University of San Jose- Recoletos

Effective Communication
and Public Speaking

Mr. Emerson B. Aller, LPT, MAEd. English

 Enduring Questions
What is communication?
Why is Effective Communication
important?
What is the importance of knowing
the models of communication?
How effective are you as a
communicator?
COMMUNICATION
 Understanding the Concept of
Communication

Speech or Oral Communication generally

refers to the process of transmitting mental
intentions and meanings through the use of
symbols encoded through structurally repeated
human sounds.
 COMMUNICATION

a transaction in which the

participants are mutually engaged in
the process of creating meaning.
 COMMUNICATION

the transmission of messages

via verbal and non-verbal cues.
 It is through communication that we can
relate to others, share feelings , express
opinions , affirm or negate ideas , question ,
tease , transact , explain , complain , describe,
instruct , crack a joke , make friends , show love
and many more .
These activities express
the essence of our human
existence, our quality of
life as social specie.
Views on Communication

Connects Starts
People Relationships
 Communication Process

Transmitting Listening Perceiving Reacting

 Transmitting
comprehensibility

Communication is only established once both source and the

receiver understand the same information.

When we encode information, we make it sure that receivers

comprehend exactly what we want them to understand.

Great communicators are great encoders!

 FORMS OF TRANSMITTING

NON-VERBAL VERBAL WRITTEN

•What does a • Propriety in the • letters
wink mean? use of speech • correspondence
• What lies behind a •What to say at the
Filipino smile? right time and place
• KINESICS and meaning, what
you say honestly
• PROXEMICS and sincerely
 DECODING

Listening takes place!

Interpreting messages
Perceiving

Reacting/Responses
The Components of Communication

source/
sender context

Decoder/
feedback
receiver

message channel
DIMENSIONS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

SELF

One to
one

GROUP

Inter-group

Public
speaking
LEVELS OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
Gut- Level
Feeling
Idea
Gossip
Cliché
 REMEMBER:
In the management of any human
endeavor, effective communication or EFCOM
is a ‘MUST’.

INUMERABLE
BOTTLENECK TRANSLATES INPUTS

MEANINGFUL
OUTPUTS

Helps man actualize his ideas, express his

values, and grow in his chosen career or
profession.
-Humans spend 70 percent of our communication
time as speakers.

-Nowadays managers and human resource specialists

(including hospitals) look for perspectives who are
not only academically qualified, hardworking, and
with pleasing personality, but also one who is
communicatively competent in the English Language.

Remember!
Generally, the most successful people on
schools, offices, hospitals and hotels,
and other industries are those who have
excellent communication skills.
 BARRIERS
There are three levels at which communication takes place
1. Noticing is done with the senses, and is at the physical level
2. Understanding is at the level of intelligence
3. Acceptance is at the emotional level

Anything that hinders the process of communication at any of

these levels is a barrier to communication

Barriers to communication can be defined as the aspects or

conditions that interfere with effective exchange of ideas or
thoughts.
 FACTORS

Environmental

Technological Misinterpretation
Organizational Fear
External Noise Stress
Emotions Negative Self Image
Distance

Personal Interests
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
Faulty Organizational Structure

Physical barriers are mostly external forces.

 Large working area
 Closed office doors
 Separate areas for people of different status
It forbids team member from effective interaction with each other.
 Noise

 Physical noise (outside disturbance)

 Psychological noise (inattentiveness)
 Written noise (bad handwriting/typing)
 Visual noise (late arrival of employees)
 Time and Distance

 Improper Time
 Defects in Medium of communication
 Network Facilities
 Mechanical Breakdowns
 Information Overload

 Piling up of tasks due to improper time

management.
 Excess number of people assigned for same
task
 Work overload/Information duplication.
PERCEPTUAL BARRIERS
 PERCEPTUAL BARRIER

 The challenges of the communicator to

convey the meaning. These may refer to
personality differences which are internal by
nature.
LANGUAGE
BARRIERS
 LANGUAGE BARRIERS

 Different Languages

 No Clarity in Speech
 LANGUAGE BARRIERS

 Using Jargons or
Technical Terminology

 Not being specific

 EMOTIONAL BARRIER

 Can be associated to how you deal with

people. Think first before you speak!
Gender Communication Differences
Men Women
Report talk Rapport talk

Gives advice Gives advice indirectly

quickly and directly and reluctantly

Avoids asking for Frequently asks for

information information

Less sensitive to More sensitive to

nonverbal cues nonverbal cues
CROSS-CULTURAL BARRIERS
Different Cross Cultural Barriers

 Language

 Values
 Different Cross Cultural Barrier

 Social Relation

 Concept of time
Overcoming Communication Barriers

Individual Skills

Active listening

Select the appropriate channel for the message

Make a special effort to understand each other's

perspective
Overcoming Communication Barriers

Organizational Actions

 Create a climate of trust and openness

 Develop and use formal information channels in all

directions

 The organizational structure should have treatment

equality.
Lasswell’s Model of Communication
(1948)
Who •sender

•Says
Message what

Channel •Medium

•To
Receiver whom

•With
Feedback what
effect
 Harold Dwight Lasswell- American Political Scientist states
that a convenient way to describe an act of communcation is
to answer the following questions:
- WHO
-SAYS WHAT
-WHICH CHANNEL
-TO WHOM
-WITH WHAT EFFECT?
 The model focuses on the process of communication and its
function to society. There are three functions for
communication according to Lasswell:

- Surveillance of the environment

-Correlation of components of society
-Cultural transmission between generation

 The model suggests the message flow in a multicultural

society with multiple audiences. The flow of the message is
through various channels.
 Example of the communication
situation illustrating the Lasswell’s
Model of Communication
 CNN NEWS- A water leak from Japan’s
tsuami-crippled nuclear power station
resulted in about 100 times the permitted
level of radioactive material flowing into the
sea, operator Tokyo Electric Power Co said
on Saturday.
 WHO- Tokyo Electric Power Co. Operator
 WHAT- Radioactive material flowing into sea
 CHANNEL- CNN NEWS (Television medium)
 WHOM- Public
 EFFECT- Alert the people of Japan from the
Radiation
 Advantage
-easy and simple
-suits for almost all types of communication
-the concept of effect
 Disadvantage
-feedback not mentioned
-noise not mentioned
-linear model
The Shannon’s Model of
Communication (1948)
Claude Elwood Shannon- American
Mathematician
Weaver- Scientist
“Mother of All Models”
 Example of a Communication
Situation Illustrating the Shannon-
Weaver’s Model of Communication

 Businessman: We have a meeting at the office

(“at 8 am” goes missing due to
phone network disruption or
noise)
 Worker (feedback): At what time?
Sender: Businessman
Encoder: Telephone Network Company
Channel: Mobile Network
Noise: Missing text due to disruption
Decoder: Mobile Phone
Receiver: Worker
 Levels of Communication Problems
in Shannon-Weaver’s Model

 Technical Problem- How the Channel causes a

problem?
 Semantic Problem- Is the meaning of message
sent and received very
different ?
 Effectiveness Problem- How effectively does
the message cause
reaction?
The Schramm's Model of
Communication (1954)
 A person is talking to someone who does not
understand English. The person codes the message
and writes the message in the form of language.
The person won’t be able to decode it as the
person cannot understand the language. The
feedback is immediately passed to the sender
acknowledging that the receiver hasn’t
interpreted the message as required making
feedback an important component in the
communication.
 Advantages
- circular communication gives opportunity to both
parties to give their opinion
-sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally
active
-feedback makes it easier to know if the message is
interpreted by the receiver as intended or not
-concept of interpretation makes the communication
effective.
 Disadvantages
- there can only be two sources
communicating
-message sent and received might be
interpreted differently that intended.
 The Berlo’s model of
Communication (1960)
 Berlo’s (1960) model of communication
emphasizes that a number of variables work
together to ensure effective communication-
SMCRN. Also, the context of the situation and
the context of culture are important variables
that affect the meaning according to Halliday
and Hasan (1985).
 Clarity of expression should be observed in all
communication situations by the speaker.

 The listener should be able to manage all distractions

in the communication process including noise, which
is inevitable. Should there be noise distraction in a
communication setting, both the speaker and the
listener are expected to deal with it.
 While correct interpretation of the message relies
heavily on the listener, the speaker should exert
effort in making clear the message he/ she wants to
convey.
 There should be conscious effort on the part of the
speaker to send his/her message correctly to the
audience. In the same manner, the listener is
expected to interpret the sent message without
bias.
 Be conscious about the unnecessary
expressions and mannerisms and then engage
in self-encouragement to boost your
confidence.
source: Contextualizing Oral Communication
by: Antonio, Litao, and Madrunio
“The way we communicate with
others and with ourselves
ultimately determines the
quality of our lives”
-Anthony Robbins
Speak up Activity
Rubric for Oral Recitation
Symbol of Life
Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor
20 points 19-15 points 14-10 9-4 points 3-0 point
points

Voice projection ,
Emphasis and Clarity

Substance
Confidence
Facial expressions,
gestures, eye contact

TOTAL

Adapted: from the books of Barrot and Abrera Jr.

 POWER.COMM ACTIVITY
Symbol of My Life- Shape a piece of paper
into a sign or a symbol which best
describes your personalities. Be ready to
share it in front of the class.