Full Doc Oral Comm 1

INTRODUCTION
“No man is an island”. A phrase written and popularized by John Donne that we often hear from
other people, which is also very evident in our society today through the Bayanihan Culture. Another
thing that exemplifies no man is an island is our need to engage in a conversation. We are social beings
and we are into interaction. Conversation has been our routine from morning ‘til the time we go to sleep,
conversation that turns into healthy communication.
People and society developed through communication. It is one powerful tool that makes and
breaks the community. Among the different forms of communication, spoken has been the most
challenging. A person has to have a piece of solid knowledge of grammar and phonics to deliver a
meaningful and understandable speech. Thus, we need to study about Oral Communication. It will equip
the learners to confidently present themselves in front of the people and to also deliver necessary and
timely speeches in different occasions.
What Is This Module About?

The art of speaking has been a must-have skill. We are dealing with a society that requires a lot of
speech delivering, whatever scenario must it be - sharing ideas, presenting proposals and even in a casual
conversation we will have with other people.
Module 1: Nature and Element of

Communication
Module Content
 Definition and Process of Communication

 Five elements of communication
 Communication models
 Effective communication skills
 Intercultural communication
First Quarter Module 1: NATURE AND ELEMENT OF

COMMUNICATION will be discussing the definition of communication as well as how
it occurs and what makes it effective and what makes it not. It will also encapsulate the
elements of communication and their role in the process.
1|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

What Will You Learn From this Module?
In this module, you will learn to;
1. Define communication;
2. Explain the nature and process of communication
3. Differentiate the various models of communication
4. Distinguish the unique features of the communication process
5. Demonstrate sensitivity to the socio-cultural dimension of the communication
situation with a focus on;
a. Culture
b. Gender
c. Social status
d. Religion
6. Discuss the function of communication
7. Ascertain the verbal and nonverbal cues that each speaker uses to achieve
his/her purpose.
1 LESSON
NATURE AND ELEMENT OF COMMUNICATION
Let’s Develop your Cumulative Knowledge
Let us check how much you know about communication.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.
1. All of the following define communication, EXCEPT
a. Communication involves a transaction.
b. Communication is sharing of ideas among a group of people.
c. Communication is a confusion of ideas in the mind of another.
d. Communication is a transfer of a message from one person to another.

2. Complete the analogy; Listener: receiver of the message:: ________: is a means by which
the message is sent
a. Speaker c. Response
b. Channel d. Feedback
3. Which of the following models of communication asserts that communication takes place
if and only if there is an overlap between the field of experience of the speaker and of the
listener?
a. Foulger’s Ecological Model c. Shannon and Weaver’s Linear

Model
b. Scharmm’s Interactive Model d. Wood’s Transactional Model
4. The content of the communication is called;
a. Message c. Noise
b. Media d. Jargons
5. To convert a message into a group of words, symbols, gestures, or sounds that represent
ideas and/or concepts is called _____________.
a. Encoding c. Noise
b. Feedback d. Decoding
6. A certain look of gaze is an example of;
a. Verbal Communication c. Oral Communication
b. Written Communication d. Nonverbal Communication
7. It is the process by which the receiver interprets the symbol used by the source of the
message by converting them into concepts and ideas.
a. Encoding c. Noise
b. Feedback d. Decoding

I. Share
Directions: Think about the typical day of your life. What are the activities that
you usually engage in? Who are the people that you come in contact with? List down
these activities in the box below. Write your activities like this: “8:00 a.m- Eat Breakfast-
Family”
Morning Afternoon Night
II. Discover
What is Communication?
Communication means the process of transmitting

knowledge, ideas, information, attitudes, feelings, and the
likes. It came from the Latin word “communicare” which
means to share or to make common.
Phoenician civilizations are the people who started

a concrete form of communication. They had a non-
pictographic consonantal alphabet also called abjad. Their
alphabet was widely used in the Mediterranean but this
writing system died down during the Hellenistic period.
The communication process revolves around the sender, receiver, and message. There are a lot of
factors that may affect the process which will be discussed in the proceeding lessons.

Communication throughout the years
In various eras, there are different modes of communication. Here is a

summary of how the communication mode progressed.
Smoke Signals
Though it may deliver vague messages, smoke signals are the first long distance form
of communication.
These signals are used by soldier to warn the parties, even the inner palace, of
invasion. Some of them even used different colors to signify the size of the invading
party.
Homing Pigeon
Pigeons are characterized by their ability to navigate easily. Thus, they are used during
World War I and II to deliver message from one camp to another. This mode of
communication is also known as the Pigeon Post.
Radio
Guglielmo Marconi developed the first practical receivers and transmitter tho it was the
german physicist Heinrich Hertz who first identified radio waves. Radio was begun to
Pony
used Express
commercially used in 1900
During the Victorian era, there are horse riders appointed solely to deliver messages-
Telephone
they call it the Pony Express. Speed is the main concern of this service, therefore, as
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Email
IBM in 1992 but was not launched to the public until 1994. Though it was not sleek,
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COMMUNICATION
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who chose “@” as a symbol denoting that one computer is sending a message to
another computer.
In 1830’s, Samuel Morse(1791-1872) developed telegraph- a device for transmitting
and receiving messages over long distance. It used telegraphic codes transmitted over
radio.

Elements of Communication
 Speaker- The person creating and transmitting the message; also called sender, source
 Listener- The receiver of the message; analyzes, understands, and interprets the message
sent
 Message- The element transmitted in a communication process
 Channel- It is the pathway through which the message travels. The channel may be oral,
visual, and/or audio-visual
 Encoding- This is the process of planning out and delivering the message
 Decoding- The process of interpreting the message. Decoding results may be different for
the different listeners. There are a lot of factors that may affect decoding such as; the
environment, the speaker’s voice, the knowledge of the listener, it all adds up to how the
message will be understood.
 Feedback- It is the return process of communication. The feedback will depend on how
the receiver understood the message of the speaker/sender. It may be positive or negative.
 Noise- It refers to all the hindrance that blocks or affects the communication process.
This can be physical or psychological.
Classification of Communication
 Informal  Form
Forms of communication
 Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication involves sounds and language working together to deliver a

meaningful message. This kind of communication is done orally- spoken discourse.
The following skills are required for effective verbal communication.
1. Volume
This refers to the loudness of the voice. Modifying the voice into loud or soft helps the
speaker deliver a message effectively to the crowd. Needless to say, the size of the crowd
and place, as well as the audio aid used are factors to consider when talking about
volume.
2. Enunciation and Pronunciation
Enunciation refers to the proper pronunciation of the sound on a word or blending of

sounds to produce a word. Enunciate and pronounce the word properly so that the
listeners will perceive the message correctly. Not being able to enunciate the words
properly may result in misunderstanding.

3. Pitch
This refers to the frequency of the voice. The speaker may modify his/her voice to make it
high or low depending upon what he/she is saying.
4. Stress
This refers to the emphasis given to a word. Aside from saying the word over and over
again, the speaker can give it emphasis through stressing. He/She can stress a word by
varying the volume and pitch of his/her voice.
5. Phrasing
Phrasing is how the words are grouped. Pausing is one way of phrasing. The grouping of
words is based on how or what the speaker wants to communicate to the audience.
6. Speed
This refers to the pace of the speaker. Going fast and slow can vary depending upon the
message the speaker wants to convey to the listeners.
 Non-Verbal Communication
1. Visual
 Posture
Speaker should stand dignified and with formality, if appropriate, he/she can bend forward
or backward.
 Gestures and Body movements
Gestures and body movements add impact to the speech being delivered by the speaker.
As an example, a small nod and putting out a hand may mean that the speaker is
encouraging someone from the crowd.
 Facial Expression
Facial expressions are very important in delivering a message. One cannot talk about
painful experiences without making a sad face. The message would not make sense or
may appear confusing if the words and the facial expression of the speaker do not
coordinate with each other.
 Eye Movements
Eye contact is a vital gesture in the communication process. This means that the speaker is
acknowledging the presence of his/her audience and he/she wants to hand them the
emotions of every word he/she says.

 Proxemics/ Geographic Location
This is the distance the speaker and the listener have. It may vary depending upon the
depth of the relationship of the people involved in the communication process. Each one
of us has a personal space, an invisible bubble, that we feel like ours and do not wish to
be intruded upon.
 Tactile
 Olfactory
 Gustatory
Digital Discovery
To further understand the Communication Process, you may watch this
video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z1BIeje_ko
III. Connect
I. In your notebook, use a diagram to explain the flow of the communication
process as well as the roles of each element.
This is how your activity will be graded;
 Comprehensiveness and vividness of explanation
 Usage of a proper diagram
 Neatness of work
II. Provided with the video link of Dananjaya Hettiarachchi, you will critic
his speech.
What should you pay attention to?
 Nonverbal cues and what they mean
 Purpose
 The message of the speech
 The Phrase that is given emphasis
 Level of communication
IV. Establish

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 Communication is a process that involves the sender, receiver, message,

channel, feedback, and barriers.
 There are two classifications of communication; Formal and Informal.
 There are five forms of Communication; verbal, nonverbal, tactile,
olfactory, and gustatory.
 There are five levels of communication, base upon the size of the
audience; intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, small-group discussion, and
mass media
V. Internalize
Think of how many things can be resolve if people will communicate, and
communicate with empathy, understanding, and without any biases.
References:
Exploring Grammar and Literature Oral Communication in Context.
Redoblado, Simoun Victor D. 2016. Brilliant Creation Publishing Inc.
Towards Oral Communication for Senior High School a K to 12
Approach. Dividina, Jose B. 2016. St. Augustine Publication
2
LESSON
2
0 Communication Models
Let’s Develop your Cumulative

Knowledge

Let us check how much you know about the solar system.
1. Communication is a one-way process.
a. True, according to Laswell
b. True, according to Shannon&Weaver
2. What are jargons?
a. a set of terms that are used by a certain group of people c. Linguistic

slang
b. terms used to describe objects of position d. idiomatic expressions
3. What is the difference between a linear model and an interactive model?
a. A linear model does not require while an interactive model does
b. A linear model goes in a parallel manner while an interactive model doesn’t
c. A linear model requires background knowledge of the topic while interactive

doesn’t
d. None of the above
4. What is the distinct characteristic of an Ecological Model?
a. It used jargon c. it uses high sounding words
b. it is interactive d. does not require feedback
5. What is the most complex model?
a. Foulger’s Ecological Model c. Shannon and Weaver’s Linear Model
b. Scharmm’s Interactive Model d. Wood’s Transactional

Model
I. Share
10 | F o r A G C S s t u d e n t s o n l y . N o t f o r a n y f o r m o f r e p r o d u c t i o n .
Communication takes place between the sender and the receiver, how do you think
communication takes place if there is a crowd simultaneously speaking?
II. Discover
Many scholars tried to present a communication model to make the students understand how
each element of the process interacts with each other. Studying these models can provide us a
holistic understanding of the process of communication. The following are the communicative
models;
 Linear Model
 Interactive Model
 Transactional Model
 Gatekeeper Model
 Ecological Model
A. Linear Models
There are two types of the linear model, one by Laswell (1948) and the other by Shannon
and Weaver (1949)
Laswell’s Model
Linear models suggest that communication flows sequentially generally. In Laswell’s

perspective, only the communicator is the only active participant, the recipient, meanwhile,
processes the information but not reciprocating the message.
Figure 1
In this model, the sender communicates with the receiver through a one-way channel. The best
example of this model would be radio and television broadcasting. The listeners receive the
information from the broadcast and process what they heard but there is no mean for immediate
feedback. Further examples of the linear model are the information communicated through
magazines, newspapers, or books.
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
Figure 2
Shannon and Weaver’s model is much like Laswell’s but they added the hindrance in message
transmission.
Consider this example; you are at a symposium, the speaker on stage is talking about an
important issue which you should be listening to. It is already 11:00 and your stomach starts to
grumble. As you listen to the speaker, you can hear what he what saying but the only thing that is
in your mind is the food you are about to eat for lunch.
Many factors affect the understanding of the message; noise, heat, sound system malfunction,
and many others.
B. Interactive Model
Figure 3
While the linear model perceives the communication process as something that is one-way,
Scharmm’s interactive model says otherwise. It perceives the communication process as a
dynamic exchange of messages. The key element of this model is the feedback: the reaction to
the message. Through feedback, the communicator and the recipient can clarify and develop
ideas in their conversation.
C. Transactional Model
Figure 4
This model is much complex than linear but does not count for a situation in which the sender
and the receiver exchange ideas. The transactional model, presented in Wood (2009), responds to
this flaw. It presents a realistic view of the communicative process; a spontaneous, rapid flow of
ideas. The transactional model also takes into account the personal and professional background
of the people involved and also the changes that occur in the environment.
There are three implications in this communication model;
1. Communication is ongoing and it involves also the continuing process;

2. Each element of the transactional process exists with the other elements. There can be no
source without a receiver, and no message without a source; and
3. Individual background experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs, self-esteem, and other
related factors play important roles in the communication process.
D. The Gatekeeper Model
Figure 5
The Gatekeeper Model can be the representation of Mass Media. This model means that
information is disseminated in a controlled manner. Newspaper, TV, Radio, and Internet have
access to information but they can control what will be released to the public, therefore making
media a gatekeeper of communication.
E. The Ecological Model
Figure 6.
Out of the five models, Foulger’s Ecological model is the most complex. This model expounds
on the role of the creator (mass media, as well as the individuals and groups that control these
outlets of information). Language and context is also a big factor in the process. Some groups
develop jargon exclusively for their group so that they can converse precisely.
III. Connect
Activity I. Determine what communication model is exemplified in the following situation.
______________________1. A business meeting
______________________2. A speech delivered by an expert in front of the student body
______________________3. Shiera is talking to a friend while the concert is on-going.
______________________4. Annie cannot understand the topic because a lot of jargon is used
in the conversation.
______________________5. The DJ read the comments and responded with his/her opinions
______________________6. A group of friends are conversing about their next vacation
______________________7. An employee presenting his/her proposal in a business meeting
______________________8. The reporter is stating facts about the pandemic
______________________9. Trinie is lost in a foreign city, when she asked direction she cannot
understand the language.
______________________10. Harvey is trying to explain the math problem to his friends.
Activity II. Represent the situation in a model. Make sure to label the bubbles properly.
Meredith travels to Korea with her assistants for a business meeting. They presented a proposal
for the possible investors of their company. They exchanged ideas about the ventures that they
will do and closed the deal before the meeting adjourned.
IV. Establish

 Communication Models are visualization of how human communication process
takes place.
 There are five (5) communication models;
o Linear Models
o Interactive Model
o Transactional Model
o The Gatekeeper Model
o Ecological Model
V. Internalize
A Hospitality student unintentionally sat on the Engineering student’s plates. They started
to argue, “Why did you sat on my plates?” the Engineering student angrily shouted. “Did
it shatter? I’m gonna buy you new plates if you want.” The Engineering student looked at
the Hospitality student confused.
It is always important to make sure that you and the person you are talking to are on the
same track.
References

3 LESSON
Communication Skills

Thinking aloud: Answer the following questions.
1. What is communication?
2. How does communication take place?
3. Would you rather be a listener or a speaker?
4. How will you know if people are really paying attention to what you are saying?
I. Share
This game will involve every one, the teacher will be giving instructions that the students
should follow. The game will take place in two circumstances; first, everyone is muted and only
the teacher is talking and second, everyone’s unmuted and with the laptop playing a song.
 Which circumstance enables you to better understand the instruction?

 Why do you think it is hard to listen when a lot is going on in our environment?
II. Discover
Effective Communication Skills

Communication is an interactive process. Being able to communicate effectively
is an essential skill in building rapport and/or relationship; may it be professional or
personal. The following are some of the things you must possess to communicate
properly.
 Listening
Communication is not always about talking and

going on with everything you have to say. It also
involves listening and this is a big factor to establish a
good and healthy relationship. People, sometimes do
not want to communicate to people who only have
something to say about themselves-it’s rude to make the whole conversation about you.
Listening involves not just hearing what the other person has to say but also
understanding what the person meant. If in any case, the message of the person speaking
does not reach you right, you must gain clarification first to respond appropriately.
Providing feed without a vivid understanding of the message might create a
misunderstanding.
 Non-Verbal Communication
We have discussed
what non-verbal
communication is, here we will understand how it must be used for effective
communication.
Our words are just 7% of the whole message we want to convey to our audience
or listeners. Therefore, making non-verbal communication more important. Our stance,
simple hand movement, and eye contact contribute a lot to making our message vivid to
our listeners. Say, for instance, if you want to encourage someone into opening up, you
may stand or seat more relax so that you will not create an awkward vibe.
 Be Clear and Concise
Less talk, less mistake. This has been proven by a lot of speakers. There are times
that someone will just create a pit by saying a lot of words that will just make his/her
message vague.
Be sure to say what you mean, be concise and precise of what message you want
to convey.
 Empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand, be aware of,

be sensitive to, and vicariously experience the feelings,
thoughts, and experiences of another (Merriam’s Webster
Dictionary). Even if you and the speaker do not have the
same opinion, you must still show that you respect and
understand his/her opinion.
 Be open-minded
It is hard to do but something that must be

done, not all people are on the same side of the story.
Even though you do not always agree with the person
you are talking to, still empathize with what he/she is
saying. Make sure you tell them you understand what
they mean and you see their point of argument.
Adopting this approach will always ensure honest, productive communication.
 Confidence
Speaking with confidence can make someone believe in your words and believe
that you will do what you say. Remember to always listen to the other person, confidence
does not mean you are a person to talk to throughout.
 Feedback
For interactive and effective communication to

take place, feedback is needed. It is to let the other
person. It is just as important that you accept and
encourage feedback from others. Always listen to
feedback and act positively on it. If you’re unsure about
any aspect of the feedback, simply ask a question to gain
clarification from the other person.
Speaker Factors in Communication
The audience perception of the speaker is the key to determining the effectiveness
of a message. Thus, the speaker should be credible, persuasive, and convincing enough to
go beyond variables he cannot control. Age, for instance, is an important factor in
determining how the audience perceives the message. TV Personalities control to a
certain extent, how old they look. They dye their hair to rid of the gray; some wear wigs
and apply to make up to look more beautiful and youthful.
Education level, income, reputation, credibility, and place from which one comes
are also extremely factoring in persuasion.
People-skilled scholars have listed different dimensions to determine the

credibility of a resource speaker.
1. Competence
The audience evaluates the speaker as to their knowledge of the subject
matter talked about as well as his experience in the topic. Some of the criteria are his
educational qualification, personality, physical outlook, preparation, and stage
mannerisms. It is the measure of his capability or his track record. (Verderber, 1991)
2. Trustworthiness
This covers the reliability of the speaker. Is the speaker walking the talk?
It is very important that whatever comes out of the speaker’s mouth can be seen in his/her
lifestyle.
3. Dynamism
It is the electricity of life. He is like a dynamo that generates power. It is
similar to aggressiveness, enthusiasm, force, energy, and loud/soft rhythm.
4. Power
The physical figure standing before an audience depicts power. His
appearance, social status, and title add up as a plus factor for the audience to listen and be
persuaded to behave.
5. Goodwill
As a speaker, he/she must exhibit sincerity. Also, the speaker must be fair
and truthful in his/her speech.
6. Idealism
The speaker is evaluated as having values worthy of emulation.
7. Empathy
Barriers of Communication
Kaul (2000) classifies two types of

communication barriers: sender-oriented and
receiver-oriented.
A. Sender-oriented
1. Poor Structure of message
This happens when the sender fails to

organize properly the ideas in his or her
message. The receiver then becomes confused as to the sender’s true content or intent.
2. Noise
In the context of oral communication, this refers to the sounds that impede the
transmission of ideas. In the context of nonverbal communication, noise may also refer to
facial expressions or bodily gestures that distract the receiver from understanding the
message.
3. Faulty choice of words
This occurs when the sender uses terms that are suggestive or ambiguous in
meaning. This blurs the true content of the sender’s message. Also, the sender may use
terms that understate or exaggerate the idea. Or the terms may be too difficult for the
receiver (if his/her vocabulary is very limited)
4. Inappropriate quantity of information
Here, the sender reveals too little or too much information. In the case of the
former, the receiver will struggle to fill in the gaps of the message. In the case of the
latter, the receiver will not be able to process the ideas efficiently.
B. Receiver-oriented Barriers
1. Poor retention of ideas
This happens when the receiver fails to remember points from the sender’s
message. If the receiver does not retain ideas well, he or she will get lost in the flow of
the sender’s ideas.
2. Inattentive listening
This happens when the receiver pays little or no attention to the sender’s message.
This may be because the receiver is not interested in what the sender is saying, or the
receiver is thinking of other things while the sender is speaking. Inattentive may be
caused by the resistance to change or difference in position.
3. Tendency to evaluate
Here, the receiver judges the validity of the sender’s message even before finishes
communicating. In this case, the receiver does not pay attention to the rest of the sender’s
message because the receiver has already rendered judgment. A hasty evaluation may be
caused by the receiver’s attitudes, prejudices, or knowledge that conflicts with the
sender’s message.
How to avoid communication barriers
Butterfield (2009) offers the following tips to void communicative barriers.
1. Use appropriate language. Choose the best terms to convey your ideas.
2. Make the delivery of your message clear. Avoid using filler words like “maybe”,
“a little bit”, or even “um”. Make your message concise.
3. Send consistent signals. Your nonverbal cues should be synchronized with your
verbal delivery.
4. Reduce physical distractions. Stay away from background noise, interruptions,

and uncomfortable temperatures.
Digital Discovery
To further understand the barriers in the communication process, you may
visit this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slq1nAhZuqE
III. Connect
Activity I. Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if otherwise.
_______1. Listening and hearing are two different activities.

_______2. Barriers are not only present at the receiving end of the conversation.
_______3. Confidence is a big factor in speaking in front of a crowd.
_______4. Senders cannot be receivers.
_______5. Some audiences do not listen carefully to the speaker just because they do not like
the tone of the speaker.
_______6. The speaker should always consider the interest and age group of the audience.
_______7. Adding nonverbal cues while speaking makes the message more vivid to the
listener.
_______8. Do not be wordy when speaking.
_______9. Not all audiences can retain ideas at the same level.
_______10. Empathizing with the person you talk to is a big factor in getting your
message across.
Activity II. Read the given selection then answer the questions that follow.
1. Did you read the passage with ease? If yes, how so? If no, why?
2. Do you think all people will read and understand the passage easily?
IV. Establish
 Communication is an interactive process.

 These are the things that you can do to communicate effectively;
o Listening
o Nonverbal Communication
o Be clear and concise
o Empathy
o Be open-minded
o Confidence
o Feedback
 Here are the speaker factors in communication
o Competence
o Trustworthiness
o Dynamism
o Power
o Goodwill
o Idealism
o Empathy
 There are two kinds of barriers, sender-related and receiver-related.
o Sender-related
 Poor structure of the message
 Noise
 Faulty use of words
 Inappropriate quantity of information
o Receiver-oriented
 Poor retention of ideas
 Inattentive listening
 Tendency to evaluate
V. Internalize
Pride is the problem. Communication is cure. Learn to empathize with other people.
References:
Exploring Grammar and Literature Oral Communication in Context. Redoblado, Simoun
Victor D. 2016. Brilliant Creation Publishing Inc.
Towards Oral Communication for Senior High School a K to 12 Approach. Dividina,
Jose B. 2016. St. Augustine Publication
4
LESSON
Intercultural Communication
I. Share
Read and analyze the poem below
The tower of Lebab -top of the tower,
A dream A powerful cry to the skies that
At the top of the hour- Hovered: “We have fixed it!”
Said the poet Duckworth
Flashback to the genesis of Black to white, white to brown;
Man’s arrogance, those sinister
Plans of astronomy or divine Crosses and caliphates all around-
Correspondence; The sight surrounding the tower
That’s ending millennia of mayhem,
“We have fixed it!” Meaning structures destroyed by the eleventh.
Flash forward to a
Revelation of worldwide Smiles, not smoke, permeate
Proportions, powered by The perimeter; where confusion
Fiber optics and renewed Once blazed, comprehension
Relationships alike. Now stays. The essence of the tower
Is trade, an exchange of problems
Pride was the problem, For ways.
Communication is the cure.
No trumping this palce; walls protect,
What could twist the tongue Not select. Let every nation describe
To take such deadly directions The foundation! Solidaridad, tongyi, unite,
Into disarray? What could tie eenheid, wahda, unidade, pagkakaisa.
Our tongues together to pursue
The common cause of co-existence? Peace, perhaps is the apex.
Behold, the tower of languages
Dialogue (or lack of it) Ending barriers and brokenness.
“Conversation rules a nation,”
1. How would you describe the tower that the poem is referring to?
2. Is this a literal tower, or does it have any figurative meaning? What is the overall theme
of the poem?
II. Discover
Each country
has its distinct culture
and language. Most of
us have social norms
which can only be
understood by locals.
We have
learned how to use
verbal and nonverbal communication strategies properly. In discussing those topics, we assume
that the participants of the communication process have the same language. But what happens if
people from different cultural and linguistic origins interact with each other? Do you think there
will be problems in understanding one another?
Three Main Issues of Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication refers to situated communication among persons of different
cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In the 21st century, this form of communication has become
prevalent across the globe. Thanks to advancements in transportation and communication
technology, more and more people have traveled to different countries and engaged in
intercultural communication.
What hinders the exchange of ideas between two people from different cultures? We can
consider;
1. Knowledge
If we are unaware of the customs and values of a certain culture, we may fail to communicate
properly with individuals who practice that culture. To interact well with persons from foreign
countries, we need to be aware of their cultures. If we encounter a foreign classmate or even a
foreign audience, we can research their culture so that we shall know how to deal with them
accordingly.
2. Skills
Having attained cultural knowledge, we can perform actions appropriate to the culture’s specific
norms. On a concrete level, we can respectfully express our ideas, using grammatical
competence in the foreign language, as well as use nonverbal cues and other communicative
strategies unique to a foreign culture.
3. Attitudes
From an affective standpoint, we also need to show a tolerant disposition towards people of a
different culture. If we harbor biases or prejudices, we shall not be able to communicate
properly. However, if we adopt a respectful attitude towards any culture, we shall be able to
interact with any individual without difficulty.
How to conduct Intercultural Communication Properly
To conduct intercultural communication properly, observe the following;
1. Be conscious of your own culture
The first step towards respecting other cultures is to appreciate our customs, values, and
practices. Feel the pride of showing others our good traditions and culture.
2. Be open-minded towards other culture
If we are appreciative of our own culture, we can understand that other people behave the way
they do because they are also influenced by their customs and norms. Thus, we adopt an attitude
of tolerance and respect. Other cultures will cease to be the object of derision and ridicule; rather,
they will become groups worthy of acceptance.
3. Immerse yourself in the practice of the other cultures

Having developed an open-minded approach to the other cultures, we can start to learn their
customs and traditions. Get the feel of it. Learn the intricacies of their language and try to
understand their nonverbal cues and communicative strategies.
III. Connect
Activity I. Learn more about other people’s cultures. Research on the common greetings of
the groups of people listed in the box. Aside from the language what other actions are peculiar
among them when they meet new acquaintances? For example, do they offer their hands? Do
they bow their heads?
Fill up the table.

Cultural Group Verbal Greetings Nonverbal gestures
1. Filipino
2. Japanese
3. Hindu
4. American
5. Korean
Activity II. Research on what hate crime is, and mention races that are subjected to this.
Make a two-paragraph speech that will be delivered in front of the class.
These are the factors that will be considered in grading;
 Usage of information (information are comprehensively explained and used
correctly to build up the speech)
 Concrete and relatable examples
 Delivery of the speech (Tone, Modulation, Gesture, Expression)
IV. Establish
 Intercultural Communication refers to situated communication among

persons of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
 Since there are differences in culture and language people can sometime
cannot get the message through.
 Hindrance of exchange ideas
o Knowledge
o Skills
o Attitudes
 How to conduct intercultural communication properly
o Be conscious of your own culture
o Be open-minded towards other cultures
o Immerse yourself in the practices of the other cultures
V. Internalize
Culture is the foundation of who we are. It is our distinction from the rest of the world.
It may be vague as to how we should always abide despite of not understanding but
we learn to respect it.
Always remember, respect begets respect.
References

Oral communication as what Management Study Guide defines it is communication
through mouth. It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or
telephonic conversation. According to the Study Guides of Management, it concerns a mutual
interrelation of understanding and is an integral function of business management which includes
staffing, expressing, lay-outing, organizing, and enforcing.
This module will encapsulate the different functions of communication. This module
aims to introduce, discuss, and demonstrate the different functions.
Module 2: Functions of Communication
Module Content
 Regulation and Control

 Social Interaction
 Motivation
 Information
 Emotional Expression
 Observation and Evaluation of different speakers based on the demonstrated
skills; and Writing a personal speech applying demonstrated skill
First Quarter Module 2: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION in an

organizational context will be discussed in this module.
1. discuss the function of communication;

2. identify the speaker’s purpose;
3. watch and listen to sample oral activity; and
4. identify strategies used by each speaker to convey his/her purpose.
1 LESSON
Function of Communication: Regulate and Control

Let us check how much you know about the functions of communication.
Direction: Read the following text taken from the excerpt of THE HOBBIT by J.R.R
Tolkien.
By some curious chance one morning long ago In the quiet of were the world, when there was
less noise and more green, and the hobbits was still numerous and prosperous, and Bilbo Baggins
was standing at his do. After break fast smoking an enormous long wooden pipe tnat reached
nearly down to his woolly toes (neatly brushed)-- Gandalf came by. Gandalf! If you had heard
only a quarter of what I have heard about him, and I have only heard very little of all there is to
hear, you would be prepared for any sort of remarkable tale. Tales and adventures sprouted up all
over the place wherever he went, in the most extraordinary fashion. He had not been down that
way under The Hill for ages and ages, not since his friend the Old Took died, in fact, and the
hobbits had almost forgotten what he looked like. He had been away over The Hill and across The
Water on business of his own since they were all small hobbit-boys and hobbit-girls. All that the
unsuspecting Bilbo saw that morning was an old man with a staff. He had a tall pointed blue hat,
a long grey cloak, a silver scarf over which his long white beard hung down below his waist, and
immense black boots.
“Good morning!" said Bilbo, and he meant it. The sun was shining, and the grass was very green.
But Gandalf looked at him from under long bushy eyebrows that stuck out further than the brim
of his shady hat.
“What do you mean?” he said. "Do you Wish me a good morning, or mean that it is a good
morning whether I want it or not, or that you feel good this morning; or that it is morning to be
good on?"
“All of them at once," said Bilbo. "And a very fine morning for a nine of tobacco out of doors,
into the bargain. If you have a pipe about you, sit down and have a fill of mine! There's no hurry;
we have all the day before us!” Then Bilbo sat down on a seat by his door, crossed his legs, and
blew out a beautiful grey ring of smoke that sailed up into the air without breaking and floated
away over The Hill. “Very pretty!" said Gandalf. "But I have no time to blow smoke-rings this
morning. I am looking for someone to share in an adventure that I am arranging, and it's very
difficult to find anyone."
“I should think so- in these parts! We are plain quiet folks and have no use for adventures. Nasty
disturbing uncomfortable things! Make you late for dinner! I can't think what anybody sees in
them," said our Mr. Baggins, and stuck one thumb behind his braces and blew out another even
bigger smoke-ring. Then he took out his morning letters and began to read, pretending to take no
more notice of the old man. He had decided that he was not quite his sort, and wanted him to go
away. But the old man did not move. He stood leaning on his stick and gazing at the hobbit
without saying anything, till Bilbo got quite uncomfortable and even a little cross.
“Good morning!" he said at last. "We don't want any adventures here, thank you! You might try
over The Hill or across The Water." By this he meant that the conversation was at an end.
What a lot of things you do use Good morning for!" said Gandalf. "Now you mean that you want
to get rid of me, and that it won't be good
till I move off."
From the excerpt of "The Hobbit" by J.R.R. Tokien

cslewisjrrtolkien.classicalautographs.com/
irrtolkien/bookexcerpts/thehobbit.html
Answer the following questions.
1. For what purpose did Bilbo say “Good morning”?

2. Was Gandalf aware of Bilbo’s “hidden” message through the greeting?
3. How did Gandalf react to these messages?
I. Share
Directions: Share your thoughts on the class regarding the following;
1. What is a memorandum?
2. Why do you think a memorandum is given to an employee?
3. Why is a job description important?
II. Discover
Regulation and Control
This function is mostly exhibited in a corporate setting wherein the head of the company
or business uses strategies to specify to the employees the things expected from them.
A company uses effective communication strategies as a way to maintain discipline over

employees and their workplace. Some of these would be sending memorandum and strictly
enforcing old or new policies surely bring employees to a clear direction and guidelines. Job
description of their functions to avoid overlapping help in the facility of their job. Performance
rating would be the basis of one’s increase in salary or his/her promotion.
Communication opens the way for clarification which allows employees to interact with
their managers. A customer service department asks customers to fill out questionnaires on
satisfaction as to the quality of service rendered. A good business letter can be sent to introduce a
company branch and its promotional products as well as its newly introduced products.
Communication, therefore, is vital for the employees who work together harmoniously on a
project. They may interact both at work and outside the workplace.
Figure 1. Example of a memorandum (retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fblog.hubspot.com%2Fmarketing%2Fhow-write-
memo&psig=AOvVaw0etEBjkeUsh8tnSy0FBMtP&ust=1625283049207000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAoQjRxqFwoTCKCp-
am5w_ECFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY
Parts of a memorandum
1. Heading
 This part contains the name of the company, it also includes “to” and “from”. It also
advised that the receiver should be addressed in his/her complete name and correct
job title. The subject of the memo is also included in this part. Make sure to be
concise and specific in stating the subject.
2. Subject and Date
 The subject of the memo should be concise and specific. It is not a complete sentence
rather a short phrase which indicates describes the content of the memo. The date is
also important so that the actions will be addressed when it is needed to be addressed.
3. Message
 The main body of a memo. This describes comprehensively what the memo is about.
It has three parts;
 Introduction
The message represents the main idea in the first paragraph. it is
called the background of the information.
 Detail
In the second paragraph, you should write details about
information to support the introduction. It should be logical and separate
into the paragraph.
 Response
It is called the action statement. In this paragraph, you should state
the action you want to reader to take, Action you will take, Action that you
are requested to take, Deadline, etc.
Figure 2. Example of a job description ( retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fslideplayer.com%2Fslide
%2F4779927%2F&psig=AOvVaw0XeH9zqv6s9PKzQULaHaES&ust=1625284321607000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAoQjRxqFwoTC
OjYwYm-w_ECFQAAAAAdAAAAABAo )
A job description is a document that contains the specification of the employees’ work. It
includes the nature, hours, and environment of work. It is basically what the company expects
from the employee upon starting. It also identifies the qualification a person needs to possess to
get hired. A good job description will tell the applicant what is needed and expected from
him/her.
III. Connect
Activity I. Respond to the memo given below.
Use this format to respond:
 Title
 Subject and date
 Designated receiver
 Write who the response is from
 Subject
 Body
 Closing Statement
Activity II. Answer the following question.
1. What do you think will happen if business owners will not regulate and control the
workplace?
2. Why do you think memoranda are sent?
3. Why is job description important?
IV. Establish
 Communication functions to regulate and control.

 A memorandum and a job description is an example of documents that
regulate and control.
 There are three parts of a memorandum; Heading, Subject and Date, and
Message.
 A Job Description is a document that contains the specifications of
employees’ work.
V. Internalize
Control and Manipulation are two different things; control gains order, manipulation
gains deceit.
References:
University of Minnesota open Libraries
Exploring Grammar and Literature Oral Communication in Context. Redoblado,
Simoun Victor D. 2016. Brilliant Creation Publishing Inc.
Towards Oral Communication for Senior High School a K to 12 Approach.
Dividina, Jose B. 2016. St. Augustine Publication
2
LESSON
Function of Communication: Social Interaction and Motivation
Humans are social beings. We talk, and we want to be heard- not just be heard but be
understood. We also use conversing to build, strengthen, and even end a relationship.
In this lesson, we will learn ways how communication benefits us in social interaction.
Let us check how much you know.
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if otherwise.
_______1. We interact because we gain things.

_______2. People build a relationship because of common interests.
_______3. Employees can work without motivation.
_______4. Rewards are important in a workplace.
_______5. Motivation is important to attain a goal.
I. Share
Direction: Share your thoughts on the following matters.

1. What is your reason for interacting with other people?
2. Do you accept the thought that you just interact because you need something from
them?
II. Discover
Social Interaction
Communication for social interaction as defined by Philippine news is the utilization of

conversation to make social relationships. This is also used to form bonds, intimacy, relations,
and connections with other people.
Types of Social Interaction
 Social Exchange Theory
 Cooperation
 Competition
Social Exchange Theory
- This theory argues that people bond, interact, and form relationships based on their
interpretation of what’s in their best interest.
- It is a socio-psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and
stability as a process of negotiated exchange between parties. This doesn’t just refer to
the physical goods we can exchange but also intangible elements.
Example:
1. An employee forms a relationship with his/her boss because of the monetary

compensation he/she receives.
2. A person being friends with someone who gives him/her emotional support.
Cooperation
- As Merriam Webster dictionary defines it, is the actions of someone who is being helpful
by doing what is wanted or asked for: common effort. Any group behavior is an example
of cooperation: Coerced, voluntary, and unintentional.
- Coerced cooperation is forced, such as in the draft. Citizens are forced to go to the
military whether they like it or not.
- Voluntary cooperation is from people’s own volition. They have a choice of not doing the
act but decides to do so.
- Unintentional cooperation is when people do not intend to cooperate but end up doing so.
Competition
- Competition is a contest between people or groups of people for control over resources-
both literal and symbolic meaning.
Unlike cooperation, competition arises whenever two parties strive for an opposing goal or
resources which cannot be shared.
Motivation
Company managers use effective communication strategies to arouse their subordinates

to achieve outstanding performance. They clarify expectancies from subordinates and promises
promotion for attaining the target goals, even rendering more than expected. Effective
communication can help companies and corporations reach general and specific objectives. For
example: by communicating to sales agents and branch managers that they’ll receive a bonus if
they reach their annual sales quota, they will help the company improve its sales target.
From the last study of Dale Carneige, less than 25% of non-management
employees are fully motivated and engaged. This is an issue that must be paid attention
to. If employees do not have the reason to work hard, why would they? Management
should create even simple ways to effectively motivate all the employees. Here are five
ways to motivate them to do their best.
1. Set goals and recognize success

It is human nature that we crave challenges. Setting goals- a SMART (Specific,
Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely) goal, is a way to jumpstart the fuel of the
employee’s motivation.
If the goal is achieved always remember to give gratitude to whom gratitude is due.
Employees will feel appreciated and important if they ate recognized for the work they
had done. Recognition doesn’t always have to be grand, a small incentive for the people
who worked hard to achieve the goals
If the employees do not meet the set goals, then that is the time to let them go or
work on their performances. A healthy evaluation from time to time is good for the
employee as well.
2. Listen
Listen to the wants and needs of the employees. This doesn’t mean that all
requests should be granted rather you are creating an atmosphere wherein employees will
feel that their needs are being heard at work. People like their voices to be heard, so no
matter how silly or unrealistic the suggestions maybe, listen.
3. Pay them well

One of the keys to keeping top employees is to pay them competitive salaries.
Admit it or not, some bills and needs should be met. In some organizations, this is easier
said than done, nonetheless, make sure to not skimp on their salary. If their performance
merits a raise, then give them one. If the company cannot afford competitive salaries or
raises, at least give them a performance-based bonus.
4. Care about their future

Always provide career growth opportunities for the employees. The manager
should also show interest and involvement in the future of their employees- their career
path, career growth, and future company involvement. Acting as a mentor will build trust
and motivation about their future with the company.
5. Create a good culture
Make sure that the workplace is a decent place to be. Offering a competitive
salary and benefit would not be enough, it should be people that genuinely enjoy working
together.
III. Connect
Activity I. Watch the short clip provided from the movie “FROZEN”, describe the social
interaction with each character present in the clips. List at least five (5) and describe why you
arrived in the kind of social interaction you write. Here is the link for the clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2chgjFVpRiA.
Example:
Anna and Elsa
Cooperation- Anna agreed that Elsa should follow the voice.
Activity II. Imagine you are a team leader for a company. What merit/reward system would
you implement. Discuss this activity with a partner.
IV. Establish

 Communication for social interaction is the utilization of
conversation to make social relationship.
 There are three(3) types of Social Interaction; Social Exchange
Theory, Cooperation, and Competition.
 Here are some ways to motivate employees;
o Set goals and recognize success
o Listen
o Pay them well
o Care about their future
o Create a good culture
V. Internalize
Not all the relationship we build is for good.
References
3 LESSON
Functions of Communication: Information and Emotional
Expression
I. Share
Extemporaneous speech. The students will be given topics on the spot about the current
events. They will be given 1 to 2 minutes to speak about their opinion or thoughts on the topic.
Topics can be:
o Political
o Entertainment
o Education
o Health and health services
II. Discover
Information
This function of communication is one of the most important ones. This aims to relay
statistics, findings, concepts, and processes. These are knowledge that can be useful in some
situations that will benefit the person. Relaying information can be as serious as knowing the
origin, composition, and findings on SARS-COV 2 or some less serious information which is
also as important to know as the one mentioned before.
Creating an informative speech
The informative speech should be focused on a narrow topic thus making the audience
understand what is being discussed. A broadly chosen topic usually entails different kinds of
information, which might complicate the informative quality of the speech and confuse the
audience.
Always remember to keep your key points few. Use these few points to develop and
organize the structure of the speech which concludes the introduction, body, and conclusion.
This will provide a trajectory that will guide the audience as the speaker elaborate the key points
of information.
Emotional Expression
This function of communication is used by the speaker to move another person to act.
The speaker communicates and appeals to the listeners’ emotions and feelings to encourage them
to act in a particular direction. Sometimes, the speaker uses a picture of the devastation of
starving children (and such) to affect the emotion of the audience.
Here are some other frameworks proposed by different scholars;
1. Buhler’s (1933,1934) communication model

 Expression
In this function, the focus of the communicative process is the expression
of the speaker’s attitude towards the topic. The listener and the topic itself are
relegated to the background.
 Appeal
In this function, the focus of the communicative process is the intended
effect on the listener. The speaker and topic itself are relegated to the background.
 Representation
In this function, the focus of the communicative process is the content or
topic. The speaker and the listener of the message are relegated to the
background.
Buhler’s communication model consists of three elements: the speaker, the receiver, and the
topic. It also resembles the linear framework.
2. Jakobson’s Six Functions of Communication

This model is proposed by Jakobson in 1990, it is more complex than the first one. This
consists of six functions of communication.
 Emotive
This function focuses on the receiver or addressee. The emotive function
is similar to Buhler’s function of expression.
 Conative
This function focuses on the sender or receiver. The appeal function is
similar to Buhler’s function of appeal.
 Referential
This focuses on the context. The referential function becomes dominant in
cases when the circumstances (time, place, culture) surrounding the message are
most significant in the communicative process.
 Metalingual
This function focuses on the code (or language) being used.
 Phatic
This function focuses on the contact between the speaker and the listener.
 Poetic
This function focuses on “the message for its own sake.”
3. Halliday’s Seven Functions of the language

Finally, Halliday (1975) identifies seven functions of language.
 Instrumental
Language is used to express needs.
 Regulatory
Language is used to tell others what to do.
 Interactional
Language is used to establish relations with others.
 Personal
Language is used to express insights and feelings
 Heuristic
Language is used to seek knowledge.
 Imaginative
Language is used to tell stories.
 Representational
Language is used to deliver information.
Digital Discovery
To further understand the Functions of Communication, you may visit this
link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Rim7uq8TS8
III. Connect
Activity. Write an informative script about a recent happening in the country. Record yourself
presenting the script. It can be a vlog type or a formal news anchor style.
Criteria for grading;
For the script:
 Analysis and content (Were the content informative? Was there sufficient use of
logical facts, examples, and/or expert opinion?)
 Organization
For the video recording:
 Language Style (Was the language precise, grammatically correct, and vivid? Did
it reinforce the ideas of the speech?)
 Vocal delivery (Was enunciation clear? Was volume appropriate? Was there
sufficient variety in rate, pause, and pitch?)
 Physical Delivery (Did the speaker exhibit poise and confidence? Were gestures
varied, movement motivated, and eye contact direct? If a notecard was used, was
it an unobtrusive part of the delivery?)
IV. Establish
 Informing is one of the most important functions of communication.

 Focus on a narrow topic when making an informative speech.
 Always remember to keep your key points few when making an
informative speech.
 Emotional expression is a function of communication used by the
speaker to move another person to act.
 There are three(3) frameworks discussed in this lesson;
o Buhler’s Communication Model
o Jakobson’s Six Function of Communication
o Halliday’s Seven Function of Language
V. Internalize
We all want to be heard. You just have to find the right pair of ears who will never get tired.
References:
Communication goes beyond knowledge of elements like sender, message, and receiver. At its
very essence, communication is an act or a process that produces results. It is crucial for us then, to be
aware of strategies that make the communication process efficient and effective. By mastering the tactics
of communicating with various audiences- small groups, large groups, and even the self- we can
competently convey our insights properly.
One way to understand speech contexts is to look at the key players or participants involved. If
we understand who is taking part in the communicative situation, we shall understand how the flow of
ideas and formality of communication will take place.
The reaction of the audience or the recipients of the message are key factors in the
communicative process. The effectiveness process. The effectiveness of communication is very much
affected by the person or person that you are interacting with- whether a small group of people, a large
audience, or even just one individual you are talking with.
Module 3: Communicative Competence Strategies

in Various Speech Situations
Module Content
 Intrapersonal Communication
 Interpersonal Communication Specifically Dyad and Small group
 Public Speaking
 Type of Speech Style (Intimate, Casual, Consultative, Formal, Frozen)
 Communicative competence strategies in various speech situations
First Quarter Module 3: COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS SPEECH SITUATIONS will be discussing the ability
of a person to communicate in different contexts and audiences.

 identify the various types of speech context

 exhibit appropriate verbal and nonverbal behavior in a given speech context
 distinguish types of speech styles
 identify social situations in which each speech style is appropriate to use
 observe the appropriate language forms in using a particular speech style
 respond appropriately and effectively to a given speech
 engage in a communicative situation, using acceptable, polite, and meaningful
communicative strategies
 explain that a shift in speech context, speech style, speech rendition, and
communicative strategy affects the
 following:
 language form
 duration of interaction
 relationship of the speaker
 role and responsibilities of the
 speaker
 message
 delivery
1 LESSON
Type of Speech Context
1. A type of communication context in which people converse in two’s

a. Intrapersonal
b. Dyad
c. Small Group
d. Public
2. Defined to be communicating with oneself
a. Intrapersonal c. Public
b. Interpersonal d. None of the above
3. It’s purpose is to disclose facts, what type of public speaking is it?

a. Ceremonial c. Informative
b. Persuasive d. Demontrate
4. Which of the statement is not true?
a. Effective communication builds relationship
b. People with lower level of interpersonal skills often accumulate anxiety.
c. One can communicate effectively with other people without mastering

intrapersonal skills
d. Prolong isolation can damage an individual.
5. This is public speaking with emotional attachments.
6. This requires convincing voice
I. Share
Work with a group, create a tableau about the following;
 Facebook
 Instagram
 Twitter
 Tiktok
 Youtube
Assign someone from the group to draw and take a picture of it and send it to the
teacher. The teacher will be displaying it on the screen so that the other group will
see and they have to guess what the tableau represents.
1. How were you able to come up with your representations?

2. How were you able to guess what is being represented?
II. Discover
“Communication is the bridge between confusion and clarity”
-Nat Turner
Intrapersonal Communication
Do you ever wonder why you prefer some things

more than others? When you answer the questions, “What
is your favorite book?” or “What do you prefer writing
about?” In each case, you are communicating what you are
doing, but you may not be communicating why, or what it
means to you. That communication may be internal.
Intrapersonal communication can be defined as

communication with one’s self, and that may include self-
talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall
and memory (McLean, S., 2005). Through intrapersonal
communication, we come up with decisions and establish
what we want to say to others.
Leonard Shedletsky looked into intrapersonal communication through the eight

basic components of the communication process (i.e. source, receiver, message, channel,
feedback, environment, context, and interference) as transactional, but all the interaction
occurs within the individual (Sheletsky, L.J., 1989). Judy Pearson and Paul Nelson added
that intrapersonal communication is not only your internal monologue but also involves
the effort to plan and arrive at a decision (Pearson, J., and Nelson, P., 1985). From
planning to problem-solving, internal resolution, and evaluations, and judgments of self
and others.
Being self-aware about self-talk helps analyze self-concepts and overcome

negative feelings. If properly used, self-talk can help in overcoming emotional distress.
Without mastering the art of communicating effectively with oneself, one cannot
communicate effectively with the outside world. In that sense, intrapersonal communication is a
prerequisite to effective interpersonal communication.
Interpersonal Communication
Effective interpersonal communication builds

relationships.
At the beginning of this semester, we learned that

communicating is a need for all human beings. It is essential
to converse with other people to keep us mentally and
emotionally sane. Interpersonal communication also has
many implications in the real world. For instance, the early
human who lives and goes by the group has a much bigger percentage of survival, which meant
that those who can develop an interpersonal bond with another human being will more likely to
pass this to the ability to the next generation (Leary, 2001).
Basing on the study of Hargie (2011), people with a higher level of interpersonal skills
are proven to adapt better to stress, have greater satisfaction in relationships, have more friends,
and have less depression and anxiety. Prolonged isolation has been shown to severely damage a
human (Williams & Zadro, 2001). Long isolation can also cause humans to have social anxiety
and awkwardness whenever put in a crowd.
a.2.1 Dyad
Figure 1
This model involves two parties, the sender and the receiver which will eventually switch
roles since communication is a dynamic process. There is a constant interchange of feedback
along the process of communication.
a.2.2 Small group
The term “small group communication” refers to communication that occurs within
groups of three to 15 people (Evans, M., 2019). The people who gathered in a small group are
connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and shared identities (University of
Minnesota Libraries Publishing). While interpersonal communication focuses more on
relationship-building, a small group is focused on task completion or accomplishment.
Two influences are affecting the structure of a small group- internal and external
influence. An internal influence, members play a role in initial group formation. The person who
is well-informed and motivated about the purpose and goal of the group has the highest
possibility to be the leader. External factors such as group size, task, and resources affect the
group. Some of the groups will have more control over the resources and other external factors
through decision-making.
Figure 2
The above figure shows centralize and decentralize small groups. The wheel is an
example of a centralized structure, while the circle is decentralized. Research has shown
that centralized groups are better than decentralized groups in terms of speed and
efficiency (Ellis&Fisher, 1994). Decentralized groups are more effective at solving
complex problems while centralize groups emerge in activities wherein collaboration is
the primary goal.
Public Communication/Speaking
Public communication can be defined as

strategic communication to convey ideas,
programs, thought, presentations, data,
propaganda, etc., to the masses, the public, the
students, or the niche audience (Bhasin, H.,
2021). Public speaking or public communication
is done for a specific purpose- may it be to inform, to demonstrate, to pursue, or to conduct a
ceremony. The speakers’ information can come from a variety of resources- private researches,
government statistics, published studies, academic courses, interviews, personal experiences, etc.
There is countless importance of public speaking, but the prominent of them is

persuasion. In older times, public speaking is used to gather allies and/or believers. In present
times, people or speakers used public speaking to gather support. It plays a vital role in building
public relations and converting groups of people.
Types of Public Communication
1. Ceremonial
Ceremonials are public speaking with emotional attachments. It consists of
speeches about special occasions such as birthdays, weddings, and such.
2. Demonstrate
The purpose of this type of public communication is to leave learning to the
audience on how to accomplish something. It focuses more on speaking precisely and
clearly about an action.
3. Informative
Its purpose is to disclose facts or ideas to the public. Disseminating crucial
information is an integral part of this communication. Mass media- TV, radio, is also part
of this type of public communication.
4. Persuasive
This type requires a convincing voice. Its purpose is to move the crowd into doing
action either for the benefit of the speaker or inclined to his/her propaganda. The best
example of this public communication is political speeches. Politicians or candidates
speak in front of the mass to gain their support or vote during the election period.
Digital Discovery
To further understand the Different Types of Speech context, you may
watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_hYVsH7CAc
III. Connect
Ask two from your family member, and interview his/her strategies in developing his/her
interpersonal and intrapersonal skills in the workplace. Have a video recording of your interview,
after seeking the permission of your interviewee.
IV. Establish
 Intrapersonal communication can be defined as communication with

one’s self.
 Through interpersonal communication, people come up with decisions.
 Effective interpersonal communication builds relationships.
 There are two (2) forms of Interpersonal Communication;

o Dyad
o Small-Group
 Public Communication can be defined as strategic communication to
convey ideas, programs, thought, presentations, data, propaganda, etc.
to the masses, the public, the students, or the niche audience.
 There are four (4) types of public communication; Ceremonial,
Demonstrate, Informative, and Persuasive.
V. Internalize
All things that we can offer other people must be settled first within us.
 References:
University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing retrieved from
https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/13-1-understanding-small-groups/
Public Communication – Definition, Importance and Types, Hitesh Bhasin, published
June 23, 2021 retrieved at https://www.marketing91.com/public-communication/
2
0
2
LESSON
Type of Speech Styles and Acts
Let us check how much you know.
1. What speech style is used for consultation?

2. What speech style used when talking to a friends?
3. What are the different Speech acts?
I. Share
Direction: Read and analyze the following statements. Answer the question
that follows.
A. Eduardo, do you accept Amor as your lawful wife?
Yes, I do.
B. Good morning. Please take a seat, Your Holiness, Pope Francis.

Thank you, Mr. President.
C. Good Morning, Doctor, may I ask you a question?

Certainly, how can I help you?
D. Hi Maricel, What’s up? How’s your life?

I’m great, Wilma.
E. Hello honey, how was your day? Great. We got a lot done, Hon. And yours?
Who are the speakers?

What is the manner of speaking?
What do you sense is their relationship?
II. Discover
There are several forms of language products such as requesting, giving
information, entertaining, and others. Thus, making language plays a vital role in human life.
People use different ways to convey their purpose on different occasions. Speaker uses different
styles to avoid misunderstanding between the people involved in the communication process.
Language style refers to conveying the same information using different expressions.
Every people uses a different style. Keraf (2004) states that the style of language owned by a
person is part of the diction closely
In this lesson, we will be discussing the purpose of knowing the different speech styles to
help you know the specific approach you should use in every situation, person, and place.
5 Type of Speech Style
Intimate
This style is used by persons with a close relationship. The word choice in this
communicative exchange is determined by the shared knowledge and backgrounds of the
participants. Intimate conversations occur between best friends, husbands and wives, and
even parents and children.
Casual
This style takes place among friends, who generally do not need to maintain an air
of formality among themselves. Casual communication is characterized by informal
speech and the use of ellipsis or omission of certain words
Consultative
This style is used by strangers who have little or no shared background. In
consultative communication, informal markers are still used.
Formal
This style is used in strict or ceremonial settings. These include school-based
situations and formal events. This style is mostly seen in writing than in speaking. it
disallows the use of ellipsis, contractions, and qualifying modal adverbials.
Frozen
This style is used when participants wish to discourage friendly relations among
others. It is also known as fixed speech. This is the highest form of communication style
which request the people involved in the conversation to use complex grammatical
sentences which is only known by the expert in the field.
Speech Acts
The speech act is a kind of communication transmitting a message that one has to
say a language or expressing forth a word, phrase, or form of words of communication.
According to Kent Bach, almost a speech act is a performance of several acts at once,
distinguished by different aspects of the speaker’s intention. Saying something and
expecting what one has to decode right is the main goal of the speaker. This developed
into three elements of the different theories of speech acts such as locution, illocution,
and perlocution performance.
Speech Acts can be analyzed in three elements:

1. Locution Act. This is performing, what one utters the actual delivery and its meaning,
endangering phonetic sound, plastic, and rhetic acts equivalent to the verbal, syntactic,
and semantic nature of any meaningful delivery.
Example: When saying Barak Obama without pause, it could also mean
Barako Bama or Jessica Soho to Jessi Casoho
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. to
I come to bury Caesar, nato praises him. (Who is Nato?)
2. An Illocution Act. The practical illocutionary force or delivery; thus, its designed
importance is a socially accepted verbal gesture. The idea of the illocutionary act is
central to the idea of the speech act. The following are accepted examples: promising,
ordering someone, and passing on or entrusting on.
Examples:
a. When Someone gives an order to someone to go saying: "Go!" or " Leave!
b. When a priest joins a bride and groom in marriage saying: "I now pronounce you
husband and wife.
c. When one teacher blurts and says: "I nominate Mr. Santos to be Faculty President."
d. When a judge gives his verdict and says:" I sentence you to 10 years of
imprisonment.
e. A money borrower says: "I promise to pay you back."
Classification of Illocution Act

a. Assertive. Speech act that pledges a speaker to the truth of what he says.
Example:
(reciting a creed)
I believe in God, the Father Almighty. Creator of
heaven and earth.
b. Directives. Speech acts that are to cause the

listener to act accordingly.
Examples
(advice)
I advise you to do ASAP (always say a prayer) and
PUSH (pray until something happens).
(command)
told you to leave the place now!
(request)
Let us bow down our heads, close our eyes, and
put ourselves in the holy presence of God.
c. Commissives. Speech acts that commit a speaker

to do some action in the future.
Examples:
(promises)
promise to abide by the rules of the school.
(oath)
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the Republic of
the Philippines.
d. Expressive. Speech acts that express the

speaker's attitudes and emotions toward a
proposition.
Examples:
(congratulations)
Congratulations on a job well done!
(excuses)
Excuse them for coming late due to the heavy
flood.
(thanks)
Thank you for the immediate construction of the
bridge.
e. Declarative. Speech acts that change the

the reality following the proposition of the
declaration.
Examples;
(baptism)
baptize you in the name of the Father, and the
Son...
(court)
You are found guilty of murder
3. Perlocution Acts. These are speech acts as viewed at the level of its psychological
consequence such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, angering,
inciting with otherwise getting someone to do or realize something.
Examples:
a. If someone shouts "Fire" and by that act causes people to exit a building which they believe to
be on fire, they have performed a perlocutionary act or convincing other people to exit a
building.
b. A jury declares "Guilty" in a courtroom in which an accused person sits. The perlocutionary
act of declaring a person guilty of a crime has been undertaken. The accused person would be
convinced that they were to be led from the courtroom into the jail cell.
III. Connect
Activity I. Make a comic strip that shows the different speech styles.
Criteria:
Content (Correct usage of different speech style)- 50%
Creativity- 20%
Dialogue- 30 %
Total: 100%
Activity II.
IV. Establish
 There are five (5) types of Speech Style

o Intimate ( used by people with close relationships)
o Casual ( takes place among friends who don’t need to maintain
formality)
o Consultative ( used by strangers who have little or no shared
background)
o Formal ( used in strict or ceremonial settings)
o Frozen ( used when participants wish to discourage friendly
relations)
 There are three (3) speech acts
o Locution Acts (performing what one utters)
o Illocution Acts (socially accepted verbal gestures)
 Assertive
 Directive
 Commissive
 Expressive
 Declarative
o Perlocution Acts (speech acts as viewed at the level of its
psychological consequence)
V. Internalize
Words, how little they mean when said not in the right moment.
References
Philippine News. What are the five speech style or communicative style. Retrieved at
https://philnews.ph/2019/08/21/what-are-the-five-types-of-speech-style-or-
communicative-style/
3 LESSON
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE STRATEGIES IN
VARIOUS SPEECH SITUATIONS
We engage in the communicative act of conversation frequently within a day. This is
common means of interaction that we have with our relatives, friends, and even strangers around
us. Though conversation appears to be a loose, casual exchange, there are certain strategies that
we must use to keep a conversation meaningful.
I. Share
Let us review what we have learned in the past lesson.
1. What does it mean by speech style?

2. What are the speech styles?
3. What is the speech acts?
4. Why do you think we need to choose our words carefully?
5. Why do you think gestures are as important as words?
II. Discover
The objective of communication is to express oneself. If the receiver understood the message- then, the
communication strategy is successful.
But, what if the people who received the message think otherwise- can we blame the sender of the
message that the communication was not expressed truthfully as it should be?
According to Conversation analysts, we must keep the following acts or strategies in

mind.
1. Topic nomination
This is the act of putting forward or suggesting a topic for conversation.
2. Topic restriction
This is the act of limiting what will be said about the topic.
3. Turn-taking
This is how people engaged in a conversation manage their turns to speak.
These communicative acts are often taken for granted but in actuality. They keep
our conversations going. Meaningful conversations take place when the participants
identify what they will talk about and properly manage who gets to speak throughout the
exchange.
In contrast, a bad conversation has no clear direction. It may include as well as unhappy
participants who speak over one another. Therefore, we must remember to set clearly our topics
and to take turns politely when we engage in a conversation.
Other strategies include the following:
1. Topic control
This is the ability to maintain the focus of the conversation on the current topic. In
essence, if a person can gain control of the topic, he or she becomes dominant in the
conversation.
2. Topic shifting
This is a movement from one topic to a related topic.
3. Repair
This is a correction of an utterance after it has been said in the conversation.

Repairs may be done by the erring person or by another person in the conversation.
4. Termination
This is the conclusion of the old topic and a transition to the new one.
A good conversation has speakers that keep the discussion meaningful through
good control of the topics. In contrast, a bad conversation is one where the speakers do
not care enough to make the flow of ideas clear. Remember these communicative
strategies so that you can ensure that your conversations will be enjoyable and
consequential.
Digital Discovery
To further discuss Communicative competence strategies in various speech
situations click the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDXOFyoBcow
II. Connect
Work with a partner. Discuss a topic of your choice and present it to the
class. Your goal is to create an informative presentation about your topic.
These are the topic you may choose from;
 History (can be a person or an event)
 Politics (can be present or past)
 Science discovery (can be a breakthrough or an innovation)
 Literature (story, poem, song, writer)
 Foreign culture
IV. Establish
 Remember to keep the focus of the conversation

 According to speech analysts, these are the strategies you can
use to communicate competitively;
o Topic nomination
o Topic restriction
o Turn-taking
 Other strategies include the following:
o Topic control
o Topic shifting
o Repair
o Termination
V. Internalize
Always remember to have a goal when you speak, whatever it is, keep it in mind and achieve
it.
References:
All theoretical knowledge should be put to action. As you all read from the objectives of
each module and lesson we have tackled, this subject aims to develop each one’s speaking
ability. This will benefit all of us since we know speaking, from day one, is a must in building
our pathway.
Expect a lot of speaking activities since we have come to a point wherein it would
ridiculous not to grab the opportunity to talk and be heard.
Module 4: Types of Speeches
Module Content
This module will cover different types of speech according to the

following;
 Purpose
 Delivery
It will also discuss the principles of speech writing and speech delivery.
First Quarter Module 4: Types of Speeches will be the culmination of all the
theoretical knowledge discussed in the past modules and lessons.
 Identify different speech according to

 Purpose
 Delivery
 Apply the principles taught in writing and delivering a speech
 Deliver different kinds of speech
1 LESSON
Type of Speech- According to Purpose
Direction: Fill in the blanks with correct words to reveal the answer to each question.
1. This type of speech explains how something is done. _________ ____ ___________
2. This speech occurs in a situation where there is two or more point of view. __________
________
3. A speech which attemps to amuse the audience. __________ _________
4. It is a speech about a more abstract topic. _________ ______ ___________
5. This aims to make the audience agree with the speaker. __________ __________
6. This speech is about anything that happens. ________ _____ ____________
7. It aims to inform the audience how to do a certain exercise. _________ _____
___________
I. Share
Watch the video below and analyze the questions that follow;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66gwKVVsZdo
3. What is the speaker talking about?

4. What do you think is the purpose of the speaker?
II. Discover
A. Expository/Informative Speech
There are many ways to classify
informative speeches. Here, we focus on the four
kinds of informative speeches you are most likely
to give to your speech class: (1) speeches about
objects; (2) speeches about processes; (3) speeches
about events; and (4) speeches about concepts.
1. Speeches about Objects. As the word is used here, “objects" include anything
visible, tangible, and stable in form. Objects may have moving parts or be alive; they may
include places, structures, animals, even people.
Examples:
The Ruins of Vigan, the Underground River, the Bible, the Internet, cell phones,
the human brain, fax machines, the West Philippine Sea, Miss Universe 2015, Leonardo
da Vinci.
You will not have time to tell your classmate everything about any of these
subjects. Instead, you will choose a specific purpose that focuses on one aspect of your
subject. The following are examples of good specific purpose statements for informative
speeches:
 To inform my audience what to look for when buying a cell phone.

 To inform my audience of the major achievements of Leonardo da Vinci.
 To inform my audience of the worldwide telecast of Miss Universe 2015.
 To inform my audience about the anatomy of the human brain.
 To inform my audience of the major features of the Ruins of Vigan/the
Underground River in Palawan.
2. Speeches about Processes. Explaining a process explains how something is

done. The purpose is to describe a method or operation so that the intended audience will
understand what is done, what is carried out by man, by a machine, or by nature.
Explaining a process carried out by man:

How steel is made up from iron, how glass is made, how diamonds are
mined.
Explaining a process carried out by machines include:

How a clock works, how a Xerox copier works, how does a gasoline
engine operate?
Explaining a process carried out by nature includes:

How sound waves are transmitted, how rust is formed, how food is
digested, how an earthquake happens.
Some specific purposes in mind could be:
 To inform my audience of the basic steps in the practice of Yoga.
 To inform my audience of the common methods used by stage magicians
to perform their tricks.
 To inform my audience how paper money i1s made and coins are minted.
 To inform my audience how plywood is made.
3. Speeches about Events. The dictionary defines an event as anything that

happens or is regarded as happening. By this definition, the following are examples of
suitable subjects for informative speeches about events:
The EDSA Revolution Yolanda Storm
Pinatubo eruption Mamasapano
Massacre
Euthanasia Leukemia
Gay marriage Visit of Pope Francis
Its purpose could be:

 To inform my audience of the usual marriage customs in Melanesia.
 To inform my audience of EDSA Bloodless Revolution in 1985.
 To inform my audience why so many lives were lost when the "unsinkable" ocean
liner, Titanic, sank.
 To inform my audience of the major kinds of sleep-related disorders.
4. Speeches about Concepts. Concepts include beliefs, theories, ideas, principles, and the
like. They are more abstract than objects, processes, or events. The following are some
examples: utopianism, extrasensory perception (ESP) conservatism, existentialism,
Confucianism, communism, theories of evolution, feminism, and Taoism.
Writing such article could aim;
 To inform my audience about the psychological concept of self-actualization.
 To inform my audience about the major principles of feminism.
 To inform my audience about the basic concepts of astrology
 To inform my audience of the three major causes of the stock market crash.
B. Persuasive Speech
A persuasive speech always occurs in a

situation where two or more points of
view exist. The speaker believes in
reincarnation, but many listeners do not.
The speaker considers euthanasia to be
murder, but some in the audience think it
is justified in certain circumstances. The speaker wants everyone in the audience to sign
up immediately to donate blood to the Red Cross, but most listeners are too inclined to
procrastinate and will do it "someday." If the main proposition of your speech is that
smoking produces cancer, it is a speech to persuade. You merely want the audience to
agree with you. The different points of view may be completely opposed or they may
simply be different in degree. Whichever the case, there must be a disagreement, or else
there would be no need for persuasion. Persuasive speeches may center on a question
of fact, a question of value, or a question of policy. Determining the kind of question
in dispute is the first step in persuasive speaking, for it affects both the content and the
organization of your speech.
C. Entertainment Speech
A speech to entertain is a speech

that attempts to amuse the audience.
At the bottom, you do not want to

actuate, to convince, to stimulate, or to
inform. You just want the audience to
enjoy themselves. If your speech is
composed mostly of anecdotes, or the main
purpose is to inject humor to evoke laughter, it is a speech to entertain. You can try to make fun
of people (without ridiculing them) or of serious events of the day. Satirical speeches are
speeches to entertain.
In a sense, the speech to entertain is one of the hardest speeches to make. The reaction
expected from the audience is immediate. If the audience is not pleased, your speech falls flat.
To be sure, one of the most difficult things to do is to make people laugh. It requires some talent.
Digital Discovery
To further understand the Types of speech according to purpose click the

link below;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3YgQRVeaQU
III. Connect
Activity 1. List three (3) examples of speeches for each purpose. Write the title and the
author in your notebook.
Activity 2. Among the speeches you listed, choose one which you will perform in front of
the class.
Criteria for grading would be:
 Clarity of voice
 Vividness and organization or thoughts
 The emphasis of the topic
 Appropriateness of gestures
IV. Establish
 Expository/Informative speech is a speech that aims to inform the

audience.
 Expository/Informative speech is subdivided into four more kinds;
o Speech about objects
o Speech about processes
o Speech about events
o Speech about concepts
 Persuasive speech aims to make the audience agree with the speaker.
 Entertainment speech aims to amuse the audience.
V. Internalize
What is my purpose?
References:
Types of Speeches – According to Delivery
LESSON
2 II. Share
The following questions are from the pageant. You will be given few minutes to
answer it.
1. When is it okay to not be okay?
2. Who is your role model?
3. Where do you see yourself in the next 5 years?
4. Do you think social media is a positive thing? Why? Why not?
5. If you won the lottery and will only be able to keep half of the money, what
would you do with the other half?
6. How can you unite a divided nation?
7. How can you highlight the problem of your city and what would be your plan
of action to solve them?
8. What title would you give yourself?
9. If you can uninvent one thing, what would it be? Why?
10. If you could go back in time, what would you advise your younger self?
II. Discover
Think of the quote above. Speaking is not just a necessity for people to express
but also a necessity for development. What are your thoughts about it?
Reading from a manuscript
Speaking in the manuscript involves writing

out the speech in full and then reading it aloud.
In the manuscript speech, the wording should be
planned very carefully as it should be
appropriate for a solemn and historic occasion
with a big audience. This kind of delivery,
however, lacks naturalness and spontaneity and
may even result from a tendency to write a
speech without any audience adaptation. Besides, it includes a mechanical and monotonous tone.
It might not facilitate eye contact and conversational delivery style. Furthermore, reading from a
manuscript robs rapport with the audience who, sometimes, suspects that the speaker is reading
someone else's words.
Since there are some disadvantages, speaking from a manuscript must be avoided by a
speech student like you. However, you may be called upon to speak on occasions when the
wording of the speech is more important than spontaneity or potential for audience adaptation.
Rudolf Verderber offers some tips to guide you in preparing a manuscript reading:
1. The manuscript should be typewritten, highlighted in larger font, readable even if you
are quite a way from the script. Whatever font you use it is wise to type the manuscript
double-spaced or even triple-spaced.
2. For words, you have difficulty pronouncing, use phonetic spelling, accent marks, or IPA
symbols to help you in your pronunciation or even consult Mr. Webster.
Make markings that will help you determine pauses, places of special emphasis, or places where
to go to slow down or speed up. Also, make sure that the last sentence on each page is completed
on that page to assure no unintended pauses.
Memorized Speech
A memorized piece is merely a manuscript,

usually, an elocution piece committed to memory. As a
beginner, you will have an opportunity to polish your
words. It will allow you to look directly into the eyes of
your audience as you deliver your speech. You will also feel freer to use gestures and execute
bodily movements.
However, like the manuscript reading, a memorized speech also lacks spontaneity and
naturalness. You might forget some lines and the tendency to be lost is very great. Then, you
begin to hesitate, develop stage fright, and eventually cut your audience contact. Besides, a
memorized speech does not give you a chance to adapt your speech to unexpected audience
reactions. Signs of disapproval from the audience may not be met with tact and effectivity since
you might depart from your "canned" delivery. That is why, unless thoroughly rehearsed and
prepared, the manuscript speech is quite dangerous for speech students. In this light, Jose Manalo
has defined a practical method of memorizing:
a. Read the selection attentively many times without a thought of memorizing the words.
This will fix in your mind the structure and thought of the selection as a whole.
b. Then, reread the selection paragraph by paragraph, section by section, to fix in your
mind the central idea of each.
c. Close the book or manuscript and silently recall the sequence of ideas, sentence by
sentence. By this time, you will have fixed in your mind the whole structure.
d. Next, read the entire selection, sentence by sentence, to get the sequence of ideas from
one sentence to another.
e. Close the book or manuscript and silently recall the sequence of ideas, section by section,
sentence by sentence.
f. Then, memorize the words. This step, as a rule, is comparatively easy after fixing the
ideas.
g. Next, fix your attention on the printed age to stamp a picture on your mind: a picture of
all the indentations, spaces, and other typographical marks.
h. Close the book or manuscript and recall the typographical picture.
i. Next, read the selection aloud to become familiar with the pattern of the sounds.
j. Then, close your eyes and recall aloud the entire selection, idea by idea, word by word.
k. Next, stand up and read the selection with the bodily movements that you feel impelled
to use. This brings the muscles to the aid of memory.
Finally, in your rehearsal, deliver the entire selection from memory under those conditions as to
place, lighting, acoustics, etc. Which are as much as possible like the conditions under which you
are to speak later.
Impromptu Speech
Impromptu speaking is done on the

spur of the moment, with very little time for
preparation (maybe a matter of second or
most, a matter of minutes) but even in a few seconds, you can form a specific purpose-or at least
a line of development; you can determine two or three points you will pursue on the
development, and if time permits, you may even be able to think of a good one-line opening.
In impromptu speaking, you may be guided by the nature of the occasion. as it is

speaking with very little preparation, you might find yourself being asked to react to a certain
issue or to a preceding talk or simply to participate in commemorating an event.
As you crystalize ideas in your mind, you should develop these to give them the quality
of order. But unless you are very familiar with the topic, this method may be challenging.
Sister Maria Reginalda Falca, O.P. suggests the following principles in giving an
impromptu talk:
a. Formulate the central idea. Don't try to discuss the entire subject. Limit yourself to a
specific aspect that you can discuss in a very few minutes. Be sure you know the idea you
want to present before you start.
b. Open your talk with a sentence that says something. Don't be apologetic. Begin with a
bang and go straight to the point.
The body of your speech must be unified. You can give examples, illustrations, comparisons, and
contrasts to explain your key sentence. Be concrete and as specific as possible.
Extemporaneous Speech
The extemporaneous speech is prepared in

advance but delivered spontaneously. Extempore means
growing "out of time" or coming at the time of delivery.
In ordinary conversation, we often use The word
extemporaneous synonymously with impromptu. In a
public speaking context, an extemporaneous speech is
prepared, but the exact wording is determined at the
time of utterance. An impromptu talk is delivered with
almost no prior preparation at all. Most of our speeches should be given extemporaneously.
Doing so allows more control of the speech than in impromptu speaking, and yet it still
maintains spontaneity. You are prepared: you can adapt to the audience as needed. Because
extemporaneous speaking requires you to think in the presence of your audience, you will have
the opportunity to vary your material depending on the interest and attention of your audience, to
adjust these materials to the changes off speaking occasion, and to use effective gestures that will
make your talk not only interesting but also lively and vivid. Also, with enough preparation, you
can maintain poise and confidence in your ability to communicate well.
In speaking extemporaneously, you may use brief notes to jog the memory but the notes
should cover only the ideas and information. not the words which will express them. Plan and
organize what you
have to say, but choose words as you go along. Here, you can express yourself spontaneously,
with occasional reference to notes to help you move smoothly from one idea to the next.
John Halsing has the following pointers for an extemporaneous speaker:
a. Prepare the context thoroughly.

b. Organize the content into a full-sentence outline.
c. Form the full-sentence outline, extract a keyword or short-phrase outline to use in
rehearsal.
d. Place the words or short-phrase outline on the side of the card. Hold the card in
your hand as you rehearse the speech.
e. Find a few, fresh language for each idea every time you rehearse the speech. Do
not use the same words all the time.
f. If the speech is short, strive to get rid of the card as quickly as you can, or
perhaps, leave it on the table and refer to it only if needed.
When you rehearse your speech guided by your outline and note cards, use varied
language as you aim for a clear and precise statement of ideas. By the time you deliver your
speech, you will have become so familiar with what you have intended to say that you are free to
ad-lib. You should never memorize your speech, but you1 should know from memory the order
of your ideas to achieve unity, organization, and clarity in your speech.
The easiest step towards effective speaking is practice; that is why it is often taken for
granted. But this is of utmost importance, for public speaking is structural, and the goal of
structural communication is to convey the greatest amount of information in the shortest time.
How to Practice Effectively
Here are some simple tips on how to conduct effective practice sessions as suggested by
John Halsing:
a. Read through your outline once or twice to get ideas in mind. If it is a short
speech, put it away; if it is long, depend on it as little as possible.
b. Stand up and face your imaginary audience squarely. You may alternate this with
a full-length mirror. Later, you may get a friend or your entire family to listen to
your practices. At this point, learn to look your audience straight in the eye.
c. Time of speech. Check the time before and after the actual practice to determine
the approximate length of the speech. Ordinarily, an extemporaneous speech
should last for only about three minutes or less.
d. Deliver the speech without stopping. Keep going until you have given all the
ideas. Remember to communicate these ideas clearly so that you can get and hold
the attention of your listeners. You may check your outline to see what you have
omitted.
e. Go through the practice repeatedly. Each time you do so, observe the following:
i. Learn to stand and move in front of the audience. Rest your weight on both
feet to avoid awkward and distracting poses. Practice moving around and
experiment with different kinds of gestures. Maintain eye contact with your
invited audience for practice.
ii. Learn to use your voice effectively. Don't feel self-conscious about increasing
your volume. Watch out for pitch problems. Practice vocal emphasis for
clarification of meaning. Adjust your rate of delivery.
iii. Consider transitions and diction. Incorporate transitional phrases in your

wording. Practice vocal transitions in moving from one idea to another. Select
your diction carefully.
iv. Consider the image you project to the audience. An audience's perception of
your sincerity will depend not on your actual convictions, but on the sincerity you
project to them.
In speech practice, it is also a bright idea to put the speech away for a while to put some
distance between practice sessions. A practice session just before going to bed will allow the
subconscious to work on it while you are sleeping. Effective public speaking is sensitive to
audience reaction. Your manner of delivery must be adapted to the audience. The main factor
that will improve your adaptation to your audience can be summarized in one word: feedback.
Feedback, in public speaking, is the ability to know, by looking at your listeners whether they
have heard, seen, or understood the message of your speech. Feedback also includes your use of
information to improve your message so that the meaning you intend is the meaning received by
your audience.
III. Connect
Activity. Debate. The class will be dived into two groups, each group will be assigned either in
the “PRO” and “AGAINST” group. The topic will be about the current social and/or political
issues of society. Prepare yourselves for a 2-minute introduction of the proposition and 1 minute
and 30 seconds for the rebuts. Make sure to coordinate with your groupmates.
IV. Establish
 Reading from a manuscript (writing out the speech in full and then reading it
aloud)
 Memorized Speech (merely a manuscript committed to memory)
 Impromptu Speech (speaking is done on the spur of the moment)
 Extemporaneous Speech (prepared in advance but delivered spontaneously)
V. Internalize
If there will be a shotgun question about your plans for the future, what would you
References answer?

Philippine News. What are the five speech style or communicative style.
Retrieved at https://philnews.ph/2019/08/21/what-are-the-five-types-of-
speech-style-or-communicative-style/
3 LESSON
Principles of Speech Writing and Delivery
III. Share
Using the graphic organizer, write words related to the word in the middle
of the web.
Peace
II. Discover
Speech writing is not an easy task. There are a lot of considerations to take even before the
writing per se. the pre-speech activities consist of the following:
Choosing your speech topic
1. In your plan, always acknowledge your source for better credibility. The source must be
an expert in the subject. Remember to state completely where you got your material
(complete title and publishing information on the source). material (complete title and
2. The more recent your supporting pieces of evidence are, the better. The more confident
you will feel if your arguments were taken not only from credible sources but also from
the latest ones.
3. Schramm's Model says that the more the listener could relate to your message, the easier
it will be for them to appreciate your thoughts.
4. After completing your plans, search for a powerful beginning; to help you, please refer to
the succeeding pages for suggestions on how to begin the presentation.
5. Having gathered the most important supporting statements to make your answer stand
beyond the scrutiny of the audience, think of a powerful conclusion. A good concluding
statement shall leave lingering thoughts to the audience. The shorter, the better. Do not
explain. You should have done that in the body.
6. Plan the delivery.
7. Always remember: the key to a good presentation is good preparation!
You can easily remember how to choose topic by envisioning this figure;
Always remember to meet your audience or listener half way.
Analyze the Audience
Your manner of speech delivery must

be adapted to the audience. The main factor that
will improve your adaptation to your audience
can be summarized in one word: feedback.
Feedback, in public speaking, is the ability to
know, by looking at your audience, whether or
not they have heard, seen, or understood the message of your speech. Feedback also includes
your use of information to improve your message so that the meaning you intend is the meaning
received by your audience. The audience will provide you with continual feedback during your
speech. You can deal with some aspects of audience attention but be alert to environmental
distractions. In dealing with the distractions from members of the audience, be careful not to
divert attention from yourself for jeopardizing your rapport with the rest of the audience. Be sure
the stimulus of your material is strong and enough to screen out most minor distractions.
Carlson and Mayers reiterate the importance of audience adaptation to public speaking
with the following suggestions:
1. Maintain a sense of humor to sustain or revive interest.

2. Make vocal adjustments to recapture your audience.
3. Handle-or-ignore the unexpected distractions.
4. Restate your point if your audience isn't getting it by trying not to repeat the same terms,
simplifying your language, and thinking of an example of an analogy.
Should there be any question raised, make sure you understand the question before you
attempt to answer. Keep your answer direct and brief
Sourcing Information
Sourcing information simply means

seeking out all the available resources to
find out information- analog and digital.
As you find the information you should
also consider the credibility of the
source; newspapers, magazines, books,
journals, and even interview with people
who have first-hand experiences are
perceived to be credible. When it comes to digital sources, be careful to analyze first and
counter-check all articles because there is a lot of fake news circulating on the internet.
All the information for any speech topic should be relevant, which means it directly
discusses the topic. Information, whether from books or digital sources, must not be obsolete.
Take into consideration as well the audience who will be listening to the speech. Information
gathered must be at the level of knowledge of both the speaker and the audience, without being
offensive to any.
Outlining and Organizing the Speech Contents
Outline your Speech
Figure 1. retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?

q=speech+outline+example&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi2uaKH5ofyAhUWEKYKHdLpBwMQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=speech+outline+example&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQ
BxAeMgYIABAHEB5QigVYiwtg4g1oAHAAeAGAAZIFiAHECpIBCTItMS4wLjEuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=Il4CYbagOZ
agmAXS058Y#imgrc=vFm07GLYPG9XAM
Tips in Organizing the Speech Content
1. One of the most common ways to organize a speech is chronological, according to time.
Explain what happened first, then second, then third. Take your time with each section, then
pause at the end of each section to signal a transition. This is the same method of organization of
any story, which always has a beginning, a middle, and an end.
2. A similar approach is the "Past, Present, Future" approach. While the chronological approach
can be used to describe a situation that is completely in the past, or completely in the future, the
"Past Present, Future" way of organizing takes a longer-term view, In your speech, you could
describe the situation as it has been in the past. In other words, you can give some history. Then
you could describe the current situation as it is right now. Finally, you can ask the audience to
think of the future and how the situation could improve for the better.
3. Another good way to order your message is by logic. One way to do this is to use the "cause
and effect" approach. Explain the cause first, giving enough detail for the audience to
understand, then describe the result. Another common way is to use the "problem and solution"
approach. Describe the problem, especially from the point of view of your audience, followed by
your suggested solution.
4. An easy method of organizing your presentation is by using the comparison approach.

Describe Situation A (or Problem A or Example A, or whatever) then show how Situation B
(Problem B or Example B) is different. You could describe all of the Situation A first, in great
detail, before comparing it to Situation B. Another option is to jump back and forth between A
and B-explain one point about A and compare it to B, then take a second point about A, etc.
5. For almost any topic, it is possible to use the PGP approach: particular-general-back to
particular. You could start with a very specific story to introduce your topic. After that, you can
explain, in general terms, what your message is. When you are done, conclude by reminding the
audience of your specific
example (or a similar example) to burn your message into their brains. One warning! Do NOT
make your organization too complex. Keep it simple so that everyone in the audience can follow
your speech
and remember your message. Whichever way you choose; it will be helpful to have a clear
structure to your speech. To further aid in memory, you can let the audience know about your
organization in your introduction, then remind them of it again in your conclusion.
Here is an example you can follow when outlining a speech.
Principles of Speech Delivery
We turn on the television and see certain people speaking before major crowds or
handling an experienced reporter with finesse, and it looks so effortless. But are great
speakers made, or are they just born that way? Are they born with a gift that most of us
will just never have, or is there something more to it? We have seen major political
candidates up close and personally watched prominent CEOs interviewed on national
television and known television personalities who experience anxiety before public
speaking. We have learned that even the people we think are naturally accomplished
public speakers often undergo significant training. While it is true that some individuals
are born with a gift, the overwhelming majority of people are effective speakers because
they train themselves to be so. Either they have pursued structured public speaking
education or coaching or they have had the opportunity to stand on their feet and deliver
speeches on many occasions and have developed these 7 public speaking principles over
time:
Principle #1
Perception: Stop trying to be a great public speaker:
The best way to truly connect with an audience is by first understanding that people want to
listen to someone interesting, relaxed, and comfortable. In the routine conversations, we have
every day, we have no problem being ourselves. Yet too often, when we stand up to give a
speech, something changes. We focus on the "public" at the expense of "speaking." To become
an effective public speaker, you must do just the opposite-focus on the speaking and let go of the
"public." Begin by having a conversation. If you can carry on a relaxed conversation with one or
two people, you can give a great speech. Whether your audience consists of two people or two
thousand and whether you're talking about the latest medical breakthrough or what you did today
at work, it's never about turning into someone you're not it's all about talking directly to people,
being your authentic self, and making a connection.
Principle #2
Perfection: When you make a mistake, no one cares but you:
Even the most accomplished public speaker will make mistakes. Yet it is important to remember
that the only one who cares about any given mistake is the one doing the speaking. People's
attention span constantly wander. Most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker's
message. The other 80 percent is internalized visually. This ratio is true in nearly everything: a
football game, a favorite television show, and even a heart-to-heart conversation. The point is
that when you make a mistake, the audience rarely even notices. The most important thing a
speaker can do after making a mistake is to keep going. Don't stop unless the mistake was truly
earth shattering, never apologize to the audience for a minor slip. Unless they are reading the
speech during your delivery, the audience won't know if you left out a word, said the wrong
name, or skipped a page. As members of an audience, we don't want to hear perfection; we want
to hear from someone real.
Principle #3
Visualization: If you can see it, you can speak it:
All great winners in life have something in common: they practice visualization to achieve their
goals. Salespeople envision themselves closing the deal: executives picture themselves
developing new ventures; athletes close their eyes and imagine themselves making that basket,
hitting that home run, or breaking that record. The same is true in public speaking. The best way
to fight anxiety and become a more comfortable speaker is to practice in the one place where no
one else can see you. If you visualize consistently, the mind will become used to the prospect of
speaking in public, and pretty soon you'll find that the idea no longer elicits those same feelings
of anxiety and fear.
Principle #4
Discipline: Practice makes perfect:
Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker. Your goal is to be an effective public speaker.
And like anything else in life, that takes practice. Often, you take communication for granted
because you speak to people every day. But when your prosperity is directly linked to how good
you are in front of a group, you need to give the task the same attention as if you are a
professional athlete. Remember, even world champion athletes practice their craft consistently.
Principle # 5
Description: Make it personal:
Regardless of the topic, audiences respond best when speakers personalize their communication.
"Take every opportunity to put a face on the facts of your presentation. It's a basic fact of human
nature that people like to hear about other people, about the triumphs, tragedies, and everyday
humorous anecdotes that make up their lives. Capitalize on this. Whenever possible, insert a
personal-interest element in your public speaking. Not only will it make your listeners warm up
to you but it will also do wonders at putting you at ease. After all, on the subject is your expertise
greater than on the subject of you?
Principle #6
Inspiration: Speak to serve:
For a twist that is sure to take much of the fear out of public speaking, it is recommended that
you take the focus off of yourself and shift it to your audience. After all, when you think about it,
the objective of most speeches is not to benefit the speaker but to benefit the audience, and in all
likelihood, the purpose of your presentation is in some way to help your audience - through
teaching, motivation, or entertainment. So in all of your preparation and presentation, constantly
think of how you can help your audience members achieve their goals. By doing this, in reality,
your role as a speaker becomes a role of service to the needs of your audience.
Principle # 7
Anticipation: Always leave your audience wanting more:
When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more. Rarely should you leave a gathering and
hear someone say, I wish that speaker had spoken longer." Or "I’m glad that speech is over. It
seemed to go on forever!"
So surprise your audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. If
you've followed the first six principles, you already have their attention and interest. And it's
better to leave your listeners wishing you had spoken for just a few more minutes than squirming
in their seats waiting for your speech to finally end.
Tips for Effective Oral Delivery
1. Make a good set of notes you can follow at a glance, and PRACTICE your presentation.
2. Dress for the occasion and tidy yourself up. Do something about your hair that tends to fall
into your face. Avoid wearing a hat or cap because 1t can obscure your face.
3. Arrange the environment to suit your presentation and get rid of distractions-erase needless
information from the boards, turn off equipment you're not going to use, close or open windows,
blinds, and doors to aid audience visibility, hearing, and comfort. Turn on enough light so people
can adequately see you, your eyes, and your facial expressions.
4 Check the operation of audiovisual equipment before your presentation. Have a backup plan in
case it fails.
5. Make sure your notes and other materials are in proper order before you begin.
6. Get rid of any gum or food you might have in your mouth. Don't hold a pen or paper clip or
anything else that you might twiddle and distract your listeners.
7. Stand or sit up straight with your weight balanced. AVOID slumping, twisting, or leaning on
the lectern, table, or computer, or console. Don't stand in the light from the projector.
8. Make eye contact before you start to speak. as you normally do in beginning a conversation.
9. Don't start with "um" or "okay."
10. Talk to your listeners as if you are having a conversation with them.
 Make plenty of genuine eye-to-eye contact with members of the audience.

 Avoid merely reading your presentation.
 Focus on sharing your ideas. Communicate.
11. Use your voice expressively and meaningfully.
 Minimize the úhs, ums, likes, and y'knows.

 Enunciate words. Don't mumble or garble them.
 Speak with appropriate loudness and speed.
 Consider audience, place, and topic.
 Use variations in speed, inflections, and force to enhance your meaning and hold the
audience's attention. Avoid monotony.
12. Use your body expressively and meaningfully.
 Look interested in your topic. Show your enthusiasm, sincerity, and commitment. your
 Minimize distracting mannerisms and aimlessly shifting weight or moving about.
 Use gesture and movement naturally to describe things, underscore transitions, and
emphasize points.
Digital Discovery
For more tips in outlining an essay, click the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuKCQhlukAE
IV. Connect
Activity. This will be your final performance.
If you are a youth advocate, what would your campaign be? Write an essay about it.
Depends on you if you will be delivering it memorized or holding a script.
These are the criteria for grading. Make sure to incorporate the things you have
learned through the subject in your speech.
 Content (includes the flow of idea, organization, grammar, and choice of

word) – 30%
 Delivery ( includes right gestures, posture, stance, appropriate movement,
and clarity of the message the speaker wants to convey) – 30 %
 Voice projection (includes correct pronunciation, tone, pitch, modulation)
– 20 %
 Presentation (Clothing, connection with the audience/listeners) – 20%
IV. Establish
 In writing a speech, you must remember;

o Choose the topic wisely
o analyze the audience
o source information
o outline your speech
 There are seven principles you have to remember while delivering a
speech;
o Stop trying to be a great public speaker
o When you make a mistake, no one cares but you
o If you can see it, you can speak it
o Practice makes perfect good
o Make it personal
o Speak to serve
o Always leave your audience wanting more
V. Internalize
Speak to serve, to plea, to support, and not just to be famous.
References:
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INTRODUCTION

What Is This Module About?

Module 1: Nature and Element of

 Definition and Process of Communication

First Quarter Module 1: NATURE AND ELEMENT OF

1|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

Let’s Develop your Cumulative Knowledge

Let us check how much you know about communication.

1. All of the following define communication, EXCEPT

a. Communication involves a transaction.

b. Communication is sharing of ideas among a group of people.

c. Communication is a confusion of ideas in the mind of another.

d. Communication is a transfer of a message from one person to another.

2|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

a. Foulger’s Ecological Model c. Shannon and Weaver’s Linear

b. Scharmm’s Interactive Model d. Wood’s Transactional Model

4. The content of the communication is called;

6. A certain look of gaze is an example of;

a. Verbal Communication c. Oral Communication

b. Written Communication d. Nonverbal Communication

3|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

Morning Afternoon Night

Communication means the process of transmitting

Phoenician civilizations are the people who started

4|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

In various eras, there are different modes of communication. Here is a

5|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

Verbal Communication involves sounds and language working together to deliver a

The following skills are required for effective verbal communication.

2. Enunciation and Pronunciation

Enunciation refers to the proper pronunciation of the sound on a word or blending of

6|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

 Gestures and Body movements

7|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

8|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

 Communication is a process that involves the sender, receiver, message,

Let’s Develop your Cumulative

9|For AGCS students only. Not for any form of reproduction.

1. Communication is a one-way process.

a. True, according to Laswell

b. True, according to Shannon&Weaver

2. What are jargons?

a. a set of terms that are used by a certain group of people c. Linguistic

b. terms used to describe objects of position d. idiomatic expressions

3. What is the difference between a linear model and an interactive model?

a. A linear model does not require while an interactive model does

b. A linear model goes in a parallel manner while an interactive model doesn’t

c. A linear model requires background knowledge of the topic while interactive

d. None of the above

4. What is the distinct characteristic of an Ecological Model?

a. It used jargon c. it uses high sounding words

b. it is interactive d. does not require feedback

5. What is the most complex model?

a. Foulger’s Ecological Model c. Shannon and Weaver’s Linear Model

b. Scharmm’s Interactive Model d. Wood’s Transactional

Linear models suggest that communication flows sequentially generally. In Laswell’s

Shannon and Weaver’s Model

There are three implications in this communication model;

1. Communication is ongoing and it involves also the continuing process;

D. The Gatekeeper Model

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Exploring Grammar and Literature Oral Communication in Context.

Let’s Develop your Cumulative Knowledge