Module 1:

Communication Process,
Principles, and Ethics
Purposive Communication
What is Communication?

It is the process of sharing meaning in any context.

Wood (2003) her book, “Communication in our Lives”
defined communication as systematic process in which
people interact with and through symbols to create and
interpret meanings.
 Verbal Communication
vs
Non- Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication
It is the use of language to transfer information through
speaking or sign language.
It is the one of the most common type, often uses during
presentations, video conferences and phone calls,
meetings and one on one conversations.

Verbal communication is important because it is efficient.

Verbal communication could be in two forms : Oral and Written
 Oral vs Written Communication
Oral Communication
- Oral communication is the process
of conveying or receiving messages
with the use of spoken words and it
can either be in the form of direct
conversation between two or more
persons like face-to-face
communication, meetings, seminars,
or indirect conversation like
telephonic, conversation, video call,
voice call, etc.
Written Communication
- The communication in which the
message is transmitted in written
or printed form is known as
Written Communication.
- It is the most reliable mode of
communication, and it is highly
preferred in the business world
because of its formal and
sophisticated nature.
Non-Verbal Communication
Does not involve the use of words
- It is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to convey
information to others.
- It can be used both intentionally and unintentionally.
Example:
- You might smile unintentionally when you hear a pleasing or enjoyable idea or
piece of information.
 Nonverbal communication is helpful when trying to understand other
thoughts and feelings.
 The Seven (7) aspects of nonverbal communication include: facial
expression, eye contact, body movements, posture, para language,
proxemics, and physiological changes.
Elements of Communication

Sender – is the one who begins the communication process

- is also called speaker, encoder, or source.

Message – it is the information being sent by the sender to the receiver.

Encoding – it is the process of putting the ideas together to compose an

understandable message.

Channel – it refers to any instrument being used to transfer the message.

Receiver – is a responsible for interpreting and providing response to the
message.

Decoding – it is the process of interpreting the message by breaking down

message for the mind to absorb and understand.

Feedback – it is the response of the receiver to the message of the sender.

Noise – noise or “barrier” refers to any interference, interruption, or distraction

during the communication process.

Context – is the setting where communication occurs

- this could be physical. Social, historical, psychosocial and cultural.
Communication Cycle model (Shannon and Weaver)
Levels of Communication

Intrapersonal Interpersonal

It occurs within oneself. It refers to communication

This is sometimes between two or more people.
referred to as “cognitive
or personal It has four forms:
communication, self
talk” - Dyadic
- Small Group
- Public
- Mass Communication
Functions of Communication

We communicate to meet needs.

We communicate to enhance or maintain our sense of self.
We communicate to fulfill our social obligations.
We communicate to develop relationships.
We communicate to exchange information.
We communicate to influence others.
Principles of Communication

Communication is purposive
Communication is continuous
Communication messages vary in conscious encoding
Communication is relational
Communication has ethical implications
Communication is learned
What is Ethics?

Moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of

an activity.
Our ethical values system is our basis for our decision-making and our
basis for communication skills.
Communication Ethics (Berko , 1995)

Speaks with sincerity.

Does not knowingly expose an audience to falsehood of half-truths that can
cause significant harm.
Does not premeditatedly alter the truth.
Presents the truth as he or she understand it.
Raise the listeners levels of expertise by supplying the necessary facts.
Employs messages that is free from mental, as well as physical coercion.
Does not invent or fabricate information.
Gives credit to the source of information.
 There are 6 C’s Effective Communication.

Correctness – It is considering proper grammar, punctuation, tone or format in

communicating messages.
Conciseness – It is stating the message briefly or direct to the point.
Clarify – it is making sure that the message is clear by providing complete
details to avoid confusion or misinterpretations.
Concreteness – it is communicating with specific details rather general ones.
Courtesy – it means being polite in communicating with others.
Consideration – it is considering the feelings of the others with whom you
communicate with.