect meaning. The focus of this type of feedback is to
identify the meaning being expressed by the other person. On occasion, a person
says one thing, but it carries a different meaning.

Feedback Examples
I came to work today intending to do I/M undercover runs and there are no
Message
vehicles available. I will have to go to another lab to obtain a suitable vehicle.
I heard you say that because there are no vehicles here you will have to pick
Paraphrasing
up a vehicle at another lab before you can start work on your runs.
I heard you say you will have to get a vehicle at another lab before you start
Summarizing
work. You sound frustrated.
Reflecting Feelings You sound upset.
Reflecting Meaning Are we having problems getting undercover vehicles again?
Each of these different forms of feedback has a place in the communication process. Two
things occur when feedback is provided. First, it helps ensure the message was clearly
received. Second, it is a way of valuing the sender. When the receiver takes the time to
make sure the message was correctly heard and understood it communicates that the
sender is important…valuable.

7. Context
Context is another way of taking into consideration the setting. Examples of context
include:

What is going through the other person’s mind when you show up? Did they just
have a blow-up with an employee or customer?

What is the environment like? Is it noisy? Are there customers standing around?

What was the nature of the last contact and how did that go?

What cultural factors should be considered?

Are there notes or helpful information from the person who took the initial call?
REFERENCES

COMMUNICATION THEORIES. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

in COMMUNICATION MODELS, INTERPERSONAL

COMMUNICATIONhttps://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-
of-communication/

COMMUNICATION THEORIES. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

in COMMUNICATION MODELS, INTERPERSONAL

COMMUNICATIONhttps://www.communicationtheory.org/berlos-smcr-model-of-
communication/

COMMUNICATION THEORIES.The Newcomb’s Model

in COMMUNICATION MODELS https://www.communicationtheory.org/the-newcomb

%E2%80%99s-model/#:~:text=The%20main%20purpose%20of%20this,by%20use%20of
%20directional%20arrows.

COMMUNICATION THEORIES.OSGOOD- SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

in COMMUNICATION MODELS, INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
https://www.communicationtheory.org/osgood-schramm-model-of-communication/
COMMUNICATION THEORIES. Gerbner’s General Model
in COMMUNICATION MODELS, MASS COMMUNICATION
https://www.communicationtheory.org/gerbners-general-model/
COMMUNICATION THEORIES. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication
in COMMUNICATION MODELS, INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION, MASS
COMMUNICATIONhttps://www.communicationtheory.org/westley-and-macleans-model-of-
communication/#:~:text=Westely%20and%20Maclean%20realized%20that,and%20the%20process
%20of%20communication.
COMMUNICATION THEORIES. Helical Model of Communication
in COMMUNICATION MODELS
https://www.communicationtheory.org/helical-model-of-communication/
BizComm: The Convergence Model of Communication. Mud Thang
Tue Apr 01 2014
https://prezi.com/4fbibqjku0bi/bizcomm-the-convergence-model-of-communication/
WHAT IS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
https://ehlion.com/magazine/intercultural-communication/

The Communication Process – Seven Essential

Elements
https://switzeronleadership.com/the-communication-process-seven-essential-elements/