1.

Introduction/Overview

Communication plays a vital role in human life. This module will help us to understand its
significance. It not only helps to facilitate the process of sharing information and knowledge, but also
helps people to develop relationships with others. Therefore, the importance of communication cannot
be underestimated. Every day, we communicate with a lot of people including our families, our friends,
our colleagues, or even strangers. We should learn how to communicate effectively to make our lives
better.

1.2. Lesson 1: The Basics of Communication

Topic 1 -Why is Communication important in Human Life?

Communication is a process of sending and receiving information among people. Humans communicate with others not only
by face-to-face communication, but also by giving information via the Internet and printed products such as books and newspapers.
Many people believe that the significance of communication is like the importance of breathing. Indeed, communication facilitates
the spread of knowledge and forms relationships between people.

What is the difference between language and communication?

The Definition of Language

Language is a distinctly human activity that aids in the transmission of feelings and thoughts from one person to another. It
is how we express what we think or feel—through sounds and/or symbols (spoken or written words), signs, posture, and gestures
that convey a certain meaning. Among people, language is the primary means of communication. It is through language
communication, spoken or written, that we are able to share our ideas, opinions, views, and emotions with another person.

The purpose of language is making sense of complex and abstract thought. Various languages are used by people residing in
different areas or belonging to different communities. Over time, languages have been passed down verbally through generations
and eventually reduced to some form of written record. Language, as a tool, primarily occurs in auditory channels and is open to
dynamic change. The written form is an unchanging set of material by which others can learn to communicate in a given language
and has, therefore, become a vital aid to global human communication.

The Definition of Communication

Communication is described as, “an act of interchanging ideas, information, or messages from one person or place to another, via
words or signs which are understood to both parties.” It’s a crucial activity for any group of beings, because it is the means by which
members of the group cooperate together.

Communication is necessary for any group to function effectively. It is, at its core, a two-way activity, consisting of seven major
elements: sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback.

A message is encoded then sent from one individual (sender) to another (receiver), through a channel. That message is then decoded
and given feedback, if communicated effectively.

Today, there are a variety of communication channels available: face-to-face, phone calls, emails, social media platforms, brochures,
advertisements, television, signs, fliers, reports and more. Feedback is essential, for it is then that the process of communication
comes full circle.The process of communication affects all sensory channels, as it can occur in a variety of ways.

Language vs. Communication: Working Together

Communicating with others is a basic human need. Healthy living involves interacting and engaging with others. And our primary
means of doing so is through shared language. As we obtain the capability of communicating across languages, we achieve interaction
at the global level. It is not really language vs. communication; it is language and communication.

Shared language is critical to such vital functions as business and education. We are living today in an interconnected global
community, where communicating through shared language is increasingly possible.
Overall, communication has a wider scope than language, as communication encompasses language. A good analogy of the
relationship between language and communication is to look at communication as the car, and language as the road. The car of
communication can go down another road (another language), or even go off-roading.

Language allows us to communicate in a variety of ways, but it is only one set of tools in the larger scheme. Besides language, the
communication tool set is comprised of things like empathy, knowledge, body language, facial expressions, and intonation.

Relationships thrive through communication, regardless of the shared language. Therefore, it is up to businesses and organizations
to communicate with their target audiences in the correct shared language.

1.3. The Nature of Communication

There are four key terms that should be defined to fully understand communication;

1. PROCESS

Process implies continuity. The circumstances that occur before starting a conversation and even the incidents that follow it may
still affect future conversations. This indicates that communication is a PROCESS that is constantly moving and continuously changing.
Communication is considered a process because it is an activity in itself. Communication as a process is continuous, moving and ever
changing.

2. SYSTEM

In the definitions of communication presented at the beginning of this chapter, phrases such as “oneself to another entity,”
“from a source to a receiver,” and “people interact” suggest that communication operates within the SYSTEM. Wood(2012) defined
system as interrelated parts that affect one another. To effectively communicate and interpret a message, it is important to
understand the system within which communication takes place.

3. SYMBOLS

When people communicate, they rely on symbols- a concrete representation of something abstract. It is a tangible counterpart
of something intangible. Communication is symbolic as it involves interaction with and through symbols.

4. MEANINGS

At the heart of communication is MEANING. This means that when people communicate, they attach meaning to the symbols
use( either verbal or non-verbal) with the intent that the person/s they are communicating with share the same meaning as intended.

1.4. Elements of Communication

1. People- People who are involved in the communication process assume two roles – both as sources and receivers of the message.

The source – message

The receiver – target of the message

2. Message- This is the verbal and non – verbal form of the idea, thought, or feeling that one intends to communicate to another
person or group of people.

Verbal Message – language

Non – Verbal Message – gesture, body movements, sign languages and facial expression.

3. Channel- It refers to the means with which the message is delivered.

4. Feedback- It is the receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the source’s message. When one delivers a message, a response
is expected.

5. Code- In human communication, this code pertains to language.

Is a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person/s.

Example:

If someone yells “ stops “ as you approach a street, the word stops serves as a symbol that you likely to interpret as warning or
danger.

6. Encoding and Decoding

Encoding – is defined as the process of translating an idea or a thought into a code.

Decoding – the process of assigning meaning to an idea or a thought.

7. Noise or Barrier

Noise – refers to any interference in the encoding and decoding process which affects the clarity and understanding of a
message.

FOUR (4) types of Noise

1. Physical Noise - interference that is external to both speaker and listener; it hampers the physical transmission of the signal or
message.

2. Physiological Noise - created by barriers within the sender or receiver.

3. Psychological Noise - mental interference in the speaker or listener.

4. Semantic Noise - interference created when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems

1.5. Voice Qualities

Voice is the production of sound, while

Speech is the combination of sounds so that they become symbols that represent meanings to both speaker and listener.

The distinctive characteristics of voice that makes it pleasant or unpleasant hear it is quality. This is often referred to as a “timbre”
or “tone color and it results from the weight exerted on the vocal chords by the resonators in the process of speaking.

Quality of a voice is determined by the combination of resonances (richness and volume) of sound, tone, and timbre between
individual and voices so that you are able to identify one person to another.

The difference between a good voice with unpleasant ones; It should be Understandable, Clear, Pleasant and Varied.

There are five common voice qualities: normal, breathy, full, chesty and thin.
1. The Normal Voice. in conversation, you speak naturally showing little or no emotions.

Example is in praying. We just speak showing our natural voice.

Let’s practice conversational speech ;

In you, O lord, I take refuge; let me never be put to shame, In your justice rescue me, and deliver me, incline your ears
to me, and save me. Be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to keep me safety, for you are my rock and my fortress.

On you I depend from birth. A portent am I to many, but you are my strong refuge. My mouth shall be filled with your
praise, with your glory day by day. ( Psalm 71)

2. The Breathy Voice. Create an atmosphere of secrecy and mystery you use a breathy or a whispery voice. Whispered type of tone
is an “aspirate” quality of the voice best heard in the “stage whisper”.

Ex. The partner of The Lord of the Rings- Precious, using breathy voice.

3. The Full Voice. In many forms of public speaking when the voice must be projected to a greater distance, or when an occasion is
formal and dignified you use the full, deep quality of your voice.

This is also known as the “orotund” (round mouth quality. It is used to create a mood of reverence and solemnity.

4.The Chesty Voice. This is a deep hollow voice as if coming from a deep and empty cave. Its voice quality has less nasal resonance
and its accompanied vibration in the bony structure of the upper chest thus making it a chesty voice with a “pectoral” quality.

It is used as part of a spirit or a ghost voice.

Let’s try this in a ghostly voice…

I am thy father’s spirit

Doom’d for a certain term to walk the night,

And for the day confined to fast in fires

Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature.

-Hamlet

5.The Thin Voice. This voice quality is thin and high-pitched, the high pitch being its chief characteristics.

This “Falsetto” kind of voice is featured as a weakening voice, extreme fatigue, old aged, ill-health or extreme excitement.

Let’s try your falsetto voice

A better’d, wrecked old man,

Thrown on this savage shore, far far from home.

Prayer of Columbus

Walt Whitman
1.6. Volume and Voice Projection

Introduction

One of the common problems that confront listeners in nay speech situation is not being able to hear a speaker whose words is
inaudible and difficult to follow and understand. This cause may be traced to difficulties in volume and projection.

Volume is the degree of loudness, and projection is the process of directing the voice to a specific target. To project your voice,
define your message and identify the target or focus of the message.

TARGET

This is the particular direction to which you are aiming and addressing –the person directly in front of you, those in the last row,
or the entire audience.

VOICE FOCUS

Requires focusing your voice on a definite direction. Two significant factors help in this aspect-the purpose and nature of your
message.

Guidelines to achieve volume and project your voice well

1. Carry your tone or throw out your voice as far as the speech and the situation will require

2. Practice proper breath control.

3. Identify your listeners and acknowledge your audience; reach out everyone in the room and direct your voice to them.

4. Develop a very positive attitude toward speaking to an audience.

5. Cultivate a sense of participation with your listeners.

6. Always direct your thoughts toward the last row of listeners ensuring that your message will reach them.

1.9. Part 1: The Different Models of Communication

1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander
the Great. He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.

While exploring the human nature scientifically,

Aristotle developed a linear model of communication for
oral communication known as Aristotle’s Model of
Communication. This is considered as the first model of
communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is
also the is most widely accepted among all
communication models.
Aristotle's Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech,
Occasion, Audience and Effect.

The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the
only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the
speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to receiver.

The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must
be prepared so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech.

He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and persuasion and different message or speech should be made for
different audiences at different situations to get desired effects or to establish a propaganda. This model was highly used to
develop public speaking skills and create a propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal
communication.

Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.

For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of election (occasion).
The civilians only vote if they are influenced by the things the politician says in his speech so the content must be very impressive to
influence the mass and the speaker must design the message very carefully.

The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have a very good non-verbal communication with the audience like eye
contact. This example is a classic case of Aristotle Model of Communication depicting all the elements in the model.

Critical Elements of a Good Communicator

Aristotle has given 3 elements that must be present in a good communicator or public speaker. These elements are related to each
other and they reinforce the other elements.

Ethos

Ethos is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of the audience. If there is no credibility, the audience will not believe
in you and will not be persuaded by you. Expertise and positions also give credibility to a person.

For instance, the mass will not listen to the promises of a corrupt politician, but if a politician is known for his good deeds, there’s a
high change his speech will be heard.

Pathos

If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they will be more interested and they will think you are more
credible. Emotional bonds will make the audience captivated and they feel the speaker is one of their own people.

For instance, if people of a village needs water and the politician tells them that he will help in building roads, the people will not get
influenced but might be more influenced if he says he’ll build a dam for drinking water and irrigation.

Logos

Logos is logic. People believe in you only if they understand what you are trying to say. People find logic in everything. If there is no
logic behind the speaker’s work or time, they do not want to get involved. Everybody has a sense of reason. You must present facts
to the audience for them to believe in you.

For example, a presenter using factual data in an awareness program will attract the audience’s attention and will make them believe
in the need of awareness in the particular matter.

Criticisms of Aristotle’s Model of Communication

There are few criticisms around this model. Some of them are

▪ There is no concept of feedback; it is one way from speaker to audience.

 ▪ There is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers.

▪ This model can only be used in public speaking.

Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-communication

2. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an American scientist both of them
join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called
as “Shannon-Weaver model of communication”.

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors
which affecting the communication process called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical
communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication.

The model deals with various concepts like Information source, transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel,
information destination, encode and decode.

Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects desire message

Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals

Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data which is compactable to transmit the messages through
cables or satellites. For example: In telephone the voice is converted into wave signals and it transmits through cables

Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message. A reverse process of encode

Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver.
Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will affect the effective communication between sender and receiver

Receiver : The destination of the message from sender

Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feed back to sender. If the message distracted by noise it will affect
the communication flow between sender and receiver

Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel. During this process the messages may distracted
or affected by physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may distract in the channel during the
transmission process which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message

Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the messages or signals from external sources. For example:
If there is any problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile phone communication or distract the messages

Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication :

Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see you”. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and
his assistant received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what do you want Thomson”.

Sender : Thomson

Encoder : Telephone (Thomson)

Channel : Cable

Noise : Distraction in voice

Reception : Telephone (Assistant)

Receiver : Assistant.

Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand Thomson’s messages.
*The noise which affect the communication flow between them.

Source: https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/

3. David Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication

In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon
Weaver’s Model of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making
the communication more efficient.

The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver
receives the message respectively.

Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel and
receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.

Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication

S -Sender

Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or source sends the message to the
receiver. The following are the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of receiver.

Communication Skills

Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills,
the message will be communicated better than if the sender’s communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver cannot
grasp the message, then the communication will not be effective. Communication skills include the skills to speak, present, read,
write, listening, etc.

Attitude

The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The person’s attitude towards self, the receiver and
the environment changes the meaning and effect of the message.

Knowledge

Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge on the subject matter
makes the communicator send the message effectively.

Social Systems

Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating the message. It creates
difference in the generation of message. Place and situation also fall under social systems.

Culture

Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted
in another culture.

M-Message

A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or
other media. The key factors affecting the message are

Content

Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.

Elements

Elements are the non-verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language, etc.
Treatment

Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects the feedback of the receiver.

Structure

The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.

Code

Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video, etc.

C-Channel

Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines
might be used as a channel like telephone, internet, etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the
channel for the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.

Hearing – We receive the message through hearing.

Seeing – We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.

Touching – Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.

Smelling – We collect information from smelling.

Tasting – Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.

R- Receiver

Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other
factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have
the same effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very good listening skill. Other
factors are similar to that of the sender.

Communication skills

Attitudes

Knowledge

Social Systems

Culture

1.10. Part 2: The Different Models of Communication

4. Lasswell’s Comunication Model

Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which is used as an analysis tool

for evaluating the communication process and components. The components are the
questions to be asked to get the answers and keep communication going.

Components Meaning Analysis

Who the communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis
Says What the content of the message Content Analysis
In Which Channel the medium or media Media Analysis
To Whom the receiver of the message or an audience Audience Analysis
With What Effect the feedback of the receiver to the sender Effect Analysis
Explanation of different Components of Lasswell’s Model

Control analysis helps the sender to have all the power.

Content analysis is associated to stereotyping and representation of different groups politically. It is also related to the purpose
or the ulterior motives of the message.

Media analysis represents which medium should be used to exercise maximum power against the receivers.

Audience analysis shows who are the target population to be manipulated or brain-washed.

Effect analysis is done before the process starts. It is used to predict the effect of message over the target population to be
exploited.

Explanation of Lasswell’s Communication Model

Though Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication, this model is used for interpersonal communication or
group communication to be disseminated message to various groups in various situations.

Lasswell’s model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries and businesses at that time. Only rich people used
to have communication mediums such as televisions and radios back them. It was made to show the mass media culture.

Lasswell also brought the concept of Effective Communication Process. He talked about the relation between presentation of facts
and how it generates different effects. The use of the concept of effect makes Lasswell’s model non-linear unlike it’s name. It’s
because effect can also be taken as feedback.

Though, generally, the component of effect was made to be more about outcome of the message, the model is applied in
different medias and fields despite being developed specifically for mass communication.

This model is similar to the communication model proposed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Their model is more
graphical than Lasswell’s. Geo rge Gerbner who is the founder of the cultivation theory, expanded Lasswell’s model and included
the concept of reaction of the receiver.

Disadvantages and Criticisms of Lasswell’s Model

The major criticism of Lasswell’s Model is that it does not include feedback and it ignores the possibility of noise. Without
feedback, a communication process cannot be fruitful. Lasswell’s model is very linear and does not consider barriers in the
communication process.

The model is also criticized for being very general and only including very traditional topics. The model is very simplistic. The
model is said to be propaganda based as it is more focused on the resulting outcome and generally used for media persuasion.

Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model

6. Helical Model of Communication

“If you’re born today, you’ve limited expressions”- Frank Dance

Frank Dance proposed a communication model inspired by a helix in 1967, known as Helical Model of Communication. A
helix is a three dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone.

Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to existence or existing moment. Helical model
gives geometrical testimony of communication. The model is linear as well as circular combined and disagrees the concept of
linearity and circularity individually.

Concept of Helical Model of Communication

Helical model of communication introduces the concept of time where continuousness of the communication process and
relational interactions are very important. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical model of communication and
it progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary increases.
At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the communication progresses. The same effect can be seen with
communication of humans, where you know nothing about a person at first and the knowledge grows steadily as you know the
person better. It considers all the activities of the person, from the past and present.

Communication is affected by the curve from which it emerges which denotes past behavior and experiences. Slowly, the
helix leaves its lower levels of behavior and grows upward in a new way. It always depends on the lowest level to form the message.
Thus, the communicative relationship reaches to the next level in which people share more information.

Communication is supposed to be continuous and non-repetitive. It is always growing and accumulative.

Example of Helical Model of Communication

A child crying at birth signifies the communication of the child to its parents that he/she is alive. After some years, the child cries
whenever the child needs anything like food or attention. He/she learns words and starts communicating with words.

The child learns specific languages and communicates with the people who know the language that he/she knows. Communication
becomes more complex as the child grows into adult and to the existing moment. The adult uses the same pronunciations and use
of words or facial expressions that he/she learned when he/she was a child. Communication is directly dependent on his/her past
behavior as a child but can also modify as the person grows.

In this example, communication evolves with the child crying. This is where the helix is small at the bottom. And he continues
communication, the helix gradually grows. When the communication becomes more complex, the spiral grows wider. From then on,
it grows steadily as his life goes on.

Advantages of Helical Model of Communication

1. The model assumes sender and receiver to be interchangeable and makes communication process to be two way.

2. The model takes the communication process speculative and intellectual.

Disadvantages of Helical Model of Communication

1. The model is taken as more simple than it should be.

2. Some critics don’t take it to be a model as it has very few variables.

3. It is not testable because it is abstract.

4. It is not represent in a systematic and orderly way.

5. Variables cannot be differentiated in this model.

6. Continuity may not always be true for communication. There might be breaks in situations as
well as events can be meaningless, forced or unproductive.

7. The purpose of communication is not always growth.

7. Schramm's model of communication

This model shows how meaning is transferred from one person or group to another. Here he added Field of experience: are based
on individual beliefs, values, experiences a nd learned meanings both as an individual or part of group.

He suggest that message can be complicated by different meaning learned by different people. Thus, Schramm says
Message meaning can be Denotative or Connotative.

Denotative meaning: it is based on Dictionary meaning of word. Which is universally same and accepted by all?

Connotative meaning: based on one’s Emotional or Personal experiences , thus can be different for different persons ,
based upon their evaluation. Thus, incorporating the study of human behavior.
This is another Schramm's model of communication which is used in both Intrapersonal and Interpersonal communication. The
model takes communication as a never ending process which constitutes messages and feedbacks.

Each person is both sender and receiver, so there must be interpretation of the message on each turn. The interpreted data
is known as information. This makes communication effective but might cause problems too as the message sent after encoding
might not be the same when decoded by the receiver. So, this model is not conventional like other models that only talk about
sender and receiver.

Feedback is also a very important component as it lets the sender know if the receiver has interpreted the message as required
or not. The message becomes useless if the receiver does not understand it making feedback different than the expected outcome.

1.14. How to Write a Reaction or a Response Paper

1. Watch the documentary or the Video clip and take notes.

You can only be able to write a review or response to a documentary when you understand all its elements, contents and message.
Therefore, it is always advisable that you watch the documentary more than once in order to properly digest it and know what it is
all about.

While watching the documentary, it is advisable to treat it more like a story or a letter. Note down some of the striking features of
the film, like characters, scenes, messages and how they are relayed.

2. Identify the focus of your review.

The basis of a reaction paper is to present your opinion or thoughts about the documentary. However, these should be backed by
examples or evidence from the film. Academic papers require that you identify a particular angle to pursue in writing, which will be
the basis of the paper.

When identifying the focus of your paper do not simply look at the documentary, instead, compare it with your general knowledge,
other films on the same subject and even comments from experts in that field. You can also relate the documentary to your personal
experiences.

3. Determine the elements to discuss.

After identifying the direction to pursue in responding to the documentary, you should move into collecting points and evidence to
support it. Based on the aspect that you intend to discuss in the review, gather sufficient points that are striking from the film to use
in proving your reaction.

For every key point that you identify, also acquire examples or evidence from the documentary to use in proving it. All the elements
that you pick should connect back to the focus of the paper and effectively evaluate your response and purpose of writing.

4. Create an outline.

An outline is a simple plan showing how you intend to present the review. It should briefly highlight the introduction, body and
conclusion of the paper. The purpose of the outline is to provide you with a ‘blueprint’ of the paper and easy reference when writing.

5. Introduce the paper.

Begin by giving a brief and accurate summary of the documentary in the opening statements of the paper. On this part, you should
include basic information about the piece, including its title, producer, characters, and date of screening among other key elements.

6. Evaluate the documentary.

This should make up the bulk of the paper, and present a comprehensive evaluation of the documentary. This section highlights the
body paragraphs and should clearly indicate that you have watched and understood the context of the film.

Every paragraph should properly establish and explain your position or response to the documentary, backed with evidence and
examples. Devote every paragraph to a particular idea and a few related evidences.
7. Write the conclusion.

The final paragraph of a response paper should present a summary of your position on the piece. This can be achieved through
restating the focus of the paper and the key points that are discussed in the body paragraphs. Remember that the conclusion should
just be short and not open a fresh discussion.

2. Communication in Multicultural settings

2.1. Different Communication Contexts

Context- refers to the circumstances and settings of communication.

The following are the different communication contexts.

PERSONAL CONTEXT-It involves the background of both the sender and the receiver of the message.

Ex. -education, religion, socioeconomic status, marital status and other beliefs.
 PHYSICAL CONTEXT-It is the environment where communication takes place It include factors perceived
by the senses such as temperature, humidity, odor, lighting and noise level.

SOCIAL CONTEXT- It refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the sender and the receiver.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT- It includes the emotions and feelings of the participants in the
communication process. It also involves opinions, judgements, prejudices, attitudes and perception
toward each other.
CULTURAL CONTEXT- -sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding principles and assumptions based on one’s
race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and religion, within which communication
happens.

2.3. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

Communication and Culture are entwined and inseparable. Culture influences what and
how we communicate with people.

Culture – is defined as set of unique and shared beliefs & values that guide a certain group of people on
how to think, behave and act.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

To increase awareness and to develop competence in communicating in a multicultural settings, it is

essential to unlock some cultural dimensions, provide examples, and explain how they affect
communication as adapted by Verdeber et al. (2015) from the early works of Edward T. Hall, and more
recently, by Gerard Hendrick (Geert ) Hofstede.

2.4. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN COMMUNICATION

1 Individualistic Culture vs. Collectivist Culture
2. LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE VS. HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE

3 MONOCHRONIC CULTURE VS. POLYCHRONIC CULTURE

4 UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE CULTURE

5 POWER DISTANCE

6 GENDER PROMINENCE CULTURE: MASCULINE CULTURE VS. FEMININE CULTURE

7 Long-term or Short-term Orientation Culture

. Communication through Verbal and Non Verbal Communication

3.1. Verbal, Non Verbal Communication and Language Registers

A. Verbal Communication

Communication is not just confined to speaking. It is actually possible to be communicating without taking or uttering even
a single word. There are two types of communication. These are verbal communication which uses spoken or written words to
communicate a message. On the other hand, there is also non – verbal communication which uses body language, gestures, facial
expressions, and even posture to communicate.

B. VERBAL COMMUNICATION: LANGUAGE VARIETY AND REGISTER

Language is a set of arbitrary symbols which create possible combination of utterances primarily used for communication.
Language register refers to the level and style of spoken and written discourse depending on the context you are in. It determines the
vocabulary, tone, and structure of your language. When you talk to your friend, you use a more formal language register, more casual
and friendly, than when you talk to your teacher where you employ a more formal language register, a polite tone and well-thought
out words.

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS

1. Formal – this type of register is used in a professional context. It is highly structured, impersonal, and more serious in this tone,
vocabulary, and grammar.

2. Informal – Language is casual, personal and more intimate in its tone, sentence structure, and choice of words.

3. Neutral – This is a more factual and non-emotional type of language register.

 C. Non-Verbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is our primary mode to communicate feelings and emotions which we usually do not express
verbally. Non-verbal expressions are thus more reliable than words. What you do speaks so loud, I can’t hear what you say.

Non-Verbal messages refer to the cues that are sent through body language, posture, gesture, movements, facial
expression, and appearance that are used in place of or simultaneously with verbal message.

A. NON – VERBAL MESSAGES CAN BE GROUPED INTO;

1. KINESICS: USE OF BODY. The technical name for the interpretation that comes along with motions when someone
communicates is kinetics. This includes gesture, movements, posture, eye contact facial expression, and touch.

2. PARALANGUAGE : USE OF VOICE

The voice should have intelligibility, variety, and understandable patterns Intelligibility pertains to the loudness of your voice
rate of your speech, pronunciation, and enunciation. Variety refers to your pitch, force, and pause.

3. PROXEMICS : USE OF SPACE

Proxemics refers to the space in which our interpersonal communication takes place affects us in many subtle ways in
which we are not always aware of.

Types of Proxemics

1.Intimate – Distance varies from touching to a space of 1-1.5 feet. Intimate distance is appropriate only for the most intimate
conversations.

2.Personal Distance- has a space roughly 1-2.5 feet. This is when people meet in an office or on the street.

3.Social distance varies from 4-6 feet. This kind of distance is good for impersonal business.

4.Public distance starts about 12 feet and extend as is feasible in a large room.

5.ORIENTATION/GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: as important as distance is the geographic location of the participants – where people
are in relation to one another.

6.Gestures and Body Movements - Gestures are probably one of the first means of communication that human beings developed
before oral language appeared.
7.Postures – body postures are another signal which is largely involuntary but can communicate
important social signals.

8.Facial Expressions – is a key characteristic of nonverbal communication, your facial expression can communicate happiness, sadness,
anger, or fear. This refers to change sin the use of mouth, eyes and cheeks

9.Silence - This technique is used to convey meaning either consciously or unconsciously. Sometimes, silence can convey positive
message. Silence does not mean absence of communication.

10.CHRONEMICS : USE OF TIME

As previously discussed, chronemics refers to how people perceive and value time In a monochromic culture “Time is of the
essence.”

Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it
describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade
.It is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and
on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization.

Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life.

Information technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors—consumers, investors, businesses—
valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing
economic opportunities, including faster and more informed analyses of economic
trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners.

4.2. Language and Globalization

“Globalization” is a social process “characterized by the existence of global economic, political, cultural, linguistic and
environmental interconnections and flows that make the many of the currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant”. Steger’s
book Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (publ. date: 2003) Oxford University Press. Globalization is not as recent a phenomenon
as economists have generally led us to believe, although it has undoubtedly operated in faster and more complex ways since the late
1980s

Globalization is readily increasing in today’s world. This increase in globalization has many effects on language, both positive
and negative. These effects on language in turn affect the culture of the language in many ways. However, with globalization allowing
languages and their cultures to spread and dominate on a global scale, it also leads to the extinction of other languages and cultures.

Language contributes to the formation of culture, such as through vocabulary, greetings or humor. Language is in a sense
the substance of culture. Languages serve as important symbols of group belonging, enabling different groups of people to know what
ethnic groups they belong to, and what common heritages they share. Without a language, people would lose their cultural identity.
Languages are, then, the very lifeline of globalization: without language, there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without
globalization, there would be no world languages.

Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their
citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an
unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local
enterprises, local cultures, and common people.

A. Impact of Globalization on How People Communicate

The global language system is very much interconnected, linked by multilingual persons who hold the various linguistic groups
together. The hierarchical pattern of these connections closely corresponds to other dimensions of the world system, such as the
global economy and the worldwide constellation of states.
 English is distinguished from the other languages by having very significant numbers of non-native speakers, I think it’s going
to be the one most affected by globalization.

We can say that almost everywhere language is used as an identity to be part of the “world system” now, and the thing about
any system that integrates people is that it benefits its architects. Imported cultures are going to push out indigenous ones.

It’s clear that globalization is making English especially important not just in universities, but in areas such as computing,
diplomacy, medicine, shipping, and entertainment. No language is currently being learned by more people — there may soon be 2
billion actively doing so — and the desire to learn it reflects a desire to be plugged into a kind of “world brain.”

B.The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, remove
cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and global communication have changed the environmental, cultural,
political and economic elements of the world.

B.1 Creation of a Global Village

Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer
matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many
people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without
having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work
with companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services that can easily be conducted
over the phone or via the internet.

Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the other side of the world as a neighbor,
instead of a stranger from a faraway land. There is so much knowledge about other countries and cultures available online, that it’s
no longer a complete mystery.

C. Diversity

This is the concept that endures, respect, acceptance, and understanding. It recognizes that people are unique from each other
with respect to their age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, socio-economic status, educational background, and ideologies.

4.3. Computer-Mediated Communication

Let's say that you needed to get a message to someone. In the past, you'd have to physically track them down or have
someone else do it. Today, you've got a few more options. You can send them a text, an email, post on their wall, or reach out to them
in any number of ways. You can even send them a video message of you expressing the news - forget the message; you could just
video chat with them! In fact, it may take longer to figure out what method to use to send the message than to send the actual
message!

All of these are examples of computer-mediated communications (CMC), which is a more concise term that applies to all
the ways that we have of reaching out and communicating with someone from a distance via a computer.

A. Types of CMC

As you can imagine, there are several types of computer-mediated communications. We can divide these all up by two different
criteria.

First of all, does the communication in question involve immediate feedback, or is it dependent on someone checking for
messages? We call this synchronous and asynchronous communication. Synchronous communication occurs when communication
happens between two actively communicating parties. Video conferencing and instant messaging are both forms of synchronous
communication. Of course, sometimes circumstances could disrupt the connection, but most of the time, it's pretty reliable.

1.TEXT MESSAGING

On the other hand, asynchronous communication refers to those instances where a conversation does not depend on an immediate
answer. Email, video messages, and text messages are examples of asynchronous communication. Of course, you could respond
rapidly, as people are prone to do with texts, but the design is not dependent on an immediate response.

2.Video Calling or Conferencing

The other division we can make between types of computer-mediated communications is the type of message. Text-based messages
have been around the longest and range from emails and instant messages to social media posts and texts.

3.E – Mailing

Nowadays the technology we use is often related to computers, giving rise to the popular term computer-mediated communication,
mediated technology need not be computerized as writing a letter using a pen and a piece of paper is also using mediated
communication.

4.LIVE CHAT

Thus, mediated communication is the use of any technical medium for transmission across time and space.