LESSON 1

Definition of
Oral
Communication
Good communication is the
bridge between confusion
and clarity.

- NAT TURNER
WHAT IS ORAL COMMUNICATION?
Oral Communication is a process

1
consisting of sound representations
which involves speaking and listening.
Both are essential in the expression of
the idea through the association with
words.

Oral communication refers to the

speaking and listening skills needed to

2 participate verbally in discussions,

exchange thoughts and information,
make clear and convincing presentations,
and interact with a variety of audiences
 Speaking and listening almost happen

3 simultaneously. The listener observes in

the speaker his voice quality, pitch,
intonation, stress, and word junctures.

This will be supplemented by gestures

and facial expressions which are signs of
feelings, experience, and interests. 4
Oral Communication implies
communication through
MOUTH. It is generally
recommended when the
communication matter is of
temporary kind or where a
direct interaction is required.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Oral Communication
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 Time-saving  Absence of permanent record
 Quick feedback  Problem for distance people
 Powerful means of persuasion and  Greater chance of misunderstanding
control
 Complete understanding  Unsuitable for length message
Oral Communication can be used in:

 Face-to-face conversation
 Speeches
 Seminars
 Telephonic conversations
 Radio broadcasts
 Interviews
 Group discussions
 Meetings
 Conferences
 THE BIGGEST
C O M M U N I C AT I O N
PROBLEM IS WE DO
NOT LISTEN TO
U N D E R S TA N D ; W E
L I S T E N T O R E P LY.
Lesson 2:
 How does effective
communication take
place?
The process of oral communication
may be explained through a series of
stages in which stage is basically
significant.
The process begins with the
presence of a stimulus brought
about by the occurrence of an
idea, a news, a remark, or a
situation that activates the senses
of the sender.
The brain receives the idea
through the participation of tiny
nerve fibers working as delivery
agents.
The ideas and thoughts are
encoded into language symbols
or words and understood by both
the speaker and listener.
At this point, the speaker is now
ready to externalize his thoughts
to the listener and surrounding
environment.
To transmit the message, the
speech sounds should be uttered
in logically arranged sequence.
Soundwaves are produced in the
air.
The message is brought by the
soundwaves and movements of
the speaker are seen by the
listener.
 LESSON 3:

Five Elements of
Communication
Whenever you've had a conversation, texted a
friend, or given a business presentation, you
have engaged in communication. Any time two
or more people get together to exchange
messages, they are engaging in this basic
process. Although it seems simple,
communication is actually quite complex and
has a number of components.
The process of communication involves five basic
elements:
SENDER-RECEIVER, MESSAGE, CHANNEL,
FEEDBACK, NOISE AND SETTINGS.
1. SENDER/RECEIVER

The communication process

begins with the sender, who is
also called
the communicator or source.
2. MESSAGE

The message or content is the information

that the sender wants to relay to the
receiver.

Put all three elements together — sender,

receiver, and message — and you have
the communication process at its most
basic.
Message maybe verbal (using
words) and non-verbal (using
gestures).
3.CHANNEL

Also called the medium,

the channel is the means by which a
message is transmitted. Text
messages, for example, are
transmitted through the medium of
cell phones.
4. NOISE

This can be any sort of interference that

affects the message being sent, received, or
understood.

PHYSICAL NOISE: Loud sounds that alter

the transfer of the message.
PHYSCHOLOGICAL NOISE: Occurs in the
minds of both sender and receiver.
4. SETTING

It is the venue of the

communication. Formal settings
require decency in presentations,
while informal ones may not.
5. FEEDBACK

Feedback describes the receiver’s response or reaction to

the sender’s message.
 LESSON 4:
COMMUNICATION MODELS
A model is widely used to
depict any idea; thought
or a concept in a simpler
way through diagrams,
pictorial representations
etc.
These are illustrations of
how communication
really occurs that will aid
us to have a better idea of
the process of
communication.
A. Aristotle Model of Communication
It is the simplest model which states that there are
only three elements involved in communication; sender,
message, receiver.

SPEAKER MESSAGE LISTENER

B. Wendel Johnson Model of Communication

This model is primary physiologically based,

not interested in attitudes, social situations,
speaker skills or message organization rather in
describing the main elements of communication
 B. Wendel Johnson Model of Communication

1. Event or source stimulation, external sensory organs

of the speaker; example a panoramic view, loud
sounds, scent of perfume.
2. Sensory stimulation- hearing, seeing, smelling,
tasting and feeling.
3. Pre-verbal neurophysiological state
B. Wendel Johnson Model of Communication
4. Transformation of pre-verbal into symbolic
forms
5. Verbal formulations in final draft for overt
expression
C. Berlo’s Model of Communication

David Berlo uses S M C R as the key to the

components of Communication.

S- Source C- Channel
M- Message R- Receiver
D. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication
Shannon and weaver model simply proposes that
a message actually originates from the person who
gets the thought or has the information.
 Information Source (Thought / message)
↓
Transmitter (Brain to mouth) [Along with noise and distractions-external barriers]
↓
Signal
↓
Recipient (Receives the signal)
↓
Final Destination (Finally gets the message)
E. Schramm’s Model of Communication

Wilber Schramm proposed the model of communication in

1954. According to this model of communication when a
sender passes on the information to the receiver, the
receiver must interpret it in the desired form the sender
wants and give him the feedback or respond accordingly.
E. Schramm’s Model of Communication

Any communication where the sender does not

get the feedback, the communication is not complete
and thus ineffective.
E. Schramm’s Model of Communication
w
HOW MANY DIFFERENT WAYS CAN
YOU SAY, “OH!”
 There are endless
possibilities, and each time
we speak, we use a slightly
different tone of voice,
volume, posture, eye
contact; all of which
change the meaning of
the message further.
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
• THESE ARE BODY MOVEMENTS
WHICH HAVE DIRECT
TRANSLATION INTO WORDS.

• FOR EXAMPLE, THUMBS UP

WHICH MEANS OK.
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•
a.
b.
c.
d.
a) INTIMATE DISTANCE –IN THIS SITUATION, PEOPLE ARE IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH
EACH OTHER OR ARE IN NO MORE THAN 18 INCHES APART AS IN A MOTHER AND
CHILD. PEOPLE FEEL IRRITATED OR INTIMIDATED WHEN THIS INTIMATE DISTANCE IS
VIOLATED ESPECIALLY IF THE OTHER PERSON IS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE THERE.

b) PERSONAL DISTANCE- PEOPLE MAY STAY ANYWHERE FROM 18 INCHES TO 4 FEET

FROM EACH OTHER AS IN CASUAL AND PERSONAL CONVERSATIONS. THIS DISTANCE
IS CLOSE ENOUGH TO SEE EACH OTHER’S REACTIONS BUT FAIR ENOUGH NOT TO
ENCROACH IN THE PERSON’S INTIMATE DISTANCE.
C. SOCIAL DISTANCE – WHEN TALKING TO PERSONS UNKNOWN TO THE
SPEAKER, HE MUST KEEP A DISTANCE OF 4 TO 12 FEET. THIS IS MOSTLY
DONE IN IMPERSONAL BUSINESS AND SOCIAL GATHERINGS OR
INTERVIEWS WHICH IS EXPECTED TO BE MORE FORMAL.

D. PUBLIC DISTANCE – IT IS THE DISTANCE OF MORE THAN 12 FEET

TYPICALLY USED IN PUBLIC SPEAKING. THERE IS A NEED FOR THE SPEAKER
TO SPEAK LOUDLY AND TO USE EXAGGERATED GESTURES FOR THE
AUDIENCE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HE IS TRYING TO CONVEY.
FURTHERMORE, THERE IS A NECESSITY FOR THE AVAILABILITY OF
GADGETS TO AID IN THE SOUND PROJECTION.
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 Oral
Communication
LESSON 6:
Effective
Communication Skills
Communication is about more
than just exchanging
information. It’s about
understanding the emotion and
intentions behind the
information.
Effective communication is also
a two-way street. It’s now only
how you convey a message, it’s
also how you listen to gain full
meaning of what’s being said and
to make other person feel heard
and understood.
 R E M E M B E R:

More than just the words you use, effective

communication combines a set of skills
including nonverbal communication,
engaged listening, managing stress in the
moment, the ability to communicate
assertively, and the capacity to understand
your own emotions and those of the person
you’re communicating with/
 R E M E M B E R:
Improving Communication Skills in Your Work and Personal Relationships

It sounds so simple: SAY WHAT YOU MEAN.

But all too often, what we try to
communicate gets lost in translation despite
our best intentions. We say one thing, the
other person hears something else, and
misunderstandings, frustration, and conflicts
ensue.
Barriers to Effective Interpersonal
Communication
1. Stress and out-of-control
emotion. When you’re
stressed or emotionally
overwhelmed, you’re more
likely to misread other
people, send confusing
actions, and give unhealthy
patterns of behavior.
 Barriers to Effective
Interpersonal Communication

2. Lack of focus. You can’t

communicate effectively
when you’re multitasking.
(daydreaming, checking text
messages, or thinking about
someone else)
 Barriers to Effective
Interpersonal Communication
4. Negative body language. If
you disagree with or dislike
what’s bring said, you may
use negative body language
to rebuff the message such as
crossing your arms, avoiding
eye contact, or tapping your
feet.
 Guides to Improve a
Person’s Communication
Skills
1. Be an attentive listener.
Effective communication is
less about talking and more
about listening.
 WAYS TO BE AN
ATTENTIVE LISTENER
* Closely observe the speaker.
* Make sure that your ears are in good condition.
* Minimize distractions and redirect conversation to all
concern.
* Exhibit gestures to imply interest to what is heard.
* Don’t be judgmental.
* Always consider feedbacks.
* Hear the emotion behind the words.
Guides to Improve a Person’s
Communication Skills
2. Observe nonverbal signals.
When we communicate things
we care about, we do so
mainly by using nonverbal
signals.
Reading Nonverbal Communication
> Be aware of individual differences.
People from other culture tend to
use different nonverbal
communication gestures.
> Look at nonverbal
communication signals as a group.
Don’t ready too much into a single
gesture or nonverbal cue.
 Delivery of Nonverbal
Communication
Use nonverbal signals that match up
with your words.

Give contextual nonverbal signals

Use body language to convey
positive feelings even when you’re
not actually experiencing them.
 Guides to Improve a
Person’s Communication
Skills
3. Be stress-free
during communication.
How to stay calm despite
pressure?
Compose one’s self before speaking
to give yourself time to think.
Organize one’s thought.
Share ideas one by one.
Speak clearly.
Summarize ideas before stopping.
 Stress Relievers for
Successful Communication
Be sure to feel that you
are stressed.
Pause to relax.

Be sensible to your ideas.

Insert humor if possible
Agree to disagree.
 Guides to Improve a Person’s
Communication Skills
4. Be assertive. Being
assertive means expressing your
thoughts, feelings, and needs in an
open and honest way, while standing
up for yourself and respecting others.
It does NOT mean being hostile,
aggressive, or demanding.
To attain self confidence:
Respect one’s opinion.
Know your goals and ambitions.
Be a positive thinker.

Receive feedback positively.

Accept negative ideas.
 Developing Confident
Communication Strategies
Empathy conveys sensitivity to the
other person. First, recognize the
other person’s situation or feelings,
then state your opinion.
 Developing Confident
Communication Strategies
Escalating assertion can be used
when your first attempts are not
successful. You become increasingly
firm as time progresses.
 Developing Confident
Communication
Strategies
Practice assertiveness in lower risk
situations to start with to help build
up your confidence.
 20XX

INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
LESSON 7
 Intercultural communication is a form of
communication that aims to impart
information, ideas, insights and opinions across
various cultures and social communities.

2
 It is used to describe the wide range of
communication processes and challenges that
by nature happen within an organization or
social context made up of individuals from
different religions, social, ethnic and
educational backgrounds.

3
 Cross-cultural communication should not be used
interchangeably with intercultural communication. It
refers to the process of understanding how people
from different places, act , communicate and
perceive the world around them.

4
 Intercultural communication studies situations
where people from different cultural backgrounds
interact on social attributes, thought patterns ,
significant customs , and languages. It plays a role
in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural
studies, linguistics, psychology and communication
studies.

5
20XX

6
In communication between two people of the same
culture, the person who receives the message
interprets it based on values, beliefs and expectations
for behavior similar to those of the person who sent
the message. However, when the receiver is a person
from different culture, he uses information from his
culture and the interpretation may be different from
the speaker.

1. Message Transmission 7
It is the process where people look for an
explanation of another person’s behavior.
When a person does not understand another,
he usually blames the confusion on other’s
“stupidity, deceit or craziness”.

2. Attribution 8
Management of Intercultural Communication
To avoid misinterpretations between /
among communicators, the following vital
points are suggested:

3. Adaptation 9
1. Develop cultural sensitivity
2. Anticipate the meaning of the receiver will get.
3. Careful encoding.
4. Use words, pictures and gestures.
5. Avoid slang, idioms, regional sayings.
6. Selective transmission
7. Build relationships, face to face ,if possible
8. Careful decoding of feedback
9. Get feedback from multiple parties
10. Improve listening and observation skills
11. Follow-up actions

3. Adaptation 10
 PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 20XX

Presentation Title 11
 In a relatively closed social system in which
communication among members is unrestricted, the
system as a whole will tend to converge over time
toward a state of greater cultural uniformity. The
system will tend to diverge toward diversity when
communication is restricted.

1. Cultural Convergence 12
 This theory focuses on linguistic strategies
to decrease or increase communicative
distances.

2. Communication Accommodation Theory 13

 This theory is designed to explain how communicators
adapt to each other in “purpose –related encounters”,
at which cultural factors need to be incorporated. This
is equated to assimilation

3. Intercultural Adaption 14
 It refers to interactions among underrepresented and
dominant group members. It includes but are not
limited to people of color, women, people with
disabilities, gay men and lesbians, and those in the
lower social classes .

4. Co-cultural Theory 15
 20XX

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