ORAL COMMUNICATION
LECTURE
YOU GOTTA FOCUS!
LESSON 1: THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION STEP 4: EXTERNALIZE THOUGHTS
COMMUNICATION
• act of transferring information from one person to
another person or a group
• involves at least one sender, a message, and a
receiver
• a process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within and
across channels, contexts, media, and cultures
(McCornack, 2014)
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people.
3. Communication can be expressed verbally,
nonverbally, or both at the same time.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
• A process consisting of SOUND REPRESENTATIONS
which involves SPEAKING and LISTENING which are
essential in the EXPRESSION OF IDEA through the
association of words
SPEAKING AND LISTENING
• Almost happen simultaneously. The listener observes
in the speaker his voice quality, pitch, intonation, stress
and word junctures. This will be supplemented by
gestures and facial expressions which are signs of
feelings, experience and interests
• The speaker and the listener MAY EXCHANGE
ROLES IN GIVING AND RECEIVING IDEAS,
FEELINGS, ATTITUDES ETC.
LESSON 2: PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IS A PROCCESS
• There are series of steps that happen almost
simultaneously for an effective communication occur.
STEP 1: PRESENCE OF STIMULUS
• Stimulus is brought about by the occurrence of an idea
that activates the senses of the speaker (SENDER)
STEP 2: BRAIN RECEIVES THE STIMULUS
• Stimulus is forwarded to the brain through tiny nerve
fibers which work as DELIVERY AGENTS.
• Brain recognizes it as affected by the speaker's
experience, culture, etc.
• Brain, then, IDENTIFIES AND EVALUATES the idea
which may trigger the person to react
STEP 3: ENCODING
• Ideas and thoughts are encoded into language
symbols or words known and understood by both
speaker and listener. the common language is very
important to assure success in the process
Speaker is now ready to externalize his thoughts to the listener.
Sender makes use of his voice, touch, physical presences, body
movements, and other channels
STEP 5: TRANSMIT MESSAGE
• To transmit message, the speech sounds should be
uttered in logically arranged sequence.
• Verbal and/or nonverbal symbols
• Use of SOUND WAVES or LIGHT WAVES
STEP 6: MESSAGE IS RECEIVED BY THE LISTENER
• The message brought by the sound waves and
movements of the speaker are SEEN by the listener.
• Listener senses what is going on because he
visualizes it and his auditory nerves are activated
LESSON 3: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER
• the speaker or the source of information, thought, or
idea
• tarts the communication process
ENCODING
• the process of converting the message into words,
actions, or other forms that the speaker understands.
RECEIVER
• the recipient of the message. The person who will
decode the message he got from the sender
DECODING
• the process of interpreting the encoded message
received from the sender
MESSAGE
• Most vital element in communication
• the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the
speaker through words or actions.
CHANNEL
• The route travelled by the message between the
sender to the receiver
• the medium or the means, such as personal or non-
personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded
message is conveyed.
FEEDBACK
• Reaction observed from the receiver which determines
whether the message is understood or not
• the reactions, responses, or information provided by
the receiver after decoding the message from the
sender.
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NOISE WENDELL JOHNSON MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
• Presence of a disturbing factor that may lead to the
misunderstanding of the message
• PHYSICAL/EXTERNAL NOISE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL/INTERNAL NOISE
SETTING
• where communication takes place such as location,
time, place, mood, etc. It affects how messages are
constructed, delivered, and perceived
• Could be formal or informal
LESSON 4: COMMUNICATION MODELS
WHAT IS A MODEL?
• It is a pictorial presentation to show the structure of
communication process in which various component
elements are linked. Models are based on assumptions
that theorists make as to how communication functions
and what effect it has upon individual and society.
• Models go a long way in making the understanding of
any concept easy and clear. Through a model, you can
easily understand a process and draw conclusions
from it. In other words, a model makes the learning
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
simple.
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• It is the simplest and oldest model of communication.
T
• Also known as Linear Model of Communication
• One way process, placing it more on emphasis on
public speaking than interpersonal communication. BODY MOVEMENT/KINESICS
A.
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
B.
C.
• David Berlo an American communication theorist
• It is a model of communication that uses the SMCR as
the key components
• Takes into account the emotional aspect of message D.
E.
• This model is primary physiologically based, not
interested in attitudes, social situations, speaker skills
or message organization rather in describing the main
elements of communication and in the ways in which
these elements would appear from a physical point of
view.
LESSON 5: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
• an interaction in which words are used to relay a
message.
• For effective and successful verbal communication,
use words to express ideas which can be easily
understood.
• is a form of sharing ideas, insights, information,
experiences, etc. without the use of words.
TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
EMBLEMS
• These are body movements which have direct
translation into words
ILLUSTRATORS
• These are used to accent, emphasize or reinforce
words. If someone is giving you directions, may point
his fingers towards the left side to mean it’s going to left
side.
REGULATORS
• These are signs showing control of the back-and-forth
natures of speaking and listening. They include the
head nods, hand gesture, shifts in posture and other
body movements that signal the beginning and end of
interaction.
DISPLAY OF FEELINGS
• A person’s face and body movements may convey how
intense his emotion is; as in tight hug may signify an
intimate relationship.
ADAPTORS
• These are non-verbal ways used in adapting to the
communication situation. Usually, these are implied
meanings that the speaker would like to mean.
• They are usually UNINTENTIONAL
• They may signal NERVOUSNESS, ANXIOUSNESS,
BOREDOM
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PARALANGUAGE TIME (CHRONEMICS)

• refers to the ways of saying something. It includes such • there are two kinds of people based on time; punctual
characteristics as: and late.
A. RATE
• speed of speaking LESSON 6: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
B. PITCH Combination of:
• highness or lowness of tone • Nonverbal communication
• engaged listening
C. VOLUME • managing stress
• loudness • ability to communicate assertively
• capacity to recognize your own emotions and those of
D. QUALITY the person you are communicating with
• pleasing or unpleasing sound
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
BODY TYPES STRESS AND OUT-OF-CONTROL EMOTIONS
A. ECTOMORPHS (THIN PEOPLE) • When you are stressed or emotionally overwhelmed,
• ambitious, younger, more suspicious of others, more you're more likely to misread other people, send
tensed and nervous, more inclined to be more difficult, confusing or off- putting nonverbal signals.
more pessimistic and quieter.
LACK OF FOCUS
B. ENDOMORPHS (FAT PEOPLE)
• more fashionable, lazier, weaker, more talkative, older, • You can't communicate effectively if you are multi-
more warm‐hearted and sympathetic, more good¬‐ tasking.
natured, agreeable, more dependent on others and
more trusting. INCONSISTENT BODY LANGUAGE
• Nonverbal communication should REINFORCE WHAT
C. MESOMORPHS (ATHLETIC PEOPLE) IS BEING SAID.
• stronger, more adventurous, more matured, more • If you say one thing but your body language says
reliant, younger and taller. something else, your listeners will be confused.

ATTRACTIVENESS NEGATIVE BODY LANGUAGE

• Physical attributes of a person may mean something to • If you are going to disagree, make use of non-offensive
the people around her. nonverbal signals.
• Be aware of your nonverbal signals
BODY ADORNMENT
• involves form of clothing, make-up, jewelry and GUIDES TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS
hairstyle. BE AN ATTENTIVE LISTENER
• There's a difference between LISTENING AND
SPACE AND DISTANCE (PROXEMICS) HEARING
• concerns the way a person uses the space around him • When you listen, you will hear the subtle intonations in
as well as the distance where he stands. someone's voice which will reveal how that person is
REALLY FEELING as well as the other emotions he is
A. INTIMATE DISTANCE trying to communicate.
• people are in direct contact with each other or are in no
more than 18 inches apart. HOW TO BE AN ATTENTIVE LISTENER
1. Closely observe the speaker
B. PERSONAL DISTANCE 2. Make sure that your ears are in good condition
• people may stay anywhere from 18 inches to 4 feet 3. Minimize distractions
from each other as in casual and personal 4. Exhibit gestures to imply interest to what is heard
conversations. 5. Don't be judgmental
6. Always consider feedbacks
C. SOCIAL DISTANCE 7. Hear the emotions behind words by exercising your
• -when talking to persons unknown to the speaker, he middle ear muscles
must keep a distance of 4 to 12 feet.
OBSERVE NONVERBAL SIGNALS
D. PUBLIC DISTANCE • When you listen, you will hear the subtle intonations in
• it is the distance of more than 12 feet typically used in someone's voice which will reveal how that person is
public speaking. REALLY FEELING as well as the other emotions he is
trying to communicate.
E. TOUCH (TACTILE)
• the kind of touch used in communication reflects IN READING NON-VERBAL SIGNALS
meaning about the relationship between the sender 1. Be aware of individual differences
and the receiver 2. Look at nonverbal communication signals as a group.

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3. Use nonverbal signals that match up with your words. CHALLENGES IN INTERCULTURAL
4. Give contextual nonverbal signals COMMUNICATION
5. Used body language to convey positive feelings even MESSAGE TRANSMISSION
when you are not actually experiencing it.
• If two people of the same culture communicate, they
may interpret the message based on the values, beliefs
BE STRESS FREE DURING COMMUNICATION
and expectations from behavior similar to them.
• Be aware of and in control of your emotion during However, when the receive is a person from different
communication. culture, his interpretation may be different from the
• Manage stress speaker.

HOW TO STAY CALM DESPITE PRESSURE ATTRIBUTION

1. Compose one-self before speaking
2. Organize your thoughts • The process where people look for an explanation of
3. Share ideas one by one Speak clearly another person's behavior.
• When a person does not understand another, he
STRESS RELIEVERS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMMUNICATION usually blames the confusion on other's stupidity,
1. Be sure to feel that you are stressed deceit or laziness.
2. Pause to relax
3. Be sensible to your ideas (take a few deep breaths) ADAPTATION MANAGEMENT OF INTERCULTURAL
4. Be willing to compromise COMMUNICATION
5. Agree to disagree To avoid misinterpretations between communicators, the
following vital points are suggested:
BE ASSERTIVE 1. Develop CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
• Express your thoughts, feelings, and needs in an open
• Begins with a recognition that there are
and honest way, while standing up for yourself and
differences between cultures
respecting others.
• Knowledge, awareness and acceptance of
other cultures
TO ATTAIN SELF- CONFIDENCE...
1. Respect one's opinion
2. Anticipate the meaning that the receiver will get.
2. Know your goals and ambitions
3. Careful encoding
3. Be a positive thinker
4. Use words, pictures and gestures
4. Receive feedback positively
5. Avoid slang, idioms, regional sayings
5. Accept negative ideas
6. Selective transmission
7. Build relationships face to face, if possible
8. Careful decoding of feedback
LESSON 7: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 9. Get feedback from multiple parties
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
10. Improve listening and observation skills
• A form of communication that aims to impart 11. Follow-up actions
information, ideas, insights and opinions across
various cultures and social communities.
PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN INTERCULTURAL
• the communication between people from different
cultures (it refers to what happens when these
COMMUNICATION
culturally-different groups come together, interact and CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
communicate) • It is a relatively closed social system in which
• -Social interaction, sharing meanings between people communication among members is unrestricted.
from diverse cultures, focus on "understanding and
sharing" rather than "comparing" COMMUNICATION ACCOMODATION THEORY
• It focuses on linguistic strategies to decrease or
CULTURE increase communicative distances
• the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements
of a particular nation, people, or other social group. INTERCULTURAL ADAPTION
(Oxford Languages Dictionary)
• determines how individuals encode messages, what • It explains how communicators adapt to each other in
medium they choose from transmitting them and the “purpose related encounters.
way messages are interpreted
CO-CULTURAL THEORY
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION • It refers to interactions among underrepresented and
• the process of understanding how people from different dominant group members.
places act, communicate and perceive the world
around them LESSON 8: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
• implies a comparison of and contrast between CONTROL/REGULATION
particular aspects of communication between cultures • This function of communication aims to guide or control
• Focus is on comparison of communication styles an individual’s behavior. When communicating for
control, people often tell you what to do. It may be in a

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form of advice or command. It could also be expressed

implicitly.

EXAMPLES
1. The doctor tells you, “Take your medicine 3 times a
day."
2. Your parents order you to wash the dishes.
3. Your teacher said, "Please tone down your voice."

SOCIAL INTERACTION
• this function of communication allows individuals to
interact and socialize with others. It produces social
relationships and develops intimacy, connections, and
bond

EXAMPLES
1. Someone says, "It's nice to meet you/ How do you do?"
2. A friend tells you, "Let's have some coffee later after
class."
3. When a person confesses his/her feelings for another,
"I feel safe and calm when I'm with you

MOTIVATION
• this function of communication encourages people to
live better and have a more positive outlook. It is used
to power up preferences, goals, and strengths.

INTERNAL MOTIVATION
• Motivated to perform an activity for its own sake or
personal rewards (INTRINSIC-PERSONAL)

EXTERNAL MOTIVATION
• Motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or
avoid punishment (EXTRINSIC- FROM PEOPLE IN
THE SURROUNDING)

INFORMATION
• this function of communication aims to acquire and/or
convey information.

EXAMPLES
1. When your teacher discusses the lesson.
2. A stranger asked, "Do you know how to go to the city
hall?"
3. When the president delivers the State of the Nation
Address.

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
• this function of communication facilitates people’s
expression of their feelings and emotions.

EXAMPLES
1. When your mother tells your father, "I love you."
2. "I appreciate that you are my friend."
3. "I've been feeling down lately."