PARTS

OF
A QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Prepared by: Ms. Sarah Jhoy T. Salonga.
 CHAPTER:1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Objectives of the Introduction

• Define the problem, why is it important?

• Review what is currently known about the problem, include

abundant references to published literature.

• Point out what information or knowledge is missing about the

problem… where are the gaps.

• Indicate how your data can fill the gaps and make us more
informed about the problem
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• Provides an overview by stating;

• What the study is all about

• What is important and timely
• What contributions are made to knowledge and practice
• How the study fits the existing knowledge
• i.e; tells the story behind the variables or concepts to be studied
and provides background for the purpose statement and
research questions.
EXAMPLE:
This research aims to describe the lived experience of Senior High
School teachers in Metro Manila College.
Hence, this research attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What are the lived experiences of Senior High School Teachers?

2. What are the insights can be drawn from the study?
3. What are the implications from the study?
 ASSUMPTIONS
• Qualitative research…

• Involves fieldwork- the researcher physically goes to the

setting or site to observe or record a behavior.

• Is descriptive- the researcher seeks to understand in terms of

words or pictures

• Is inductive- the researcher builds abstractions, concepts,

hypothesis, and theories from details.
EXAMPLE:
1. The participants will answer the interview questions in
an honest and candid manner.

2. The inclusion criteria of the sample are appropriate and

therefore assures that the participants have all
experienced the same or similar phenomena of the
study.

3. The number of participants or subject is enough from

which to adequately draw conclusions.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

• The scope in the thesis or research paper contains the

explanation of what information or subjects being analyzed.

• It is followed by an explanation of the limitation of the

research. Research usually limited in scope by sample, size,
time and geographic area.
EXAMPLE:
Scopes and Delimitation
The scope of the study aims to discover and know the lived
experiences of Senior High School teachers in Metro Manila
College. And also, the study is during the school year 2017-
2018.
Thus, whatever the findings of the study are do not mean it will be
the same response when the same questions are raised to
another group of SHS teachers may it be from the same
institution.

It delimits only for the SHS teachers of Metro Manila College

from the school year 2017-2018.
 LOCALE OF THE STUDY
• The place of locale where the research is to be conducted. This
answers the question “Where?”

• Where is the research to be conducted?

• The period or time of the study during which the data are to be
gathered. This answers the question “When?”

• Where is the study to be carried out?

EXAMPLE:

The study was conducted at University of Caloocan City, this

place was selected for knowing the efficiency of the said study
among education students and for them to feel comfortable,
this study was been implemented for 4th yr. Bachelor of
Secondary Education major in English students, these study
has tested the effectiveness of using CAI in learning. The
study was conducted during the first semester of the academic
year 2017-2018.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• 2 tips in writing the Significance of the study

• Refer to the statement of the problem

• Write from general to specific contributions.

 EXAMPLE:
Significance of the Study

The finding of this study will help to find out the lived experience of
Senior High School teachers which will beneficial specifically to
the following:

Senior High Teachers, it will serve as their guide to do in order to

be an effective SHS teacher in easiest way and to be ready in
teaching SHS students without the proper training.

Future Researchers, it will help the future researchers to find

reliable resources and to make a new idea.
Senior High School Students, it will help them to improve and
to understand the teaching strategies of the teachers to make
their performance better.

Upcoming Senior High School Students, it will help the

student to understand K-12 curriculum and to be ready also to
grasp an idea of what Senior High School would be.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Operational definitions: the definition of a characteristic or
variable in terms of how it will be measured in the research
study.

• The researcher must precisely define the terms in the problem

and the sub problem.

• Each term should be defined as it will be used in the

researcher’s project.

• In defining a term, the researcher makes the term mean

whatever he or she wishes it to mean within the context of the
problem and it’s sub problem.
 EXAMPLE:
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined for the purpose of clarity and better
understanding.

Senior High School, is two years of specialized upper secondary education;

students may choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and
school capacity. The choice of career track will define the content of the
subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12.

Department of Education (DepEd), is a government agency that

formulates, implements, and coordinates policies, plans, programs and
projects in the areas of formal and non-formal basic education. It
supervises all elementary and secondary education institutions, including
alternative learning systems, both public and private; and provides for the
establishment and maintenance of a complete, adequate, and integrated
system of basic education relevant to the goals of national development.
 CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
 LOCAL STUDIES

• These are studies or investigations already completed to which

the present study is related.

• They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts,

these are dissertations conducted in the Philippines and other
research publications.
 FOREIGN LITERATURE

• These are materials printed in other countries with information

related to the current study and are found in books,
professional journals, magazines and other publications.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Materials must be as recent as possible

2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible.

3. Materials must be relevant to the study.

4. Materials must not be too few but nor too many.

 CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING
STANDARD STYLE
• What am I citing?
• Books- A collection of books that provides information about a
certain topic.
• Magazines- A popular work published periodically (weekly, monthly,
etc.) focusing on a specific subject of interest.
• Newspapers- A periodical publication containing news, events,
interview and opinion article.
• Computer- A collection of electronic materials that provides
information about a certain topic.
• Journal- A scholarly work published periodically containing highly
classified research.
• Film- A motion picture or movie. Can be fictional, documentary or
even YOUTUBE Videos.
• Referencing Style:

• APA- is an author/date based style. This means emphasis is

placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to
uniquely identify it.
 WAYS OF CITING RELATED LITERATURE
1. By author or writer
Example:
According to Felipe (2015) ……………………..

2. By topic:
Example:
It has been found out that…………………..(Felipe, 2015)

3. By chronology-
Example:
According to the year 2015, the literatures were written, usually
from earliest to the latest
 REFERENCES
• Books
• Corpuz B. & Salandanan G. (2013) Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City: LORIMAR Publishing Inc.

• Websites
• Author, (date). Title of the document (formal description). Retrieved
from http:// xxxxx

• Magazine
• White, C. (2008, April). The spirit of disobedience, Atlantic, 312 (1871),
31-40.

• Journal Article
• Knotts, H.G. & Haspel, M. (2010). The impact of gentrification. Social
science quarterly, 87(1), 110-121.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/ CONCETUAL
FRAMEWORK

• This provides the infrastructure for the entire research project.

• It is the researchers approach to exploring the research

problem.

• It groups together ideas and theories into an overarching

framework.
 RELEVANCE OF THE REVIEWED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES TO THE PRESENT STUDY/ SYNTHESIS

• Discussion that draws on one or more sources.

• It is your purpose of that determines not only what parts of

your sources you will use but also ho you will relate them to
one another.

• Synthesis refers to bringing together materials from different

sources, and the criterion of an integrated whole.
 CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
• Types of Research:
• Qualitative or Quantitative.

• Research Design:
1. Case study
2. Ethnography
3. Content analysis
4. Phenomenological study
5. Grounded theory
 SELECTION OF CO-RESEARCHER

• Participants as co-researchers refers to a participatory method

of research that situates participants as joint contributors and
investigators to the findings of a research project. This
qualitative research approach validates the privileges the
experience of the participants.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

• In Qualitative research, sample is the smaller set of cases as a

researcher selects from a large group and generalizes to the
population.

• The things must be clear to the researcher:

1. How much s/he needs
2. How s/he will select the sample
3. How s/he will get participants if human participants are
needed.
 QUALITATIVE SAMPLING
• Non-probability sampling
• The three common types of non-probability samples are
convenience sampling, quota sampling and judgemental
sampling. These are mostly used in qualitative research.

1. Convenience Sampling:
As the name implies, convenience sampling involves
choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher.
Example: People in the street interviews- the sampling of
people to which the researcher has easy access/ such as
class of students and studies that use people who have
volunteered to be questioned as a result of an promotion.
2. Quota Sampling:
This type of samples a population that has been subdivided into
class or categories.
Example: A survey in which the researcher desires to obtain a
certain number of respondents from various income categories.

3. Judgemental Sampling:
In this kind of sampling the researcher uses his/her own
“expert” judgement.
Example: A study of potential users of a new recreational
facility that is limited to those persons who live within the
vicinity.
• Probability Sampling

• The four basic types of probability samples, are mostly used in

quantitative research.

1. Simple random Sampling

2. Stratified random Sampling
3. Cluster Sampling
4. Systematic Sampling
Purposive Sampling:
• The primary factor in qualitative research data collection is
purposive sampling which can be done while in the process of
collecting data or while doing the interpretation or data
analysis.

• Depending upon the research design used, samples can be big

or small.

• Aside from the size of the sample, it is important that the

researcher has set criteria of how research participants are
chosen- age, sex, socio- economic status, specific attributes or
experience etc.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT/ DATA
COLLECTION

Primary Data Collection Techniques

• Interview
• Participant Observation
• Focused Group Interview
• Observational Evaluation
• Biography/ Autobiography
• Questionnaire
Basic Types of Data Collection

• Observation- The researchers takes field notes on the

behavior and activities of research participants at the research
site or in their natural setting

• Interviews: Here, the research may:

a. Conduct a face to face interviews with participants;
b. Do telephone interviews of participants or
c. Engage in focus group interviews, with 6 or 8 interviewees.
• Documents- These take the form of public documents
(newspapers, minutes of meetings, official reports) or private
documents (personal journals, diaries, letters, emails) which
are all collected during the research process.

• Audio and Visual Materials- May take the form of

photographs, art objects, videotapes or any forms of sound.
 WHAT TO DO AND PREPARE DURING ACTUAL
INTERVIEW DAY

Preparing Metadata(Log)
• Project/Research Title

• Date of data collection

• Place of data collection

• ID-code of information(s)

• Research team

• Methods of data collection

• Documentation type: Tape recorder, notes and observations.

Preparing Transcript:

• Transcribe word by word (Verbatim)

• Consider non-verbal expressions

• Try to do the transcribing yourself

• Be patient- Time consuming

 TREATMENT OF DATA/ DATA ANALYSIS

• The range of process and procedures whereby we move from

the qualitative data that have been collected into some form of
explanation, understanding or interpretation of the people and
situations we are investigating.
EXAMPLE:

Treatment of Data
The researcher collected the data from the chosen co-
researchers with the use of interview where the voice is
recorded. The researchers listen carefully to the answers of the
participant and at the same time understand it to obtain a
correct data. Good communication helps the researchers to
understand what the lived experiences of the participants are
and how they cope up with these.
VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
TYPES OF VALIDITY:
 CHAPTER 4:
REPORT OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSYS
 REFLECTIONS OF PARTICIPANT’S
CHARACTERISTICS/ PRESENTATION OF
CO-RESEARCHER
EXAMPLE:
PRESENTATION OF RESEARCHERS REFLECTION/INSIGHT
Teachers enjoy teaching
According to Collinsdictionary.com, teaching is the work that a teacher
does in helping students to learn. Teaching also helps the students to
property use of their gifts, to achieve their desires and to meet their
purpose in life that will never forget.
Ma’am R stated that “Yes of course even if they are the reason that
you're stress, also they are the reason that you're happy.”
Ma’am G stated that “In my part as long as I can manage my student,
my time, and how will I give my lesson discuss my lesson. It’s not
difficult.”
Ma’am A stated that “I advise the teachers if you really want to teach
that you must first think of one hundred times when you really want
the teaching because otherwise, it will not be success of your
profession so you should be passionate about doing what you have
done.”
 CHAPTER 5:
SUMARY OF FINDINGS, SYMBOLIC
REPRESENTATIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR: ICT- AGONCILLO,HE- BURGOS AND
HE- JACINTO.

FIGHTING BABIES!!! 

-Ma’amsh Sarah