“The

beginning of
wisdom is the
definition of
terms.”
Think of communication as a process,
involving senders and receivers who encode
and decode messages that are transmitted
by various media and that may be impeded
by noise. The aim of this process is to elicit
feedback in order to generate a desired
effect or outcome.

~ O’Rourke, James (2009). Essential Managers:

Effective Communication. New York, USA: Dorling
Kindersley Limited
Communication is the art and process of creating and
sharing ideas. Effective communication depends on the
richness of those ideas.
~McPheat, Sean (2012). Effective Communication Skills. United
Kingdom: Ventus Publishing ApS
“Communication is, without question, the
most valuable skill any manager can possess. It
is the link between ideas and action, the
process that generates profit. Communication
is the emotional glue that binds humans
together in relationships, both personal and
professional. The ability to communicate is
what connects people to others in an
organization, an industry, and a society. To be
skilled at it is to be at the heart of what
makes enterprise, private or public, function
successfully.”
~ O’Rourke, James (2009). Essential Managers: Effective
Communication. New York, USA: Dorling Kindersley Limited
“Communication is what connects us as human
beings. Society cannot function without
communication… But because it is a regular
part of our lives, almost like breathing,
communication is often thought of, if at all, as
something we are just naturally born to do.

Communication has to be learned AND

mastered. Communication is an art, a science,
a process, and a technique.”
~ Flores, Ramona S. (2016). Oral Communication in Context.
Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
• Humans aren’t the only beings who communicate—
virtually all forms of life are capable of sending and
receiving messages.
• People, however, are the only living organisms
known to communicate not just with signals and
signs, but through the use of symbols with agreed-
upon meanings.
• If we think about communication as the transfer of
meaning, then for each of us, successful
communication means that you will understand
something just as I do: we are in agreement about
what the sender intended and what the receiver
ultimately understood.
 UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLES

Communication involves a number of principles,

which apply across time and cultures.

Dynamic Continuous Circular

Communication is rarely
Even when you hang up
entirely one-way. We
It is constantly the telephone, you’re
each take in information
undergoing communicating a
from the outside world,
change. message that you have
determine what it
nothing more to say.
means, and respond.
 UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLES

Communication involves a number of principles,

which apply across time and cultures.

Unrepeatable Irreversible Complex

We all assign slightly

Even if we say different meanings to
something again in words. This variation is a
We cannot “unsay”
precisely the same product of our
words: their effect
way, our listeners remains even if we’re
backgrounds, education,
have heard it before, and experience, and
asked to disregard them.
and so respond means that there is
always the potential for
to it differently.
misunderstanding.
 el s
v
Le f t i o n
O ica
u n
m m
Co
INTRAPERSONAL
Communication within ourselves, sending messages to
various parts of our bodies, thinking things over, or
working silently on a problem.

INTERPERSONAL
Communication between or among people, sending
messages from one person to another—verbally and
nonverbally—with the hope of transferring meaning
from one person to another.

ORGANIZATIONAL
Communication in the context of an organization, sending
and receiving messages through various layers of authority and
using various channels to discuss topics of interest to the
group we belong to or the company we work for.

MASS OR PUBLIC
Sending messages from one person or source to many
people simultaneously, through television, the
internet, or print media.
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
• The communication process is the steps we take in order to
achieve a successful communication.
• The sharing of meaningful information between two or more
people with the goal of the receiver understanding the sender's
intended message.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 SENDER

The person who intends to convey the message with the

intention of passing information and ideas to others.
 MESSAGE

This is the subject matter of the communication.

This may be an opinion, attitude, feelings, views,

orders, or suggestions.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 ENCODING

Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical

and intangible, its further passing requires use of certain
symbols…

such as words, actions or pictures etc.

Conversion of subject matter into these symbols.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

Communication Channel  is the manner in which the

message is sent.

Channels of communication include speaking, writing,

video transmission, audio transmission, electronic
transmission through emails, text messages and faxes
and even nonverbal communication, such as body
language.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 DECODING

The person who receives the message or symbol from

the communicator tries to convert the same in such a
way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete
understanding.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 RECEIVER

Receiver is the person who receives the message or for

whom the message is meant for. It is the receiver who
tries to understand the message in the best possible
manner in achieving the desired objectives.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 FEEDBACK

Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has

received the message and understood in the same sense
as sender meant it.
BARRIERS of COMMUNICATION
 Barriers that Affect
Communication

Sender Receiver
Message
 Communication is not always
successful. Several things prevent
the message from reaching the
recipient or having the desired effect
on the recipient. The problem areas
at every stage in the process of
communication and other things
that can hinder or distort
communication is called barriers of
communication.
 Barriers of communication are the
hindrances or the difficulties
involved in the process of
communication which distort the
message being properly
understood by the receiver. Barriers
prevent the communication from
being effective.
 Barriers of Communication
• Speaker
• Message
• Choice of Channel
• Listener
• Feedback
 Types of Barriers
• Semantic Barriers
• Emotional or Psychological Barriers
• Physical Barriers
 Semantic barriers.

Semantic barriers are concerned with

problem and obstruction in the process of
encoding and decoding the message in to
words or other impression.
Semantic barriers occur when the meaning
of a message to the sender differs from its
meaning to the recipient.
 Semantic barriers.

• Different language
• Words
• Pictures
• Actions
• Poor vocabulary
• Age
• Education
• Pronunciation and stress on words
• Similar sounding words
 Emotional or psychological barriers.

Psychological barriers arise from motives,

emotions, social values ,different perception etc.
These create psychological distance, cause
misunderstanding among people, and hinder the
communication process.
One meaning of the term psychological barriers is
the self limiting beliefs a person may have which in
turn affects their behavior - that is ....what they do
or don't do as a result of having a self limiting belief.
 Emotional or psychological barriers.

• Loss in transmission • Self-Centered attitude

and retention • Group identification
• Distrust of • Self image
communicator
• Selective perception
• Failure to communicate
• Undue reliance on
• Defensiveness
written words
• State of health
• Inattention of the • Resistance to change
receiver • Close-mindedness
• Filtering of information
 Physical barriers.

Any disturbance or interference that reduces the

clarity and effectiveness of communication is
called noise. It may be physical or psychological,
written or visual. Noise distracts the persons
communicating and acts as barrier to
communication
• Noise
• Improper time
• Distance