Module 5 Communication Models b.

Attitudes
c.Knowledge
*Linear Communication Models-first model that d.Social System
experts have made to understand the process of e.Culture
communication *Transactional Communication Model-how sender
Characteristics: and receiver take turns in conveying and receiving
1.Unidirectional-one way communication\ messages
-applies to mass communication 1.Dance’s Helix Model-Frank Dance (1946)
2.Simple-simple communication act -illustrates how the development and growth
3.Persuassion not Mutual understanding of communication or communicative actions will
-promote advice and influence rather than always be based on previous experiences and
understanding from both receiver and sender behavior.
4.Values psychological over social effects -shows how knowledge base of a person
-no assurance that message was effective deepens and expands throughout life
Examples of Linear Comm. Models -shows that a person’s understanding of
1.Shannon-Weaver-Information Theory model message or thought is influenced by external and
Elements: internal factors that are learned through out life.
a.Information source/sender *Interactive Communication Model
b.Transmitter/Encoder -convergence model
c.Channel -emphasizes the coding and decoding
d.Receptor/Decoder components of the process
e.Receiver -focuses on the cycle of message exchanges
f.Noise between sender and receiver.
2.Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication 1.Schramm’s Communication Model
-David Berlo(postulated this model from Shannon- -states that the communication is a never
Weaver Information Theory model) ending process; emphasizes the encoding and
4Components decoding parts of the process
1.Sender a.Communication Skills -suggests that the role of the receiver and
b.Attitudes sender will eventually switch with each other as they
c.Knowledge continue the exchange of message.
d.Social System a.Sender(transmitter)
e.Culture b.Encoder
2.Message a.Content c.Decoder
b.Elements d.Interpreter
c.Treatment e.Receiver
d.Structure f.Message
e.Code g.Feedback
3.Channel a.Hearing h.Medium
b. Seeing i.Noise
\ c.Touching j.Field of Experience
d.Smelling
e.Taste

Module 6 Intercultural Communication

4.Receiver a.Communication Skills
*Intercultural Communication-communicating with b.appreciative or emotional listening-listening for
another person or group of people coming from a pleasure, entertainment or enjoyment
background or community who does not share your *Barriers to Listening
beliefs, tradition, symbolism or values 1.Noise a.external (ex. radio, roosters)
Aspects: b.Internal (ex.daydreaming)
1.Cultural Identity(cultural differences) 2.Understanding yourself
2.Gender Roles )a culture’s lamguage reflects to the 3.Undestanding others
social roles of men and women *Listening Well
3.Age Identity(how they think and feel about 1.Stop Talking
themselves as they age) 2.Concentrate on your task: Listening
4.Social Status(according to income, titles, etc) 3.Don’t criticize the speaker
5.Religion 4.Remove Distractions:Focus on what is being said
*Problems in Intercultural Communication 5.Avoid emotional reactions:Emphatize
1.Ethnocentrism-ethnic bias 6.Be patient
2.Stereotyping-generalization made about a group of 7.Guard against prejudice
people understanding their culture 8.Focus on main points
3.Prejudice-when one has negative pre conceived 9.Take down notes
notion, feeling or attitude against other cultural 10.Watch for verbal and nonverbal communication
group
To avoid Intercultural Miscommunication
1.Delay attributing meaning
2.Develop awareness of your non-verbal
communication
3.Check wether non-verbal messages correspond to
verbal messages.

Module 7 Listening
*Listening-process where we use our sensory
experiences or our background knowledge to
recognize, interpret spoken or verbal language to
satisfy a need.
*Models of Listening
1.Active Listening-requires effort and concentration
on the listener’s part
a.critical or persuasive listening-understand the
message based on evidence or proof presented by
the speaker/sender to prove their point
b.discriminative or instructional listening-listen to
derive information, facts, ideas and principles
2.Passive Listening-when you do something else
while listening
a.Emphatic or Therapeutic Listening-to relieve
yourself from anxiety and tensions