PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
AND ETHICS.
Communication According to Mode
•Visual Communication – a type of
communication that uses visuals to convey
information or messages.
Communication According to Context
•Intrapersonal Communication – The Latin
prefix “intra” (means within or inside.)
- means talking to oneself, inner talk, inner
monologue or inner dialogue.
•Interpersonal Communication – The Latin
prefix “inter” (means between among and
together.)
- Talking to other. Interactive exchange takes
place as interpersonal communication takes
place.
•Transactional Communication - means
achieving something at the end of the
conversation.
- It is more formal and profound aims to
accomplish or resolve something at the end.
•Extended Communication – It involves the
use of electronic media.
- Includes tele, audio or phone conferencing.
•Organizational Communication – It focuses
on communication plays in organizational
contexts.
•Informal Communication – comes from
unofficial channels of message flow.
•Intercultural Communication – communication
between or among people with different
linguistic, religious, ethnic, social and
profession backgrounds.
Communication According to Purpose and
Style
•Formal Communication -Employs formal
language delivered orally or in written forms.
•Informal Communication- personal or ordinary
conversation about anything under the sun
with friends, family members or
acquaintances.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES, PROCESS
Communication Principles
•Communication – process of exchanging verb
and non-verbal information between two or
more people who can be either the speaker of
the receiver of messages.
- Used to meet the purpose of a person. The
Purpose could be to inform, persuade or
entertain.
- Can be in the form of written, verbal, non-
verbal and visuals.
•Written Communication – involves texts or
words encoded and transmitted through
memos, letters, reports, online chat, short
message service or SMS, electronic mail or
Email, journals and other written documents.
•Verbal Communication – involves exchanging
information through face to face, audio, and
video call or conferencing, lectures, meetings,
radio and television.
•Non-Verbal Communication – involves the
use of the following to convey or emphasize a
message of information
Visuals involve images, graphs, charts, logos
and maps.
•Intended Communication – refers to planning
what and how you communicate your ideas to
older people than you or who occupy a higher
social or professional position (your parents,
teachers and supervisors)
•Unintended Communication – happens when
you unintentionally send nonverbal messages
to people you are communicating with or
suddenly make negative remarks out of
frustration or anger.
Communication is a complex process that
requires you to;
• Know your audience.
• Determine your purpose
• Identify your topic
• Expect objection
• Establish credibility with your target audience
• Present information clearly and objectively,
and
• Develop a practical, helpful way to seek
feedback.
Communication process involves;
• Source- speaker or sender of a message.
• Message- the message, information or ideas
from the source or speaker
• Encoding- process of transferring the
message.
• Channel- the means to deliver a message
such as face to face conversation, telephone
calls, e-mail and memos.
• Decoding -process of interpreting and
encoded message.
• Receiver -recipient of the message.
• Feedback -reaction or responses of the
receiver to the message from the sender.
• Context – the situation or environment in
which communication takes place.
• Barriers – factors which may affect the
communication process.
Transactional Model of Communication – the
messages, information or ideas are sent and
received simultaneously. Hence, the sender
and the receiver become active during the
process, and both serve as communicators.
Communication ethics – effective
communicators observe ethics. It means they
deal with values, righteousness and behavior
appropriate for human communication.
Particularly In a multicultural situation.
COMMUNICATION MODES
• Refers to the channel through which one
expresses their communicative intent.
• It is the medium through which one conveys
their thoughts.
• Views or feelings can be communicated
through face to face interaction, video or
audio.
Types of Communication Mode
1. Face to face
- Most common of all the modes
- An informal or casual conversation between
two or more people.
- Engage in social conversation to establish
relationships or maintain them.
2. Video
- Web cameras are used so the two or more
people who cannot interact face to face can
communicate.
- If no technical glitches are encountered, this
could be a very effective mode of
communication, especially for people
separated by distance.
3. Audio
- means transmitted sound.
- Only voice of the speaker is heard.
- Someone’s voice is heard through the
telephone or an answering machine when the
other party cannot answer a call.
4. Text-based communication
- Are e-mail, facsimile, test messaging and
instant messaging.
- Social networking sites such as facebook,
twitter and instagram offer text based
interaction.
COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA
Social Media – can be described as collecting
online platforms that involve sharing and
collaborating with an online community by
posting, commenting and interacting with one
another.
Social media effects on Communication
Exposure to messaging
1. Information overload
2. Young people read news
3. Getting the full picture
4. Boredom in conversation
5. Reaction to non-verbal, emotional and
social cues.
Self – Expression 2. Morphology

1. Sense of urgency - Study of words, how they are formed and

their relationship to other words in the same
2. Need to share. language.
Communication Style - It analyzes words and parts of words, such
1. Summarized Writing as stems, root words, prefixes and suffixes.

2. Abbreviations 3. Syntax

3. Unfiltered Interactions - Arrangement of words in sentences, clauses

and phrases.
4. Viral Messages
- The study of the formation of sentences and
10 types of social media and what they are the relationship of their parts.
used for;
4. Semantics
1. Social networks- connect with people
- Study of meanings in a language.
2. Media sharing networks- Share photos,
videos and other media 5. Pragmatics

3. Discussion forums- Share news and ideas
4. Bookmarking and Content curation
networks – discover, save and share new
content.
5. Consumer Review networks – Find and
review
6. Blogging and publishing networks – publish
content online.
7. Interest-based networks – share interest
and hobbies
- Appropriate use of language in different
contexts.
COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION
Globalization – process by which people and
goods move quickly across borders.
It’s an economic concept – the integration of
markets, trade, and investments with few
barriers to slow and the flow of products and
services between nations.

8. Social shopping networks – shop online. ➢ Globalization has speeded up enormously

9. Sharing economy networks – trade goods
and services.
10. Anonymous social networks –
communicate anonymously.
over the last half- century.
➢ The internet has revolutionized connectivity
and communication and helped people share
their ideas much more widely, just as the
invention of the printing press did in the 15th
century.

NATURE OF LANGUAGE ➢ Globalization has led to many millions of

Language – system of rules (grammar), a
sound system (phonology) and a vocabulary
(lexicon).
5 Linguistic elements of language
people being lifted out of poverty.
➢ Many argue that globalization operates
mainly in the interests of the wealthiest
countries, with most of the world’s collective
profit flowing back to them and into the
pockets of those who already own the most.

1. Phonology The impact of globalization to communication

is that more people cross borders because of
- Study of the patterns of sounds in a language globalization more language contact happens,
and across languages. making communication and more challenge.
- Sound system of the language. The effect of Globalization to communication
➢ connecting with people on the other side is Communication:
much easier than a few years ago.
• Less direct
➢ Satellites, fiber- optic cables and the Emphasis on:
internet make sharing information in different
time zones and locations effortless. • Human Relations

➢ Globalization directly affects global Poorer at Decoding:

communication and helps increase business
• Unspoken Message
opportunities, remove cultural barriers and
develop a global village. • Body Language
1. Increased business opportunities More sensitivity to:
2. Fewer cultural barriers • Non Verbal
3. Creation of a Global Village. • Feelings of Others.

COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION Sequential vs. Synchronic

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
• Some cultures think of time sequentially as a
Humans are formed by the following forces: linear commodity to “spend” “save” or “waste”.
1. Family background • Other cultures view time synchronically as a
constant flow experienced at the moment and
2. Religious affiliations
a force that cannot be contained or controlled.
3. Education Achievements
Sequential Cultures
4. Socio-cultural forces
Synchronic Cultures
5. Economic conditions
People tend to do one thing at a time.
6. Emotional states
People tend to do multiple things at a time.
Edward T. Hall
Times are precise and punctuality is valued.
• American Anthropologist
Times and deadlines are guidelines that
• The forefather of Intercultural Communication people may intend to meet but won’t always.

High Context vs Low Context Time is limited- Time is a resource that need
to be efficiently used.
• Cultural differences influence all international
communication. Time is a tool, a subjective, mouldable concept

• Even the choice of communication medium Logic, Efficiency and speed are the focus
can have cultural overtones. business.

High Context Relationships are the focus of business and

will improve efficiency.
Low Context
Tasks are sometimes secondary to time.
Communication:
Sticking to time is secondary to building
• Specific relationships.
• Detailed Meeting deadlines is commended.
• Precise Completing the task well is more important
than meeting deadlines.

The future is a continuation of the Present.

The future is interconnected with the past and
present.

Affective

➢ Expressive

➢ Sharing feelings

➢ Prefer an enthusiastic response

➢ Open up to people and demonstrate

warmth and trust

➢ be more expressive than you typically

prefer.

Neutral

➢ Non-expressive

➢ Hiding Feelings

➢ Prefer a calm and cool reaction

➢ Manage your emotional expressiveness

and body language

➢ Stick to the point in meetings and

interactions.
01 RISK MANAGEMENT APPLIED
TO SAFETY, SECURITY, &
SANITATION
What is risk?
- The definition of risk implies awareness that
risk is something foreseeable in every kind of
business even in the tourism and hospitality
world.
- The exposure to something that we do not
desire should not be a barrier for us to execute
what is being expected and demand from us.
- According to UNTWO, Risk is a situation that
exposes someone or something to danger
harm or loss.
Example: Food handling
RISK VS. HAZARD
Hazard - hazard pertains to any source of
potential damage, harm or adverse health
effects on something or someone.
Risk – Risk is the chance of probability that a
person will be harmed or experienced an
adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.
SOURCES OF RISK
1. Uncertainty in financial market
2. Threats from project failures
3. Legal liabilities
4. Credit Risk
5. Accidents
6. Natural causes and disasters
7. Deliberate attack from an adversary
8. Event of uncertain or unpredictable root-
cause
ACCIDENTS IN TOURISM
INDUSTRIES
 Slip & fall
 Muscoloskeletal injuries
 Skin reactions
 Respiratory illnesses
 Food poisoning
 Elevator & Escalator accidents
NATURAL CAUSES & DISASTER
RISK
• Caused by movements of the earth
• Disasters related to weather
• Floods, mudslides, landslides, and famine
STRATEGIES TO MANAGE STRESS
1. Avoid the threat
2. Reduction of the adverse effect or probability
of the threat
3. Transfer of all or part of the threat to another
party
4. Retaining some or all of the potential or
actual consequence of a particular threat, and
the opposites for opportunities
CATEGORIES OF RISK
Objective Risk - it is a variable of actual loss
from expected loss.
Subjective Risk - based on a person’s mental
conditions or state of mind.
Chance of loss - Defined as a probability that
event can occur
Objective probability - long run relative
frequency of an event based on the assumption
of an infinite number of observation and there is
no change in underline conditions.
Subjective probability - it is an individual
personal estimate of the chance of loss.
Peril - Defined as a cause of loss.
1. Physical
2. Moral
3. Morale
4. Legal
4 MAIN CATEGORIES OF RISK
Fundamental Risk - it is defined in which effect
the entire economy or large number of persons
or group within the group.
Pure Risk - it is defined as a situation in which
are the only the possibility of loss and no loss.
Particular Risk - it effects only the individuals
not the entire community.
Speculative Risk - it is a situation in which
either a profit or loss is possible.
Enterprise Risk - it is relatively new term that
encompasses all major risk faced by a business
norm.
TYPES OF RISK
Personal Risk - it directly affects an individual
Property Risk - under the risk contains direct
loss and indirect loss
Liability Risk - it is another type of pure risk
that most person face under legal system, that
one can be held legally liable for something that
results in bodily injury or property damage.
02 SOURCES OF RISK (Tourism
Industry)
1. Tourism sector and the related commercial
sources (disrespect of contracts, frauds,
insufficient level of hygiene and sanitary
protection, fire, earthquake);
2. Human and institutional environment outside
the tourism sector (social conflicts, wars,
terrorism, organized crime, delinquency and
human traffic);
3. Personal risk – individual travelers (poor
health, crime, causing conflict with local
residents, visiting dangerous places, loss of
money and documents, etc.);
4. Physical risks from the environment - natural,
climatic, epidemics (vaccination, visits to
dangerous areas, exposing to dangers during
natural disasters and epidemics).
SOURCES OF RISK (Hospitality
Industry)
1. Uncertainty in financial market
2. Threats from project failures
3. Legal liabilities
4. Credit Risk
5. Accidents
6. Natural causes and disasters
7. Deliberate attack from an adversary
8. Event of uncertain or unpredictable root
cause
Accidents/Injuries (Hospitality &
Tourism Industries)
• Slip & fall
• Muscoloskeletal injuries
• Skin reactions
• Respiratory illnesses
• Food poisoning
• Elevator & Escalator accidents
03 RISK MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES
Strategies that can help to manage threats.
(Hospitality & Tourism Industries)
1. Risk acceptance
2. Risk transference
3. Risk avoidance
4. Risk reduction
Risk Acceptance - A risk is accepted with no
action taken to mitigate it. This approach will not
reduce the impact of a risk or eve prevent it from
happening, but that’s not necessarily a bad
thing. However, this approach does come with
a gamble. You will need to be sure that, if the
risk does occur in the future then you will be
able to deal with it when the time comes.
Because of this, it is best to accept risks only
when the risk has a low chance of occurring or
will have minimal impact if it does occur.
Risk Transferee - A risk is transferred via a
contract to an external party who will assume
the risk on an organization's behalf.
Choosing to transfer a risk does not entirely
eradicate it. The risk still exists, only the
responsibility for it shifts from you organization
to another.
Risk Avoidance - A risk is eliminated by not
taking any action that would mean the risk could
occur.
Risk Reduction - A risk becomes less severe
through actions taken to prevent or minimize its
impact.
RISK MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
Risk management is integrated into the
organization’s processes.
• Risk management is integrated into the
organization’s processes.
• Risk management is not separated from the
main activities and processes of the
organization; it is a part of decision-making in
every department
• Risk management is embedded into the
organization’s processes and is a part of
management’s responsibilities
Risk management is structured and
comprehensive
• Approaching risk management in a systematic
way contributes to efficiency and consistent
results within the organization as well as a
comprehension for everyone involved
• Risk management is structured with
guidelines and procedures to follow in order to
maintain productivity and efficacy.
Risk management is customized to your
organization.
• Risk management processes are not one-
size-fits-all and must be tailored to the
organization’s external and internal context in
order to reach objectives
• When the context is established in both
internal and external environments, objectives
can be captured and risk management can be
customized to the unique organization
Risk management is inclusive and
transparent.
• The involvement of stakeholders allows their
knowledge and views to be considered,
guaranteeing that risk management is relevant
and up to date
• Risk management is transparent; it is easy to
understand and doesn’t include confusing
jargon, allowing stakeholders to be included in
the framework
Risk management is dynamic, fluid, and
responsive to change.
• Context and knowledge within an organization
change constantly and should be
acknowledged as they do
• Risk management must respond to change
continually and in a timely manner to maintain
efficiency and results
• Risks emerge, change, and disappear as
internal and external events occur, so risk
management must be anticipatory
Risk management takes into consideration
the best available information.
• An organization will never have all of the
information needed, but action must be taken
when an organization has the best available
data
• Historical and current information, as well as
the limitations of these, must be taken into
account
• All known information should be available to
stakeholders
Risk management takes into account
human factors and the company culture.
• Risk management is influenced significantly
by human behavior and culture
• The organization’s capabilities, as well as the
goals of the people within and around it, must
be recognized by risk management to achieve,
or inhibit, the goals of the business
Risk management encourages and drives
continual improvement.
• Improving continually through experience
ensures the organization’s resiliency
• PDCA is a risk management process: plan,
do, check adjust. This is a cycle that keeps the
organization continually improving while factors
change over time
• Appropriately adapting to results in risk
management allows the organization to grow
exponentially in every aspect, and continue to
do so
04 RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Steps on Risk Management (The
ISO 31000 standard)
What is ISO 31000?
-ISO 31000 is an international standard for risk
management. It’s intended to help
organizations (of any industry) with their
decision making, risk analysis, and risk
treatment.
-Fundamentally, the risk management process
endeavors to identify risk and then implement a
management system to minimize the chance of
that risk occurring— or, if the risk does occur,
to minimize its harm and assure a speedy
recovery. ISO 31000 provides a framework for
organizations to assess their current risk
management processes and then make
improvements as necessary.
There are two scopes associated with risk
management. ISO 31000 describes them as:
- Risk management framework
- Risk management process
Risk Management Process - The risk
management process involves the systematic
application of policies, procedures and
practices to the activities of communicating and
consulting, establishing the context and
assessing, treating, monitoring, reviewing,
recording and reporting risk. This process is
illustrated in Figure 4.
Communication & Consultation -
The purpose of communication and
consultation is to assist relevant stakeholders in
understanding risk, the basis on which
decisions are made and the reasons why
particular actions are required.
Communication and consultation aims to:
— bring different areas of expertise together for
each step of the risk management process;
— ensure that different views are appropriately
considered when defining risk criteria and when
evaluating risks;
— provide sufficient information to facilitate risk
oversight and decision- making;
— build a sense of inclusiveness and
ownership among those affected by risk.
Scope, Context and Criteria -
The purpose of establishing the scope, the
context and criteria is to customize the risk
management process, enabling effective risk
assessment and appropriate risk treatment.
Scope, context and criteria involve defining the
scope of the process, and understanding the
external and internal context.
SCOPE
The organization should define the scope of its
risk management activities. As the risk
management process may be applied at
different levels (e.g. strategic, operational,
programmed, project, or other activities), it is
important to be clear about the scope under
consideration, the relevant objectives to be
considered and their alignment with
organizational objectives.
When planning the approach,
considerations include:
— Objectives and decisions that need to be
made;
— Outcomes expected from the steps to be
taken in the process;
— time, location, specific inclusions and
exclusions;
— appropriate risk assessment tools and
techniques;
— Resources required, responsibilities and
records to be kept;
— Relationships with other projects, processes
and activities.
EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CONTEXT
The external and internal context is the
environment in which the organization seeks to
define and achieve its objectives. The context
of the risk management process should be
established from the understanding of the
external and internal environment in which the
organization operates and should reflect the
specific environment of the activity to which the
risk management process is to be applied.
Understanding the context is important
because:
— Risk management takes place in the context
of the objectives and activities of the
organization;
— Organizational factors can be a source of
risk;
— The purpose and scope of the risk
management process may be interrelated with
the objectives of the organization as a whole.
RISK CRITERIA
The organization should specify the amount
and type of risk that it may or may not take,
relative to objectives. It should also define
criteria to evaluate the significance of risk and
to support decision making processes. Risk
criteria should be aligned with the risk
management framework and customized to the
specific purpose and scope of the activity under
consideration. Risk criteria should reflect the
organization’s values, objectives and resources
and be consistent with policies and statements
about risk management. The criteria should be
defined taking into consideration the
organization’s obligations and the views of
stakeholders. While risk criteria should be
established at the beginning of the risk
assessment process, they are dynamic
andshould be continually reviewed and
amended, if necessary.
To set risk criteria, the following should be
considered:
— The nature and type of uncertainties that can
affect outcomes and objectives (both tangible
and intangible);
— How consequences (both positive and
negative) and likelihood will be defined and
measured;
— time-related factors;
— Consistency in the use of measurements;
— How the level of risk is to be determined;
— How combinations and sequences of
multiple risks will be taken into account;
RISK ASSESSMENT - is the overall process of
risk identification, risk analysis and risk
evaluation. Risk assessment should be
conducted systematically, iteratively and
collaboratively, drawing on the knowledge and
views of stakeholders. It should use the best
available information, supplemented by further
enquiry as necessary.
RISK IDENTIFICATION
- The purpose of risk identification is to find,
recognize and describe risks that might help or
prevent an organization achieving its
objectives. Relevant, appropriate and up-to
date information is important in identifying risks.
RISK ANALYSIS - The purpose of risk analysis
is to comprehend the nature of risk and its
characteristics including, where appropriate,
the level of risk. Risk analysis involves a
detailed consideration of uncertainties, risk
sources, consequences, likelihood, events,
scenarios, controls and their effectiveness. An
event can have multiple causes and
consequences and can affect multiple
objectives.
RISK EVALUATION - The purpose of risk
evaluation is to support decisions. Risk
evaluation involves comparing the results of the
risk analysis with the established risk criteria to
determine where additional action is required.
RISK IDENTIFICATION
- The following factors, and the relationship
between these factors, should be considered:
- Tangible and intangible sources of risk;
- Causes and events;
- Threats and opportunities;
- Vulnerabilities and capabilities;
- Changes in the external and internal context;
- Indicators of emerging risks; the nature and
value of assets and resources;
- Consequences and their impact on objectives;
- Limitations of knowledge and reliability of
information;
- Time-related factors; biases, assumptions and
beliefs of those involved.
RISK ANALYSIS - Risk analysis should
consider factors such as:
• The likelihood of events and consequences;
• The nature and magnitude of consequences:
• Complexity and connectivity:
• Time-related factors and volatility:
• The effectiveness of existing controls:
• Sensitivity and confidence levels.
RISK EVALUATION - This can lead to a
decision to:
• do nothing further;
• consider risk treatment options;
• undertake further analysis to better
understand the risk;
• maintain existing controls;
• reconsider objectives.
Risk Treatment
The purpose of risk treatment is to select and
implement options for addressing risk.
Risk treatment involves an iterative process
of:
— formulating and selecting risk treatment
options;
— planning and implementing risk treatment;
— assessing the effectiveness of that
treatment;
— deciding whether the remaining risk is
acceptable;
— If not acceptable, taking further treatment
Monitoring and Review
The purpose of monitoring and review is to
assure and improve the quality and
effectiveness of process design,
implementation and outcomes. Ongoing
monitoring and periodic review of the risk
management process and its outcomes should
be a planned part of the risk management
process, with responsibilities clearly defined.
Monitoring and review should take place in all
stages of the process. Monitoring and review
includes planning, gathering and analyzing
information, recording results and providing
feedback. The results of monitoring and review
should be incorporated throughout the
organization’s performance management,
measurement and reporting activities.
Recording and Reporting
The risk management process and its
outcomes should be documented and reported
through appropriate mechanisms.
Recording and reporting aims to:
— communicate risk management activities
and outcomes across the organization;
— provide information for decision-making;
— improve risk management activities;
— assist interaction with stakeholders,
including those with responsibility and
accountability for risk management activities.
Decisions concerning the creation, retention
and handling of documented information should
take into account, but not be limited to: their
use, information sensitivity and the external and
internal context.
Reporting is an integral part of the
organization’s governance and should enhance
the quality of dialogue with stakeholders and
support top management and oversight bodies
in meeting their responsibilities.
Factors to consider for reporting include,
but are not limited to:
— differing stakeholders and their specific
information needs and requirements;
— cost, frequency and timeliness of reporting;
— Method of reporting;
— Relevance of information to organizational
objectives and decision-making.
05 POTENTIAL RISK TREATMENT
What is risk treatment?
• According to its definition,
Risk Treatment is the process of selecting and
implementing of measures to modify risk.
STEPS TO TREAT RISK
 Consider Risk Treatment Options
 Assessment criteria
 Select most appropriate options
 Prepare risk treatment plan
IDETIFICATION OF OPTIONS
Management or treatment options for risks
expected to have positive outcome include:
— Starting or continuing an activity likely to
create or maintain this positive outcome;
— modifying the likelihood of the risk, to
increase possible beneficial outcomes;
— trying to manipulate possible consequences,
to increase the expected gains;
— sharing the risk with other parties that may
contribute by providing additional resources
which could increase the likelihood of the
opportunity or the expected gains;
— retaining the residual risk. To avoid the risk
by deciding to stop, postpone, cancel, divert or
continue with an activity that may be the cause
for that risk;
— To modify the likelihood of the risk trying to
reduce or eliminate the likelihood of the
negative outcomes;
— To try modifying the consequences in a way
that will reduce losses;
— To share the risk with other parties facing the
same risk
— To retain the risk or its residual risks;
SELECTING RISK TREATMENT
OPTIONS
— Will it be acceptable to the stakeholders
(visitors)?
— Is it too complicated /difficult?
— Long-term benefits?
— How long will it take?
— Will it adversely affect tourism?
— Should others share the costs?
— Will it create new risks to tourism?
RISK TREATMENT PLANS
 Allocate Responsibilities
 Identify timelines
 Decide methods of implementation
 Establish expected outcomes
 Allocate budget
 Identify performance indicators & outside the tourism sector
milestones
APPROVAL OF ACTION PLAN
As with all relevant management processes,
initial approval is not sufficient to ensure the
effective implementation of the process.
Top management support is critical throughout
the entire life-cycle of the process. For this
reason, it is the responsibility of the Risk
Management Process Owner to keep the
organization’s executive management
continuously and properly informed and
updated, through comprehensive and regular
reporting
RISK MATRIX IDETIFICATION OF
RESIDUAL RISKS
Residual risk is a risk that remains after Risk
Management options have been identified and
action plans have been implemented. It also
includes all initially unidentified risks as well as
all risks previously identified and evaluated but
not designated for treatment at that time.
It is important for the organization’s
management and all other decision makers to
be well informed about the nature and extent of
the residual risk. For this purpose, residual risks
should always be documented and subjected to
regular monitor-and review procedures.
RISK CONTROLS Preventive Controls -
prevent undesirable events from happening.
Corrective Controls - are the next option after
it has been decided that preventive controls are
not technically feasible, operationally desirable
or cost-effective. Put in place when errors or
irregularities have been perceived.
Directive Controls – designed to ensure that a
particular outcome is achieved
Detective Controls - seek out undesirable
events after they have happened
06 RISK IDENTIFICATION AND
ISSUES NEED TO ADDRESS IN THE
RISK IDENTIFICATION
What is Risk Identification?
The initial stage of the risk management
process is systematically identifying risks facing
the organization. This step is often referred to
as risk assessment.
According to word tourism organization,
there are 4 main sources of risks in tourism
(UNWTO 2015):
o Tourism sector and the related
commercial sources
o Human and institutional environment
o Personal risk - individual travelers
o Physical risks from the environment
- natural, climatic, epidemics
ISSUES IN RISK IDENTIFICATION
What are the issues that we should raise? We
should be considered:
o Appraise who can participate in the risk
assessment from the local community;
o Compile a list of all the risks that may
arise in the event realization;
o Assess which occurrences that may
emerge are dangerous to the event;
o Rank the listed risk according to the
strength and importance of specific
event;
o Appraise which techniques and works
can prevent the occurrence of certain
risks;
o Appraise the possibilities for different
types of damage to the destination;
o Compile a list of all the risks that may
occur in the area;
o Compile a list of all the risks that may
arise in the event organization assess
the possibility for disappearing or dying
away the event due to its poor
organization and realization.
ELEMENTS AT RISK
Which elements could be affected by a crisis
impacting upon a tourist destination or
business/organization?
— Visitors
— Employees
— Services
— Facilities
— Reputation
— Economic Viability
FOLLOWING ESSENTIAL
GUIDELINES TO MANAGE THE
RISKS CONFRONTING THE
TOURISM SECTOR
- Employees in the tourism industry and local
police must secure tourists from the attacks by
local people (criminals) and other ill intended
visitors (with criminal intentions).
- Tourists can also be deceived by the
unscrupulous workers in tourism or sellers in
local stores.
- Tourists can be exposed to the impact of
natural disasters (hurricanes), catastrophes
(earthquakes volcanoes, tsunamis, etc.) and
diseases (SARS, mad cow disease, avian flu,
etc.).
- During tourism development the protection of
employees in the tourism industry must be
borne in mind. It must be taken into account that
tourism is a very demanding and intense
activity which leads to fatigue and loss of work
enthusiasm. This is unfavorable for both
employees and tourists.
- Tourism also offers a variety of challenges for
employees, where only well trained and
focused staff can resist.
- The space of a tourist destination is extremely
vulnerable. This means that the protection of a
tourist destination requires an exceptional
insight about the space and possible
devastations mad by tourism or some other
activity.
- Environmental protection of the area is a
special part of tourism destination protection.
Not only ecological, but also cultural heritage
protection must be considered.
- The protection of culture and cultural
achievements is a particular problem that
occurs in tourist destinations. In addition, the
devastation of cultural and historical
monuments, archaeological sites, ambient
units, hotel and catering industry and
infrastructure can also occur.
- Economic protection from crime extremely
important in tourist destinations. A special
problem is setting up “off-shore “companies and
money laundering, which affects local economy
and creates keeping up a distorted awareness
of the local population.
- Preserving the positive image of a tourist
destination is a must. Decades were needed to
create a tourism image of our country, and only
one incident destroy it completely.
WAYS TO IDENTIFY RISKS TO A
TOURISM DESTINATION OR
BUSINESS/ORGANIZTION
o Brainstorming
o Checking Historical
o Records
o Consulting Experts
o “What if it happened here?”
RISK IDENTIFICATION
The following factors, and the relationship
between these factors, should be considered:
- Tangible and intangible sources of risk;
- Causes and events;
- Threats and opportunities;
- Vulnerabilities and capabilities;
- Changes in the external and internal context;
- Indicators of emerging risks;
- The nature and value of assets and resources;
- Consequences and their impact on objectives;
- Limitations of knowledge and reliability of
information;
- Time-related factors;
- Biases, assumptions and beliefs of those
involved.
07 RISKS WHICH THE INDUSTRY
USUALLY FACES
1. Guest Treatment / Guest
Behavior
2. Staffing
3. Branding
4. Data Privacy
Guest Behavior/Treatment
Without guests and travelers, these businesses
wouldn’t make any money. However, guests
can also potentially be the biggest threats
– Both directly and indirectly
– To profitability
• Change in Guest Expectations
Staffing
- Staffing has always been one of the
most common problems in the
hospitality industry.
The following are some of the issues in
staffing that the hotel industry faces:
• Hiring
• Retaining Staff
• Operational Issues
Branding
- Hospitality companies rely on their
brands to drive customers.
Here are the following problems when it
comes to branding in hospitality industry:
— Change in marketing trends and dynamics
— Maintaining the online reputation
— Losing loyal customers
— The growth of local hospitality hosts and
rising competition
Data Privacy
- A lot of sensitive customer data is
processed daily, including names,
addresses, and credit card details. As
a result, the hospitality sector seems to
be an ideal target for cybercriminals
looking to carry out credit card fraud
and identity theft crimes.
08 PERSONAL HYGIENE
WHY IS PERSONAL HYGIENE
IMPORTANT?
Carrier - A carrier is a person who harbors and
discharges pathogens but does not exhibit the
disease symptoms.
Personal Hygiene - Refers to maintenance
and overall one's body and cleanliness of
clothing, thus, promoting overall health and
well-being.
Food Contamination Through
Handlers
Factors that affect microbial contamination:
— Body Location
— Age
— Hair
— Ph
— Nutrients
The following are some examples on how a
food handler can contaminate the food:
I. Having a foodborne illness;
II. Showing symptoms of an illness related to
stomach and/or intestine (gastrointestinal
illness);
III. Having infected wounds cuts (infected
lesions);
IV. Living with or are exposed person who is
sick or ill; and
V. Touching anything that contaminate their
hands to a man contaminate their hands
GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE
I. General personal cleanliness
II. Proper work attire
- Wearing a hair restraint and facial restraint if
deemed necessary
- Wearing of dean clothing or uniform daily,
- Removing of aprons when leaving food
preparation areas;
- Removing of jewelry, and
- Wearing appropriate shoes.
III. Good Hygiene Practices
o Eating and drinking policy
o Smoking policy
o Chewing of gum
o Tasting of food, and
o Reporting Illness and injury
HAND HYGIENE
I. When to wash hands
— Before starting to work with food and food
contact surfaces.
— During food preparation;
— When switching between raw foods and
ready to eat foods;
— After handling dirty food contact surfaces;
— After coughing and sneezing:
— After smoking:
— After eating and drinking:
— After touching bare human body parts, and
— After using the toilet.
II. Correct way to wash hands
— Before washing your hands, remove any
jewelry only wash your hands in sinks
designated for hand washing. Do not wash your
hands in utensil, food preparation, or service
sinks;
— Roll up sleeves and wet hands with warm
water,
— Lather with soap to covers hands and
forearms;
— Rub hands together for at least 20 seconds
make sure to wash palms, back of hands, in-
between fingers, and forearms;
— Use a fingernail brush, if provided, to dean
under fingernails and between fingers;
— Rinse hands and forearms in warm water.
Keep fingertips pointed down while rinsing:
— Dry hands with single-use paper towels or
cloth roller towel; and
— apply sanitizer.
Simple guidelines may be implemented as
follows:
• Keeping fingernails short and clean;
• Prohibiting the use of false fingernails and nail
polish; and
• Covering cuts and wounds with clean and
sanitized bandage.
III. Proper Use of an Alcohol based Hand
Sanitizer
To use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
— apply about ½ teaspoon of the product to the
palm of your hand
— Rub your hands together, covering all
surfaces of your hands, until they are dry, and
— Wash your hands if your hands are dirty as
sanitizers will not be effective.
IV. Use of Cloves Use gloves for the
following:
— Handling Ready-to-Eat (RTE) foods such as
salads and delis;
— When utensils are not suitable, mixing by
hands, and kneading; and
— Non-infected hand abrasions like simple
burns, cuts, and chapped skin.
Use gloves safety by:
— Storing/dispensing in a manner to
contamination; prevent
— prohibiting the use of damaged gloves;
— Using proper fit,
— prohibiting reuse of gloves;
— Replacing hourly or as deemed appropriate;
and
— Avoid latex gloves due to possible skin
allergy
— Reaction.
 “Readings in Philippines History”
WHAT IS HISTORY?
History was derived from the Greek word historia which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry
or investigation”.
TRIVIA: the father of history is Herodotus
What is history?
• defined as a documented record of man and his society
• History is a study of man and his achievements from the beginning of written records to the present
• Which defines it as a record of events showing the evolution of man and his society from the earliest
and from the age of barbarism to what he is today
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY?
Given are the uses of history as summarized by Foray and Salevouris (1988). Some of these are
interestingly explained by B.H. Lidedell Hart (1971).
• provides a source of personal and social identity
• Good history – corrects misleading analogies and “lessons” of the past.
• helps us understand the problems of the present
• can help one develop tolerance and open-mindedness
• helps us better understand all human behaviors and all aspects of the human condition.
• can be a source of entertainment
• provides the basic background for many disciplines. Helps us understand the problems of the
present
• can teach many critical skills.

HISTORICAL SOURCES
Primary - sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied
Secondary - sources, which were produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the
material

METHODOLOGY
External criticism
- Practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics
- Consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced
- Materials used for the evidence
Internal criticism
- Examination of the truthfulness of the evidence
- looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which
informed it, and its intended purpose, among others

Pre-Colonial Period
Type of Government
Barangay – the government system in this period is called barangay,
Datu – Leader of the barangay.
Social Structure
Tumao – noble with full royal blood.
Timawa – They are considered as the freemen.
Oripun – considered as the slaves or commoners

2 types of Oripun are:

⚫ Alipin namamahay
⚫ Alipin sagigilid

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Ferdinand Magellan – isang Portuguese navigator, na kung saan ang unang grupo ng mga
Espanyol na nakarating sa Pilipinas ay kaniyang pinangunahan noong March 1521, he first arrived at
Homonhon (now, Eastern Samar) and went to Limasawa – to held his first mass in March 31, 1521.
Miguel Lopez De Legazpi – first royal governor, he went first to cebu

Aims of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines

⚫ Spread of Christianity
⚫ Economic Wealth
⚫ Political Grandeur

Changes during the Spanish Period

⚫ They Embraced the Catholic Religion, change their names and baptized.
⚫ Built Houses made of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture.
⚫ Carriages, trains and boats are used as means of travel.
⚫ They held fiestas to honor the saints, pope and governor.
⚫ They had cockfight, horse races, and theater as means of recreation.

Social Classes
Peninsulares Chinese/Spanish Mestizos
⚫ Full blooded Spanish living in the Philippines - People with mixed racial origins and Born in Spain.
Economically sufficient.

Insulares Indios
⚫ Full blooded Spanish living in the Philippines - Person of pure Austronecian
In the Philippines and born in the Philippines (Malay/Malayo Polynesian)
As well. Ancestry natives.

Ilustrados
⚫ The Enlighted Ones
- Wealthy groups of individuals born in the
- Philippines and were able to study abroad.

Economic Condition during the Spanish Rule

The Spaniards implemented economic programs which are mainly about land ownership and taxes.
The programs are ENCOMIENDA, HACIENDA, IMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT TAXES,
GALLEON TRADE, MONOPOLY and POLO Y SERVICIOS. Encomienda
⚫ is a land ownership system with the use of titulo as proof of ownership.
⚫ The landlords are called ‘encomendero” – they are the ones who collect the taxes and rent from
the residents of their land.

Hacienda
⚫ a large ranch or plantation, designed to keep people working on a piece of land.

Taxation
⚫ To support the colony several taxes and monopolies are impose
⚫ DIRECT - Tithe is the payment of 10% of individual’s annual income to the government,
The Sanctorum, the tax being paid as support to the church.
Tribute (buwis) the tax of rent given to the landlord.
⚫ INDIRECT – tax collected was the bandala, an annual enforced sale and requisitioning of goods
such as rice, whereupon custom duties and income tax were also collected
* In 1884, tribute was replaced by cendula personal, wherein colonist was required to pay for
personal identification.
* Local gobernadorcillos is the one who’s responsible for collecting the tribute,
Force Labor (polo y servicio)
⚫ Force Labor of 40 days for men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age –who were obligated to give
personal services to the community projects.
⚫ They can be exempted to it by paying falla –a daily fine of one and half real in 1884, labor is
reduced to 15 days.

Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade

⚫ Main source of income for the colony during its early years
⚫ Service was inaugurated in 1565, and continued in the early 19th century.
⚫ Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain and silk from China by way of manila,
⚫ Trade war prosperous but neglected the development of the local industries.
The Birth of Filipino Nationalism and Propaganda Movement
Propaganda Movement – is a peaceful crusade or campaign reforms, which is organized and
participated by the illustrados, Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pillar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena,
which they are also the leader of the said propaganda movement. Rise of Propaganda Movement
⚫ It began 1872, when fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora were executed in
Luneta.
⚫ The Filipino exiles or 1872 and many patriotic students meta abroad such as in Hongkong,
Barcelona, Madrid, Paris, London and other foreign cities.

AIMS
⚫ Works of promoting the welfare and happiness of the motherlands.
⚫ Aggressively but peacefully, by means of writing and speeches, they crusaded for reforms to rectify
the evils of the Spanish colonial system.

Reforms desired by the Propaganda Movement

⚫ Equality of the Filipino and Spaniards before the laws.
⚫ Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
⚫ Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.
⚫ Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars.
⚫ Human rights for Filipino such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to meet
and petition for redress of grievances

The Propagandist
⚫ Patriots who waged their movement by means of pen and tongue to expose the defects of Spanish
rule in the Philippines and urgency of reforms to remedy them.
Marcelo H. Del Pillar Graciano Lopez Jaena
⚫ A Lawyer, freemason and a Journalist • A filipino journalist, reformist and
⚫ Beloved by the masses for his eloquent • A national hero who is well known Tagalog and fearless
defense of the poor on his newspaper La Solidaridad. Against friar abuses.
⚫The greatest orator of the propa-
⚫ In 1882 he founded the newspaper “Dyaryong ganda movement Tagalog to propagate democratic
liberal ideas
⚫In 1888, he founded the news among the farmers and people. Paper La Solidaridad in Barcelona
⚫ His known in his pen name “Plaridel” in which reforms in both in Jose Rizal religion and
government and
⚫ He is the leader of the propaganda
⚫ A polymath skilled in science and the arts propaganda movement
⚫ He paints, sketched, made sculptures and • His pen name is taga-ilog Woodcarving Mariano
Ponce
⚫ A prolific poet, essayist and novelist where his two • A physician,writer and a active
⚫ Famous work is Noli me Tangere and its sequel member of the movement El Filibusterismo one
of the founders of La Solidaridad
⚫ He used pen names Laong Laan and Dimasalang and Hispano Filipino in many of his writings.

Other Propagandist
⚫ Juan Luna • Jose Ma. Panganiban
⚫ Felix Hidalgo • Fernando Canon
⚫ Pedro Paterno • Jose Alejandrino
⚫ Antonio Luna • Isabelo Delos Reyes
⚫ Pedro Serrano Laktaw • Dominador Gomez
The Revolution
⚫ Began in 1896 and ended in 1901
⚫ its main objectives at first is to regain the country’s independence from Spain.

The Revolution begins

• After the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of Balintawak.
• August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking there is no other way, “enough is
enough.”

Causes of the Revolution

• The abuses of Spanish officials and priest.
• Persecution of the Filipino leaders who defended the right of their fellow countrymen.
• Filipinos desire to regain their independence.
• Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution.

Discovery of the Katipunan

• Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo Manila.
• He was one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the existence of
a secret society, and immediately rushed to the headquarters of the manila police.

The Cry of Pugadlawin

• The term cry referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil guards (Guards Civil).
The city could also refer to tearing up of the community tax certificates (cedulas personales) in
defiance off their allegiance to Spain.
• It was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
• Happened on August 23, 1896.
• It symbolizes the determination of the Filipino to fight for the independence even unto death.

Pack of Biak na bato

• Emilio Aguinaldo established his headquarters in Biak na Bato in the province of Bulucan.
• In July 1897, Aguinaldo established the Biak na Bato Republic and issued a proclamation stating the
following demands.
➢ Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos.
➢ Representation in the Spanish Cortes.
➢ Freedom of the press and of religion.
➢ Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipino Equality for all.

Biak na Bato Constitution

• Constitution based on the Cuban Constitution.
• Drafted by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho.
• Signed on November 1, 1897
• The constitution provided a supreme council: Emilio Aguinaldo (president) and Mariano Trias
(Vice President)

THE PHILIPPINE UNDER AMERICAN COLONIZATION

• The Spanish American War which started in Cuba, changed the history of the Philippines.
• On May 01, 1898 (5:40 am – 12 noon), the Americans led by U.S. Navy admiral George Dewey, in
participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, attack the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay. (During this time
General Emilio Aguinaldo is in Singapore for a negation with an American general “Spencer
Pratt”)
• June 12, 1898 – the Philippine declaration of independence was proclaimed in Cavite el Viejo
(present day Kawit, Cavite)
• The event saw the unfurling of the National Flag of the Philippines made in HongKong by
Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, Delfina Herbosa.
• The performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national anthem now known as Lupang
Hinirang which was composed of Julian Felipe and played by San Francisco Malabon marching
band.
• The Act of proclamation of the Philippine’s Independence was prepared, written, and prepared by
Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista.
• After the Proclamation, Apolinario Mabini became the Adviser of General Aguinaldo.
• Changed the formed of government from dictatorial to revolutionary.
• However, this declaration is opposed by the Americans who had plan of taking the colony, and led to
a guerrilla war against the Americans.
• Faced with defeat the Philippines is ceded to the United Stated by Spain in 1898 after a payment of
US dollars 20 million to Spain in accordance with the “Treaty of Paris “ending the Spanish American
War.
The Philippine American War (1898-1946)
• Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American private son patrol killed three Filipino
soldiers in San Juan, a Manila suburb.
• 126,000 American soldiers would be committed in the conflict; 4,234 Americans died as 16,000
Filipino soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of indeterminate numbers.
• Atleast 34,000 Filipinos lost their lives as a direct result of the war, and as many as 200,000 may
have died as a result of the cholera epidemic at the war’s end.
• Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army in November 1899 and ordered the establishment of the
decentralized guerilla commands in each of several military zones.
• The revolution was effectively ended with the capture (1901) of Aguinaldo by Gen. Frederick
Funston at Palanan Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila.
• Free trade is established by an Act of 1909, was expanded in 1913
• Influenced of the uselessness of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and
issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to
the war.
• However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in
Muslim south, until 1913.

U.S. COLONY
• Civil Government was established by the Americans in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first
American-Governador-General of the Philippines
• The Catholic Church was disestablished, and a substantial amount of church land was purchased
and redistributed
• Some measures of Filipino self-rule were allowed; however, an elected Filipino legislature was
established in 1907.

JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD

The Philippines under the Japanese Military
• In July 1941, the Philippine Reserve and Regular Forces joined forces with the United States Army
known as the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) placed under the command of
General MacArthur.
• The Civilian Emergency Administration was likewise organized
• The Philippines National Red Cross conducted practice evacuation drills n Manila and in other
towns.
• The first simulated blackout was conducted in Manila on July 10, 1941.

Entry of Japanese Imperial Forces

• The Philippines was still getting used to the American colonial lifestyle when the World War II
(1939-1945) broke out.
• The Japanese assault in the country was meant to cut America’s lines of communication in the
Pacific as Japan sought to expand her empire in the region.
• December 7, 1941 – the Japanese forces bombed the Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
• The Japanese also launched offensive attacks in different countries
• On that tragic day, President Theodore Roosevelt asked the US congress to declare war.
• The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to acquire the Dutch a British possessions in
Southeast Asia, which include Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
• At the down of December 8, 1941 (Ph time) the Japanese bombers under the command of General
Masaharu Homma conducted air attach in various places of the Philippines,
• In the afternoon of December 24, President Quezon together with this family and War cabinet
moved to Corregidor on December 30, 1941, President Quezon took his path of office as a President
of the Commonwealth, marking the commencement of his second term.
• December 26-General Macarthur proclaimed Manila as an open city during that time the northern
and southern armies of the USAFFE were retreating to Bataan.
• January 2, 1942 – Japanese forces had already entered Manila
• In the midst of attacks in the Philippines, President Roosevelt urged President Quezon to flee to the
United Stated, President Quezon and his family left Corregidor for Australia on February 18 on board
submarine Swordfish,
• General MacArthur left Corregidor for Australia on the night of March 11, 1942. On this day,
USAFFE was deactivated replaced by the United States Army Forces in the Philippines
(USAFIP) under Major General Wainwright.
• In April 9, Bataan under General Edward King surrendered
• Death March – began in Mariveles and Cabcaben on April 10, 1942
• The Filipino-American troops were forced to march from Bataan to San Fernando Pampanga,
• In May 6, General Wainwright decided to surrender Corregidor and the harbor parts to General
Homma through the Voice of freedom-radio
• General MacArthur radioed General Sharp that Wainwright’s decision was not valid and he ordered
Sharp to initiate guerrilla operations against the enemy forces.
• The battered Filipino and American soldiers submitted to the enemy forces
• On January 3, 1942, General Masaharu Homma announced the end of American occupation and
impose the Martial law in the country.

Japanese Occupation
• General Homma allowed the laws then in force in the Commonwealth to stay for the moment
• He ordered public officials to continue discharge their duties
• Jose B. Vargas who was then the mayor at greater Manila
• He had been instructed by President Quezon and General MacArthur to cooperate with the enemy
• Vargas ensured to have peace and order and maintained publish utilities such as water, electricity
and transportation restored.
• Vargas as the Executive Commissioner of the Central Administrative Organization of Occupied
Philippines
• Imposition of curfew from 8pm to 6am and finally from midnight to 6am from May 18 onwards
• Blackout in Bataan was lifted on May 4, 1942
• Arbitrary arrests an execution was done by kempeitai (military police) any time of the day many were
executed on mere suspicion of being with the resistance movement
• Other offenses punishable by death were arson, murder robbery, spreading rumors against the
Japanese forces cutting military lines of communication, spying and printing of anti-Japanese leaflets.
• Violation of Japanese order and laws were considered hostile acts, which meant death penalty, the
schools were again made open to public.
• Japanese language and culture were taught and disseminated.
• Worsening food crisis, the people suffered from deprivation and startvation.
• The railroad train became a common vehicle of smuggling rice to the city of Tutuban Station
• Another trade that prospered during the era was the making of fakes and forgeries
• Due to scarcity of food, medicine and basic services thousands died of malaria, malnutrition,
tuberculosis and other diseases.
• In the midst turmoil, still there were Filipinos who kept their faith in God and waited for the liberation
of the country.

Reforming the Philippine Government

• December 2, 1942 – KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) a non-political
organization was established its aim was to bring about the rapid construction of the Philippines and
the rehabilitation of the Filipino people Jose Vargas became the ex-official president and Benigno
Aquino was appointed director-general.
• October 14-inauguration of Republic of the Philippines, Laurel as the President of the Republic
• The Japanese worked for the enlistment of the Philippine into the Greater East Asia coprosperity
sphere, along range economic plan for Japanese conquered territories.

KATUNGKULANG GAWAIN NG MGA Z. LI. B.

Sinulat ni Gat Andres Bonifacio
Andres Bonifacio y De Castro
- He was born on November 30, 1863, Tondo
- He died, May 10. 1897
- His parents died when he was 14 years old
- When Jose Rizal established the La Liga Filipina in 1892, Andres Bonifacio was the first member

MORE FACTS ABOUT ANDRES BONIFACIO

- The Father of Philippine Revolutionary
- Founder of Katipunan
- President of Tagalog Republic
- Bonifacio declared Philippine Independence in 1896 in the wake of the execution of his hero and
mentor Jose Rizal.
- Andres Bonifacio composed the Decalogue (of the Duties of the Son of KKK)

SAMPUNG KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

1. Sumampalataya sa Maykapal nang taimtim sa puso.
2. Gunamgunamin sa sarili tuwina na ang matapat na pagsampalataya sa Kanya ay ang pag-ibig sa
lupang tinubuan sapagkat ito ang tunay na pag-ibig sa kapwa.
3. Ikintal sa puso ang pag-asa sa malabis na kapurihan at kapalaran na kung ikamamatay ng tao'y
magbubuhat sa pagliligtas sa kaalipinan ng bayan.
4. Sa kalamigan ng loob, katiyagaan, katuwiran at pag-asa sa ano mang gagawin nagbubuhat ang
ikagaganap ng mabuting ninanais.
5. Paingat-ingatang gaya ng puri ang mga bilin at balak ng K... K... K....
6. Sa isang nasasapanganib sa pagtupad ng kanyang tungkol, idadamay ng lahat ang buhay at
yaman upang maligtas yaon.
7. Hangarin na ang kalagayan ng isa't isa, maging huwaran ng kanyang kapwa sa mabuting
pagpapasunod at pagtupad ng kanyang tungkol.
8. Bahaginan ng makakaya ang alin mang nagdaralita.
9. Ang kasipagan sa paghahanapbuhay ay siyang tunay na pag-ibig at pagmamahal sa sarili, sa
asawa, anak at kapatid o kababayan.
10. Lubos na pagsampalataya sa parusang ilinalaan sa balang suwail at magtaksil, gayundin sa pala
na kakamtan ukol sa mabuting gawa. Sampalatayanan din naman na ang mga layong tinutungo ng
K... K... K... ay kaloob ng Maykapal, samakatwid ang hangad ng bayan ay hangad din Niya.

Katipunan
- Layunin na ang bawat kasapi nito ay kailangan madisiplina at maturuan ng doktorina
tungkol sa mga adikain ng himahgsikan KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (EMILIO JACINTO)

EMILIO JACINTO Y DIZON

- "Brain of Katipunan"
- "pingkian"
- "Dimasilaw"
- "ka llyong"
- December 15, 1875 - April 16, 1899
- Tondo Manila
- Catalina de Jesus
- San Juan de Letran College
- University of Santo Tomas
KKK (KATAAS-TAASAN, KAGALANGGALANGANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA
ANAK NG BAYAN)

THE TWO PRINCIPAL AIMS OF THE KKKAS GATHERED FROM THE WRITINGS OF
BONIFACIO.
o Unity of the Filipino People
o Separation from Spain by means of revolution
o THE 14 RULES IN KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
o THE FIRST HIGHLIGHTS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIVING LIFE WITH A PURPOSE
- A Katipunero who does not have a purpose lives are a useless life.
- This tenet actually defines what life is.
- Life is a gift given to everyone that must be treasured by making it meaningful through setting up
goals and achieving it no matter how hard it is.
o THE SECOND RULE IS ABOUT DOING WHAT IS RIGHT
- A deed carried out for the sake of fame is not worthy of praise.
- There are certain things in life that would make others proud because of you but sometimes it's done
just to be popular
- Everyone must bear in mind that doing good must be accompanied with humbleness.
- A deed that is done must be because of what someone really feels like doing to help other peopleo

THE FOURTH RULE HIGHLIGHTS EQUALITY AMONG PEOPLE

- '' Every Katipunero are treated equally no matter what race or educational background he has''
- Status and identity will never be the reason for unequal treatment of people.
o THE FIFTH SHOWS WHAT HONOR SHOULD MEAN FOR A KATIPUNERO
- ''A Katipunero values Honor more than his personal interest”
o THE SIXTH IS ABOUT DOING THE '' WALK THE WALK'' CONCEPT OR PUTTING INTO
ACTION THE WORDS THAT HAS BEEN PROMISED
- A Katipunero who has a sense of shame must be a man of his own word.
o THE SEVENTH RULE GIVES IMPORTANCE TO HOW WE MANAGE OUR TIME AND
GIVE OUR BEST LIKE TO MORROW ENDS BECAUSE TIME IS PRECIOUS AS A GOLD
- '' A Katipunero must give importance to time.
- For the Katipunan, a time lost will never be back''
o THE EIGHTH LESSON SIMPLY TELLS EVERYONE TO FIGHT FOR WHAT IS RIGHT AND
FIGHT WITH THE PERSONS WHO IS AT THE RIGHT SIDE
- A Katipunero must protect the weak and fight for those who oppress the weak
o THE NINTH IS ABOUT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRUST THAT EVERYONE MUST KNOW
HOW TO KEEP CONFIDENTIAL THINGS IN ORDER TO KEEP THE TRUST THAT OTHER
PEOPLE GIVE
- '' A Katipunero is careful with what he says and keeps the things that must be kept secret. ''
o THE TENTH PRINCIPLE IS ALL ABOUT BEING ABLE TO LEAD THE FAMILY
- A Katipunero must lead his family to the right path if the leader is consumed by evil, so does his
followers.
o THE ELEVEN HIGHLIGHTS EVERYTHING A MAN MUST LOOK AT WOMAN'S IDENTITY
- A Katipunero must give importance to woman.
- He must not see her as an object, nor part time.
- That whenever a Katipunero sees a woman, he will remember his mother who nurtured him.
- A Katipunero must not do the things that he does not want to be done by him.
o THE TWELFTH PRINCIPLE GIVES IMPORTANCE TO EVERY ACTION THAT ONE HAS
TO MAKE
- A Katipunero must not do the things that he does not want to be done by him.
o THE THIRTEENTH RULE IS ABOUT ONE'S KNOWLEDGE ON HOW TO HAVE ARIGHT
CHARACTER IN DEALING WITH LIFE
- A Katipuneros' life is not measured by what is his status in life nor with the things he possess.
- Instead, it is in his character and his love for the native land
o THE LAST SHOWS THE IDEA OF THE AUTHOR'S DESIRE
- It emphasizes the hope he has for everyone and believes that every sacrifice that a Katipunero
make will always be worth it.

IMPORTANCE OF KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN IT COVERS:

- Moral values
- Certain norms
- Principle
- Guide for all the katipuneros
- On the time-being spanish
- Colonial
Jacinto also defined the true diety (kabanalan) as charity, love for one another, deeds and speech
guided by judicious reason.

CONTAINS GUIDES AND LAWS

• Jacinto point out that katipuneros should be fair and just no matter what race you came from and
what gender you have. And well as unfairly treat of woman should not be practiced.

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN BEEN ABLE TO:

• Help Katipuneros to reflect themselves.
• Put a good mark on our history.
• Leaving us the word KATIPUNERO IDEOLOGY.
• Leaving a good moral character and shaping ourselves to mold a better world.MORAL AND
INTELLECTUAL FOUNDATION OF EVERY KATIPUNEROS
• Upon joining the Katipunan, members were required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its code of
conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted was paramount to the early
Katipuneros.
BUILT ON THE IDEOLIGICAL AND POLITICAL FOUNDATION
• It is not only an organization that sprung fully formed among the masa, nor were they an
organization that operated independently of contemporaries and predecessors
IT TEACHES PATIENCE
• Understanding context helps explain the how’s and why’s of development on a local and national
level.
The Kartilya ng Katipunan was an important part of the organization. It was what gave rise to
the Katipunan. The Kartilya's rules and ideologies became the guiding principles of the
Katipuneros while fighting for the country's independence. The kartilya emphasizes patriotism,
love of one's fellowmen, and the importance of honor and dignity through virtuous living. It
also implies that it is the internal capabilities of humans that determine their greatness, rather
than their external capabilities.

EL VERDADERO DECALOGO by Apolinario Mabini

Who is APOLINARIO MABINI?
• Born: July 23, 1864
• Previous offices: Prime Minister of the Philippines (1899-1899), Secretary of Foreign Affairs of
Philippines (1899-1899)
• Apolinario Mabini y Maranan was a Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman
• He is regarded as the "utak ng himagsikan or "brain of the revolution" Filipino theoretician and
spokesman of the Philippine Revolution
What is EL VERDADERO DECALOGO
• Expounding on the ideals that he believed the Philippine Revolution should have had, he wrote
"El Verdadero Decalogo" (The True Decalogue) in May 1898. Aguinaldo authorized its continued
publication, together with Mabini's proposed constitution.THE DECALOGUE
First
- Love God and your honor over all things; God, as the source of all truth, all justice, and all activity;
your honor, the only power that obliges you to be truthful, just and industrious.
Second
- Worship God in the form that your conscience deems most upright and fitting, because it is through
your conscience that God speaks to you, reproaching you for your misdeeds and applauding you your
good deeds.
Third
- Develop the special talents that God has given you, working and studying according to your
capabilities, never straying from the path of good and justice, in order to achieve your own perfection,
and by this means you will contribute to the progress of humanity:" thus you will accomplish the
mission that God himself has given you in this life, and achieving this, you will have honor, and having
honor, you will be glorifying God.
Fourth
- Love your country after God and your honor, and more than you love yourself, because your country
is the only paradise that God has given you in this life; the only patrimony of your race; the only
inheritance from your ancestors; and the only future of your descendants: because of your country
you have life, love and interests; happiness, honor and God.
Fifth
- Strive for the happiness of your country before your own, making her the reigning influence for
reason, justice and work; if your country is happy, you and your family will also be happy.
Sixth
- Strive for the independence of your country, because you alone can have a real interest in her
aggrandizement and ennoblement, since her independence will mean your own freedom, her
aggrandizement your own perfection, and her ennoblement your own glory and immortality.
Seventh
- In your country, do not recognize the authority of any person who has not been elected by you and
your compatriots, because all authority comes from God, and as God speaks to the conscience of
each individual, the person chosen and proclaimed by the consciences of all the individuals of a whole
town is the only one that can exercise real authority.
Eighth
- Strive that your country be constituted as a republic, and never as a monarchy: a monarchy
empowers one or several families and lays the foundation for a dynasty; a republic ennobles and
dignifies a country based on reason, it is great because of its freedom, and is made prosperous and
brilliant by dint of work.
Ninth
- Love your neighbor as you love yourself, because God has imposed on him and on you the
obligation to help one another, and has dictated that he does not do unto you what he does not want
you to do unto him; but if your neighbor is remiss in this sacred duty and makes an attempt on your
life, your freedom and your properties, then you should destroy him and crush him, because the
supreme law of self - preservation must prevail.
Tenth
- Always look on your countryman as more than a neighbor: you will find in him a friend, a brother and
at least the companion to whom you are tied by only one destiny, by the same happiness and
sorrows, and by the same aspirations and interests

What is the purpose of EL VERDADERO DECALOGO

• In May 1898 or before Philippine independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Apolinario Mabini-
"Sublime Paralytic," Philippine revolutionary leader, and first Secretary of Foreign Affairs wrote "El
Verdadero Decalogo" to spell out the ideals that he believed the Philippine revolution should possess.

ANG SAMPUNG TAGUBILIN O ARAL IN GREGORIA DE JESUS

Who is GREGORIA DE JESUS? (Sino si Gregoria de Jesus)
• Gregoria Alvarez de Jesus also known by her nickname “Oriang”, was the founder and vice
president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines.
• Gregoria born on the 9th of May in the town of Caloocan in the province of manila and died on the
15th of March 1943 at the age of 67 years old.
• Her resting place is in Manila North Cemetery
What did GREGORIA DE JESUS CONTRIBUTE TO THE KATIPUNAN? (Ano ang mga naiambag
ni Gregoria de Jesus sa Katipunan?)
• Gregoria de Jesus started the Katipunan Woman Chapter led by Josefa Rizal. She was called
"Lakambini" (Princess) of the assembly and was entrusted with the custody of the assembly's
documents, including seals, tools and revolvers.
• He also sewed, together with Benita Javier, the first flag of the association consisting of red cloth
with three white horizontal letters K.
• He learned to shoot and ride a horse to become a good warrior. When the 1896 Uprising broke out,
he was with his wife in Balintawak in the mountains.How was GREGORIA DE JESUS KNOWN?
(Paano nakilala si Gregoria de Jesus?)
• Gregoria de Jesus was one of the main heroes of the Philippine revolution in 1896.
• She married Andres Bonifacio at the age of eighteen and later joined the Katipunan.
• She is known as "Ina ng Katipunan", "Ina ng Himagsikan" and Lakambini ng Katipunan.
• Gregoria de Jesus is the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan of the
Philippines.

ANG SAMPUNG TAGUBILIN O ARAL NI GREGORIA DE JESUS (THE TEN ADVICE FOR
YOUTH OF GREGORIA DE JESUS)
1. Igalang at mahalin ang magulang pagka’t ito ang panga1awang Dios sa lupa. (Respect and
loveyour parents because they are next to God on earth.)
2. Alalahanin tuwina ang mga banal na aral ng mga bayani na nasawi dahil sa pag-ibig sa bayan.
(Remember always the sacred teachings of our heroes who sacrificed their lives for love of
country.)
3. Huwag magaksaya ng panahon ng di pamarisan. (Do not waste time so as not to serve as a bad
example for others.)
4. Pagsikapang magkaroon ng anomang karunugnan na tumutugon sa kanyang hilig upang
pakinabagnan ng bayan. (Acquire knowledge diligently in the line or field of work for which you
are best fitted so that you can be useful to your country.)
5. Ang kabaitan ay alalahaning isang malaking kayamanan. (Remember that goodness is wealth.)
6. Igalang ang mga gurong nagpapamulat ng isip pagka’t kung utang sa magulang ang pagiging tao
ay utang naman sa nagturo ang pagpapakatao. (Respect your teachers who help you to see and
understand, for you owe them your education as you owe your parents your life)
7. Iligtas ang api sa panganib. (Protect the weak from danger.)
8. Matakot sa kasaysayan pagka’t walang lihim na di nahahayag. (Fear history, for it respects no
secrets.)
9. Kapag napagingatan ang kasamaan ay doon manggagaling ang malaking karangalan. (Great
honor will be his who avoids doing evil.)
10. Sikapin ang ikapagkakaisa ng lahat at ikauunlad ng bayan upang huwag magkaroon ng sagabal
ang kasarinlan. (Promote the union of the people and the country’s progress in order not to
retard its independence.)
MACRO
THE MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF
TOURISM
The Relationship of Tourism and Hospitality
The relationship of tourism and hospitality
considered as a network. The tourism and
hospitality industries strongly affect one
another.
Components
✓food and beverage services
✓lodging services
✓recreation services
✓travel-related (tourism) services
The Food and Beverage Component
There must be food service available to them
for breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks.
The Lodging Component
Accommodation for a period or a place to
sleep for one or more nights. Lodging involves
providing overnight or even long term services
to guests.
In other countries, there are lodging
establishments
Parador – Spanish monistery. The theme is old
Spanish.
Pension or Pensione - Old Italian home
Chateau – Old French home
Ryokan – Japanese set-up
Recreation and Entertainment
Component
Entertainment originated from the traditional
duties of a host to entertain his or her guests,
whether they are neighbors or travelers from
other places.
Travel and Tourism Component
Travel and tourism are used together as an
umbrella term to refer to those businesses that
provide primary services to travelers.
Definition of Tourism
The commercial organization and operation of
vacations and visits to places of interest.
According to Professors Hunziker and Krapf of
Berne University, Switzerland. They defined
tourism as the “sum of the phenomena and
relationship arising from the travel and stay of
nonresidents, insofar as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected to
any earning activity.”
Definition of Hospitality
The friendly and generous reception and
entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.
The word “hospitality” is derived from the
Latin word hospitare, which means “to receive
as a guest.”
Meaning of Tourist
“A tourist is a person who visits a country other
than that in which he or she usually resides for
a period of at least 24 hours.”
Excursionists - Temporary visitors staying
less than 24 hours in the destination visited
and not making an overnight stay, including
cruise travelers, but excluding travelers in
transit.
Elements of Travel
DISTANCE- A trip is defined as “each time a
person goes to a place at least 100 miles away
from home and returns.”
LENGTH OF STAY AT THE DESTINATION -
defining travelers is the length of stay at a
destination. The definition of tourists and
excursionists as proposed by the WTO is
largely based on length of stay.
RESIDENCE OF THE TRAVEL- the residence
or origin of the traveler. For business and
research purposes, it is important to know
where people live.
PURPOSE OF TRAVEL- It can be divided into
seven: 1.Visiting friends and relatives;
2. Conventions, seminars, and meetings; 3.
Business; 4. Outdoor recreation- hunting,
fishing, boating, and camping; 5.
Entertainment-sightseeing, theater, and sports;
6. Personal- family, medical, funeral, wedding;
and 7. Others. The Nature of a Tour
✓ Domestic tourism refers to travel taken
exclusively within the national boundaries of the
traveler’s country.
✓ International tourism involves the
movement of people across international
boundaries.
A package tour, sometimes called inclusive
tour, is an arrangement in which transport and
accommodation is brought by the tourists at an
all-inclusive price and the price of the individual
elements cannot be determined by the tourist.
An independent tour is an arrangement in
which the tourist buys these facilities
separately, either making reservations in
advance through a travel agent or en route
during his or her tour.
The Tourist Product is a combination of what
the tourist does at the destination and the
services he or she uses during his or her stay.
Characteristics of a Tourist Product:
✓It is a service
✓It is largely psychological
✓It tends to vary in standard and quality over
time
✓The supply of the products is fixed
The tourist destination is a geographical unit
where the tourist visits and stays.
A site attraction is one in which the destination
itself has appeal, while an event attraction is
one in which tourist are drawn to the destination
solely because of what is taking place there.
Importance of Tourism and Hospitality
✓ Contribution to the balance of payments.
Tourism and hospitality can help correct the
balance of payments and deficits of many
countries by earning the much needed foreign
currency in international trade.
✓ Dispersion of development.
International tourism and hospitality is the best
means to spread wealth among countries; thus,
bridging the economic gap between the rich
and the poor nations.
✓ Employment opportunities. Tourism and
hospitality is a source of employment.
✓ Social benefits. Social exchange takes
place when tourists come in contact with the
inhabitants of the places they visit.
✓ Cultural enrichment. Tourism and
hospitality emphasizes a sharing and
appreciation of cultures rather than the lack of
trust brought about by isolation.
✓Educational significance. Tourism and
hospitality enhances one’s educational
international conferences, seminars, and study
trips held each year enable people of all nations
to exchange ideas, propose solutions to
problems, and share their concerns.
✓A vital force for peace. A properly designed
and development tourism and hospitality can
help bridge the psychological and cultural
distances that separate people of different
races, colors, religions, and stages of social
and economic development.
TOURISM NETWORK AND SUPPLY
COMPONENT
Tourism and Hospitality Component
Tourism and Hospitality Supply
Components
• Natural resources
• Infrastructure • Superstructure
• Transportation and transportation equipment
• Hospitality resources
Natural resources
The natural resources of a destination area
provide and excellent asset to sell to tourists.
The physical characteristics of an area can be
generalized as natural scenery, climate, and
environment. The greater the variety and
uniqueness of the scenery, the more appealing
it is.
Infrastructure
Water. Sufficient quantity of pure water is
essential. A typical resort requires 350-to
400 gallons of water per room per day.
Power. The important things to consider are
that adequate supply of power is available to
meet the peak load requirements, that
continuity of service is assumed, and that the
type of power supplies is compatible with that
used by the target markers of the destination.
Communication. It is necessary that the
telephone and/or telegraph service is available.
Network signals as well as internet services are
also mandatory these days.
Sewage/drainage. Sewer demand is often at
90% of domestic water demand. Although
water sewage reservoir and sewage treatment
plants can be designed based on maximum
average demand.
Healthcare. The type of healthcare facilities
provided will depend on the number of visitors
expected, their ages, the type of activities in
which they will engage, and local geographical
factors.
Streets/highways. The availability of first class
roads adds greatly to the accessibility of a
region.
Hospitality resources refer to the general
feeling of being welcomed, that the visitors
receive while visiting the destination.
Hospitality resources can be improved by
training tourism and hospitality personnel to be
hospitable to encourage positive feelings
toward tourism and hospitality and tourists by
the general public.
Hospitality training aims to motivate service
providers to be hospitable in dealing with
tourists. It is assumed that providing more
hospitable services will result to a more
satisfied tourist who will be inclined to return
and advertise to other potential tourist through
word of mouth.
Sector of Tourism Industry Accommodation
is supplied for convenience or to satisfy a need
such as lodging, food, and services or traveling
space and related services.
Types of Accommodation
a. Hotel – and establishment providing
accommodations, meals, and other services for
travelers and tourists.
b. Motel – a roadside hotel for motorists,
usually having direct access from each room or
chalet to a parking space or garage.
c. Bed and Breakfast – accommodation
providing room and breakfast.
d. Farm House – a house attached to a farm,
especially, the main house in which the famer
lives.
e. Resorts - a place that is a popular
destination for vacations or recreation, or which
is frequented for a particular purpose.
f. Spas - a commercial establishment offering
health and beauty treatment through such
means as steam baths, exercise equipment,
and massage.
g. Privately owned housing or homestay
- is a popular form of hospitality and lodging
whereby visitors share a residence with a local
of the city to which they are traveling.
h. Condos - a large property complex
comprised of individual units, and each unit is
owned separately. Rental of units is popular
now through Airbnb.
Adventure Tourism and Recreation –
Clients request active, recreational activity
experiences or travel adventures where they
can learn about nature and/or culture are
driving the growth.
Two Categories:
a. Hard Adventure – involves some risk and
requires strenuous physical exertion on the part
of the participant. Examples: Mountaineering,
trekking, spelunking, bungee jumping, rock
climbing, scuba diving, etc.
b. Soft Adventure – is less risky, less
strenuous, and requires little to no participation.
Examples: Wildlife viewing, cultural walks,
nature studies, wineries visit, etc.
Attraction and Activities – All destinations
require features that will attract tourists to
come, see, and experience. They can range
from physical features, beauty of mountains, to
quality of a beach, to activities, such as jet
boating down a river or shopping and
entertainment.
a. Natural Attraction – the physical
characteristics of an area can be generalized as
natural scenery, climate, and environment.
Many of these areas have been given a status
to protect their environment and provide
facilities so that the public are able to enjoy the
sights.
b. Events Attraction - are also attractions that
bring in lots of tourists to the area. These are
attractions such as small events like the
Blackpool Illuminations or huge events like the
Olympics and the Paralympics.
• Food and Beverages - Food and beverage
service is the provision of food and beverage to
persons outside of their homes. Examples are
restaurant, lounge, coffee shop, room service,
banquet service, and bar, outside catering
service.
• Tourism Services – These are made up of
the organizations, associations, government
agencies, and companies that specializes in
serving the needs of the tourism industry.
✓ National Tourism Office (NTO)
✓ Destination Marketing Organization
✓ Tourist Organization
Transportation – tourism industry needs
transport to take tourists from one place to
another because the aim of the tourist is to
reach the destination. There are different
modes of transportation which consists of air,
rail, water, and road. Hence tourists have a
choice to choose which one of the transports is
suitable for them. Tourists may look at the
following factors in choosing which mode of
transport – speed, safety, price, and
convenience.
–Water
–Air
–Land
Travel Trade - It support the booking and sales
in other sectors. People who work in the travel
trade make reservations for accommodations,
tours, transportations, food and beverage
and/or attractions.
a. Tour Operators - are wholesalers who make
the necessary contacts with hotels, airlines, and
other providers of travel services and devise
packages which will appeal to retail buyers.
b. Travel Agencies – Private retailer that sells
travel services that are assembled by others
into “packages.” In the travel business, a
package is a bundle of related travel services
offered to a buyer at a single price.
SECTORS OF HOSPITALITY
INDUSTRY
Accommodation The demand for
accommodations varies according to the price
the guests are willing to pay, services required,
and similar considerations.
Hotel Classifications There are different ways
of classifying hotels. One way is by location,
such as city center, suburban, airport, highway,
and resorts. Among other way is by type of
guests, Such as commercial, convention, and
resort.
A star rating system is often used to classify
hotels in Europe and other parts of the world
outside the United States. Stars are assigned
according to the quality of restaurants, rooms,
amenities, and service. The highest is the five-
star hotel and the lowest is the one-star hotel.
Other classifications are deluxe, first-class,
standard, and economy.
Food and Beverages
Food and beverage sector reigns supreme in
the industry. And it can range from something
as simple as a bistro all the way to a high-end
restaurant and every catering establishment in
between. More of the tourist dollar spent on
food and beverage than on any other service.
Countries which are the highest in per capita
eating place and sales are also top tourist
countries.
Sectors of Food Service Industry
Full Service – establishments with relatively
broad menu along with table, counter and/or
booth service and wait staff.
Commercial restaurants operate for-profit
basis.
Bistro - A small establishment with check
tablecloths, bentwood chairs, cluttered decor,
and friendly informal staff. Offers honest basic
and robust cooking.
Coffee shop - Some coffee shops open all day
and serve all meal types from breakfast through
supper.
Specialty Restaurant - Serves a specific kind
of meal. For example, pancakes or desserts.
Targeted at a certain group of people. Food
prices may be more expensive because it’s
specially catered meals.
Wine bar - Often a mixture of bar and
Brasserie-style operations. Commonly wine
themed serving a variety of foods.
Limited Service – establishments whose
patrons generally order or select items and pay
before eating. Food and drink may be
consumed on premises, taken out or delivered
to customers’ locations.
Popular catering and fast-food outlets -
developed from table service tea shops and
cafes through to steakhouses, and now
incorporating snack bars kiosks, then diners,
takeaways, and cafeterias, with modern-day
burgers chicken and fish concepts, and with
ethnic foods also being incorporated. Meeting
the needs of all-day meal taking and the need
for ‘grab and go’ service, especially for the
leisure, industrial and travelling markets.
Public house - Licensed environment primarily
for drinking alcoholic beverages.
Simply a serving bar with standing room for
customers or more plush surroundings
incorporating the offer of a variety of foods.
Ranges from simple plated dishes through to
establishments offering full restaurant service
(sometimes called gastropubs).
Food Court - Primarily self-service with
customers choosing selection from a counter or
counters in varying designs and layouts.
Offered at a cheap price. Limited menu.
Travel and Tourism
Tourism is the act of traveling to a different
location for either business or pleasure for more
than one consecutive year while travel refers to
moving from one location to another. It can be
long-distance, short distance, overseas or
domestic travel and can cover a wide variety of
different travel purposes. The travel and
tourism industry are one of the biggest and
fastest- growing industries in the world in the
hospitality. Travel and tourism are not only
confined to leisure and travel for fun. People
travel across the globe for different purposes
which include business, education,
entertainment, holidays and many other things
Entertainment and Gaming
Entertainment sector provides recreational
activities that is a significant part of traveling
these days. These includes activities that take
away people's stress basically come from work
or school and give them properly amusement to
relax. Some activities which can elevate your
experiences when it comes to entertainment
are:
a. Marinas – these are one of the most popular
places to go when it comes to partying. You can
get along with your friends on a private yacht
where you can dance, play games, and enjoy.
b. Sports and gaming – a basic activity which
people look for on their travel. As a result,
casinos, swimming pools, and other similar
activities are becoming an indispensable part of
the hospitality sector.
c. Cruise – apart from marinas, cruise services
are also becoming an essential component of
the hospitality industry. Now, people like to
spend their days on luxury ships.
Timeshare An emerging yet vastly important
sector of hospitality industry is vacation
ownership of a place. In this scheme, people,
either individuals or parties, own the rights to a
place for a specific time period during the year.
Timeshare was included in the list because of
the raised interest of hospitality enthusiast for
this sector. Timeshare gives an option to own
each person’s choice and to enjoy facilities by
either buying a part of a facility or getting into a
membership plan.
MULTIPLIER EFFECT ON TOURISM
INDUSTRY
Tourism as the World’s Largest Industry
Multiplier effect refers to the resulting effect of a
service, product or amenity creating further
wealth or positive effects in an area. Income
from tourism and hospitality both from local
and international activities are injected into
the local economy. A dollar from tourism is a
dollar injected into the economy. A percentage
of this new dollar is spent in the community by
the recipient and this dollar is spent and
re spent creating a multiplier effect.
Benefits of Tourism
✓ Foreign Exchange Earnings – The export
and import of all related income to the host
country.
✓ Employment Generation - In the tourism,
hospitality, and recreation industries alone,
there are 50 categories of employment and
approximately 200 classifications. The industry
creates local jobs and business opportunities.
✓ Contribution to the Government Revenue
– Governmentrevenues from the tourism sector
can be categorized as:
a. Direct Contribution – derived from taxes on
incomes from tourists
b. Indirect Contribution – derived from the
taxes and duties on goods and services
supplied to tourists.
✓ Stimulation of Infrastructure Investment –
creating roads, parks, highways, other public
spaces, and public transport network.
✓ Diversification – Making the economy less
reliant on traditional industry (eg. agriculture,
mining, etc)
✓ Preservation of the Environment and
Heritage – The need for proper management
and through effective policies and planning, can
ensure that the environment, heritage, and
inherent character of an area are preserved.
✓ Catalyst for Residential Development – In
many places, visitors who have initially travelled
to particular areas as tourism, have relocated to
those areas to become resident and acquire a
better quality of life.
✓ Broader Social Outlook – The opportunity
for residents to interact with other people and
cultures and bring new ideas into the
community. Community identity and pride can
also be generated through tourism activity in a
region.
Impacts of Tourism to the Economy
Economic Leakages
Leakages are generally created by foreign
ownership, interest payment on foreign loans
and the payment of the franchise and
management fees to foreign companies.
▪ If outside interests own the tourism
development, most of the economic benefits
will leave the community. ▪ Considerable
amount of foreign exchange revenues leaks
back out of the destination countries for
tourism-related imports.
Impacts of Tourism to the Economy
Environmental Benefits
Tourism particularly ecotourism, can place a
greater focus of the conservation of natural
resources through the recognition of its
importance to visitor experiences and their
economic value to the local community.
Tourism provides a substantial proportion of
money that supports our heritage and culture
and is one of the main focuses for economic
regeneration in many areas
- Conservation of important natural areas
- Biological conservation
- Improvement and enhancement of
environmental quality
- Increase environmental awareness
Impacts of Tourism to the Environment
There is a strain in resources such as energy,
water, and food, which are already scarce.
However, tourism-environment relationships
are not just fundamentals but also highly
complex. There is a mutual dependence
between the two that has been described as
‘symbolic’. In simple terms, this means that
since tourism benefits from being in good
quality environments, those same
environments benefit widely from measures of
protection aimed at maintaining their value as
focus resources.
Impacts of Tourism to the Environment
Negative Impacts
• Biodiversity effect – killing of animals for
leisure (hunting) or to supply souvenir trade
• Resource base – depletion of ground and
surface water
• Pollution – all types of pollution
TOURISM NETWORK AND SUPPLY
COMPONENT
Tourism and Hospitality Supply
Components
• Natural resources
• Infrastructure
• Superstructure
• Transportation and transportation equipment
• Hospitality resources
Tourism and Hospitality Supply
Components
• Natural resources
The natural resources of a destination area
provide and excellent asset to sell to tourists.
The physical characteristics of an area can be
generalized as natural scenery, climate, and
environment. The greater the variety and
uniqueness of the scenery, the more appealing
it is.
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• Water. Sufficient quantity of pure water is
essential. A typical resort requires 350-to 400
gallons of water per room per day.
• Power. The important things to consider are
that adequate supply of power is available to
meet the peak load requirements, that
continuity of service is assumed, and that the
type of power supplies is compatible with that
used by the target markers of the destination.
• Communication. It is necessary that the
telephone and/or telegraph service is available.
• Sewage/drainage. Sewer demand is often at
90% of domestic water demand. Although
water sewage reservoir and sewage treatment
plants can be designed based on maximum • Accommodation – Accommodation is
average demand. supplied for convenience or to satisfy a need
• Healthcare. The type of healthcare facilities such as lodging, food, and services or traveling
provided will depend on the number of visitors space and related services.
expected, their ages, the type of activities in
which they will engage, and local geographical Types of Accommodation
factors. a. Hotel – and establishment providing
• Streets/highways. The availability of first accommodations, meals, and other services for
class roads adds greatly to the accessibility of travelers and tourists.
a region. b. Motel – a roadside hotel for motorists,
usually having direct access from each room or
Category 1 chalet to a parking space or garage.
- Direct Providers to Travelers c. Bed and Breakfast – accommodation
Direct Providers providing room and breakfast.
• Travel agency d. Farm House – a house attached to a farm,
• Hotel especially, the main house in which the famer
• Retail Shop lives.
• Restaurants e. Resorts - a place that is a popular
• Airlines destination for vacations or recreation, or which
• Ground Transportation is frequented for a particular purpose.
f. Spas - a commercial establishment offering
Category 2 health and beauty treatment through such
- Supports services directly to the means as steam baths, exercise equipment,
Direct Provides in Category 1 and massage.
- Support the Services Indirectly to Travelers g. Privately owned housing or homestay - is
Support Services a popular form of hospitality and lodging
• Contract Food Service whereby visitors share a residence with a local
• Contact Laundry of the city to which they are traveling.
• Food Supplier h. Condos - a large property complex
• Tour Organizers comprised of individual units, and each unit is
• Travel Publication owned separately. Rental of units is popular
• Direct Providers now through Airbnb.
• Adventure Tourism and Recreation –
Category 3 Clients request active, recreational activity
- Tourism Development experiences or travel adventures where they
Organization Affect Directly and can learn about nature and/or culture are
Indirectly Direct services, Support driving the growth.
Service and Traveler.
Tourism and Development Two Categories:
Organization A. Hard Adventure – involves some risk and
• Planners requires strenuous physical exertion on the part
• Government Agencies of the participant. Examples: Mountaineering,
• Financial Education and trekking, spelunking, bungee jumping, rock
Vocation Training climbing, scuba diving, etc.
• Institution b. Soft Adventure – is less risky, less
strenuous, and requires little to no participation.
Hospitality Resources Examples:
Refer to the general feeling of being welcomed, Wildlife viewing, cultural walks, nature studies,
that the visitors receive while visiting the wineries visit, etc.
destination. It is the way that the tourist services • Attraction and Activities – All destinations
are delivered by service providers, as well as require features that will attract tourists to
the general feeling of warmth from the local come, see, and experience. They can range
population. from physical features, beauty of mountains, to
Hospitality training- aims to motivate service quality of a beach, to activities, such as jet
providers to be hospitable in dealing with boating down a river or shopping and
tourists. Providing more hospitable services will entertainment.
result to a more satisfied tourist who will be
inclined to return and advertise to other
potential tourist through word of mouth.
Sector of Tourism Industry
a. Natural Attraction
– The physical characteristics of an area can be
generalized as natural scenery, climate, and
environment.
b. Events Attraction - are also attractions that
bring in lots of tourists to the area. These are
attractions such as small events like the
Blackpool Illuminations or huge events like the
Olympics and the Paralympics.Sector of
Tourism Industry
• Food and Beverages - Food and beverage
service is the provision of food and beverage to
persons outside of their homes. Examples are
restaurant, lounge, coffee shop, room service,
banquet service, and bar, outside catering
service.
• Tourism Services – These are made up of
the organizations, associations, government
agencies, and companies that specializes in
serving the needs of the tourism industry.
✓National Tourism Office (NTO)
✓Destination Marketing Organization
✓Tourist Organization
Sector of Tourism Industry
• Transportation – tourism industry needs
transport to take tourists from one place to
another because the aim of the tourist is to
reach the destination. There are different
modes of transportation which consists of air,
rail, water, and road. Tourists may look at the
following factors in choosing which mode of
transport – speed, safety, price, and
convenience.
Sector of Tourism Industry
• Travel Trade - It support the booking and
sales in other sectors. People who work in the
travel trade make reservations for
accommodations, tours, transportations, food
and beverage and/or attractions.
a. Tour Operators - are wholesalers who make
the necessary contacts with hotels, airlines, and
other providers of travel services and devise
packages which will appeal to retail buyers.
b. Travel Agencies – Private retailer that sells
travel services that are assembled by others
into “packages.” In the travel business, a
package is a bundle of related travel services
offered to a buyer at a single price.