Oral Communication 5.

Decoding – process of Claude Shannon: April 30,

interpreting the encoded 1916 – February 24, 2001;
message of speaker by the American mathematician;
Communication
receiver electrical engineer and
• The exchange of
6. Receiver – recipient of the cryptographer; provides
information, concepts, and
message, or someone who technical support to
opinions between or among
decodes the message governments, businesses and
two or more people within
7. Feedback – reactions, industry to solve security-
the same or of different
responses, or information related issues; the father of
contexts
provided by the receiver information theory; “A
• One needs to know and
8. Context - environment where Mathematical Theory of
understand the
communication takes place Communication” published in
communication process to
9. Barrier – factors that 1948; Bell System Technical
make communication
affect the flow of Journal
effective
communication
Warren Weaver: July 17, 1894
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION – November 24, 1978; American
1. Speaker – source of
a. The speaker generates an scientist; mathematician;
information
idea science administrator;
2. Message – information,
b. The speaker encodes and recognized as one of the
ideas, or thoughts conveyed
idea or converts the idea pioneers of machine
by the speaker in words or
into words or actions translation; important figure
actions
c. The speaker transmits or in creating support for
3. Encoding – process of
sends out a message science in United States
converting the message into
d. The receiver gets the
words, actions, or other
message MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
forms that the speaker
e. The receiver decodes the or 1. Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
understands
interprets the message » designed to develop
4. Channel – the medium or the
based on the context effective communication
means, such as personal or
f. The receiver sends or between sender and
non-personal, verbal or
provides feedback receiver
nonverbal, in which the
encoded message is conveyed
 » factors w/c affect Wilbur Lang Schramm – August
communication process 5, 1907 - December 27, 1987;
called “noise” founder of field of
» developed to improve communication studies; first
technical communication individual to identify
» widely applied in field himself as a communication
of communication scholar; father of mass
» elements: communication
Ä information source –
produces a message
Ä transmitter – encodes
message into signals
Ä channel – signals
adapted for
transmission
Ä receiver – decodes FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
message from signal 1) Control – communication
Ä destination – where functions to control
message arrives behavior
2) Social Interaction –
communication allows
individuals to interact
with others
3) Motivation – communication
2. Transaction Model motivates or encourages
- a two-way process with people to live better
the inclusion of feedback 4) Emotional Expression –
as an element communication facilitates
people’s expression of
their feelings and emotions
5) Information Dissemination –
communication functions to
convey information
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1) Completeness –include
everything that the
receiver needs to hear for
him/her to respond, react,
or evaluate properly; how,
why, who, where, when
2) Conciseness – not wordy;
not keeping message short;
direct to the point;
eliminates insignificant or
redundant word
redundancies. words/phrases
whose meaning are already
given by other words or
phrases in a sentence
3) Consideration – the speaker
should always consider
relevant information about
his/her receiver; easily
establish a good
relationship; “YOU”
attitude
4) Concreteness – message is
concrete and supported by
facts, figures, and real-
life examples and
situations; receiver can
relate to message conveyed
5) Courtesy – respecting the
culture, values, and
beliefs of his/her
 receivers; avoid saying
negative things about them;
create positive impact to
receivers
6) Clearness – implies the use
of simple and specific
words to express ideas;
focuses on a single
objective in his/her speech
so as not to confuse the
receivers
7) Correctness – eliminates
negative impact on the
receivers and increases the
credibility and
effectiveness of the
message; correct grammar
Verbal Communication – an
interaction in which words
are used to relay a message
1) Appropriateness – language
that you should use be
appropriate to the
environment or occasion
2) Brevity – speakers who use
simple yet precise and
powerful words are found
to be more credible
3) Clarity – clearly state
your message and express
your ideas and feelings
4) Ethics – words should be
carefully chosen in
consideration of the
gender, roles, ethnicity,
preferences, and status of
the person or people you
are talking to
5) Vividness – words that
vividly or creatively
describe things or
feelings usually add color
and spice to communication
Nonverbal Communication – an
interaction where behavior is
used to convey and represent
meaning; all kinds of human
response that are not
expressed in words
Mastery of nonverbal
communication is important
for several reasons:
1) enhances and emphasizes the
message of your speech
2) It can communicate
feelings, attitudes, and
perceptions without you
saying a word
3) It can sustain the
attention of listeners and
keep them engaged in speech
4) It gives the audience a
preview to the type of
speaker you are
5) It makes you appear more
dynamic and animated in
your delivery
6) It serves as a channel to
release tension and
nervousness
7) It helps make your speech
more dramatic
8) It can build a connection
with listeners
9) It makes you a credible
speaker
10) It helps you vary your
speaking style and avoid a
monotonous delivery
Intercultural Communication
- Happens when individuals
interact, negotiate, and
create meanings while
bringing in their varied
cultural background
- For scholars: pertains to
communication among people
from different
nationalities
- Communication that is
influenced by different
ethnicities, religions, and
sexual orientations
speech – how people talk
orally or verbally and
express the message
context – parts of a piece of
writing, speech, etc., that
precede and follow a word or
passage and contribute to its
full meaning; set of
circumstances/facts that
surround a particular event,
situation, etc.; environment
where communication takes
place
speech context –
communication of a particular
circumstance, event, or
situation
types of speech context
¦ intrapersonal. centers in
one person where speaker
acts both as sender and
receiver of message
¦ intrapersonal. between and
among people; establishes
relationship between and
among them
types of intrapersonal
context
T dyad. occurs between two
people; ex. You offer
feedback on the speech
performance of your
classmate.
T small group. at least three
but not more then ten people
working to achieve a desired
goal; ex. You discuss with
your group mates how to
finish the assigned tasks.
T public. requires you to
deliver/send the message
before or in front of a
group; ex. You deliver a
graduation speech to your
batch.
T mass communication. takes
place through tv, radio,
newspaper, magazine, book,
billboard, internet, and
other type of media; ex. You
are a journalist. You
articulate your stand on
current issues through the
school’s newspaper.
types of speech style
Ë intimate. occurs between or
among close family members or
intimate individuals; may not
be shared in public
Ë casual. common among peers &
friends; jargon, slang,
street language, gay language
or vulgar words are used
Ë consultative. professional or
mutual; between teachers &
students, employer &
employee, doctor & patient
Ë formal. used in formal
settings; one-way; sermons by
priests, SONA of president
Ë frozen. “frozen” in time and
remains unchanged; occurs in
ceremonies
speech acts – an utterance that
a speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect; apology,
greeting, request, complaint,
invitation, compliment, refusal;
one or more words
types of speech act
1) locutionary. actual act of
uttering; ex. Please do the
dishes.
2) illocutionary. social
function of what is said; ex.
Please do the dishes.
(speaker -> request)
3) perlocutionary act. resulting
act of what is said; ex.
Please do the dishes. (leads
to washing the dishes)
performative speech acts
Ô assertive. expresses belief
about the truth of a
proposition; ex. No one makes
better pancakes than I do.
Ô directive. tries to make directs you to do so; ex.
receiver perform an action; meeting -> chairperson
ex. Please close the door. ¯ topic shifting. moving from
Ô commissive. commits speaker one topic to another;
to doing something in future; sensitive on how to end or
ex. From now on, I will study start a topic; ex. “By the
hard. way,”
Ô expressive. expresses his/her ¯ repair. how speakers address
feelings or emotional the problems in speaking,
reactions; ex. I am very listening, and comprehending;
sorry for not helping you. speakers try to address and
correct it
Cohen (1990) – strategies must ¯ termination. participants’
be used to start and maintain a close-initiating expressions
conversation that end a topic in
conversation; avoid hanging
communicative strategies conversation
¯ nomination. open the topic
w/people you are talking to
¯ restriction. any limitation
of speaker in conversation;
specific instructions you
must follow; avoid
communication breakdown;
sideswiping from topic
¯ turn-taking. process by w/c
people decide who takes;
equal opportunities to talk;
give all communicators a
chance to speak; ex. “What do
you think?”
¯ topic control. how procedural
formality or informality
affects development of topic
in conversations; turn to
speak after chairperson