Reviewer in Oral Communication
receiver.
KEY FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION
- Speaking
- Listening
- Understanding
Communication
- comes from the latin word
“COMMUNICARE”
- is a two way process
- means sharing and exchanging
messages, information, ideas
and feelings.
Communicare
- to share, to unite, or to join.
Principles and characteristics
communication:
- Communication is schemata-
Driven
- Communication is
Iterpretative Act
- Communication does
guarantee direct link between
two minds
- Communication is Active,
powerful or forceful
- Communication is Symbolic
- Communication always result in
something
Communication is Schemata-Driven
- communication makes you send
to and recieve messages from
somebody by activating your
SCHEMATA, EXPERIENCES OR
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE.
Communication is an Iterpretative Act
- the only person who knows the
exact meaning of the message
1
transmitted is the sender or
- the source of the idea has the
absolute knowledge about the
message.
Communication does not guarantee
direct link between two minds
- forms of knowledge become
only to others when you initiate
communicate with others.
Communication is Active, powerful or
forceful
- these messages are prone to
changes
- communication is dynamic
- nothing remains permanent in
the world of communication
of
Communication is Symbolic
- symbols, signs or marks like
letters, words, sentences,
an graphs, pictures and other
concrete objects, stands for the
not ideas that you intend to convey
VERBALLY.
- For NON-VERBAL, results to
bodily actions, void quality,
space and time, etc.
Communication always result in
something
- it is impossible to any person
communicating a message not
get any response at all from the
listeners.
Various form of communication
- written words and symbols
- spoken words
- actions
Written words and symbols
 - are the message which are - conveyed by the speaker in
written, typed or printed. words or actions
Spoken words Channel
- are delivered orally - the medium or the means
- personal, non personal, verbal
Actions
or non-verbal, in which the
- are expressed through encoded message is conveyed.
movements of your body parts
Feedback
- it can be gesture, posture, facial
expression, or it can be hand - the reactions, responses, or
signals information provided by the
receiver.
Types of communication
Process of Communication
- verbal
- non-verbal  the sender decides the message
to be transmitted
Verbal Communication
 the sender encodes the message
- written and spoken words  the sender selects the
- it uses letters and words appropriate channel of
Non-Verbal Communication communication
 the receiver, receives the
- communicating without the use message
of words  the receiver decodes the
- just actions message
Elements of communication  the receiver provides the
feedback for the sender.
- sender
- receiver
- message MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
- channel
- feedback
Sender Model

- source of information or - is a pattern or framework that

message we follow in order to fully create
or construct.
Reciever
Three Models of communication
- recieptient of the message
- someone who decodes the - linear
message - interactive
- transactional
Message
Linear Model
- the information, ideas, or
thoughts - is a one way process

2
 - sequential and one way in Berlo’s Model
nature
- it is compromised of 4 elements
Aristotle model - SOURCE, MESSAGE, CHANNEL,
RECIVER
- 384- 322 B.C
- considered as the First model of David Berlo
communication and was
- 1960
proposed before 300 B.C
- developed the SMCR model of
- public speaking is a common
communication based on the
practice among the ancient
shanon and weaver models.
greeks
- communication during that time Linear Model of Communication
was considered as speaker- - key features
centered - pros
Aristotle - cons

- a Greek philosopher and writer Key Features

- the teacher of alexander the - one way communication
great - used for mass communication
- studied physics, logic, - senders send the message and
mathematics, etc. recievers only review
- developed the linear model of - no feedback
communication for oral - concept of noise
communication
Pros
Lasswell Model
- good at audience persuasion
- channel is the most important and propaganda setting
component in this model - intentional result
- examples( print media,
newspaper, radio, television) Cons

Shannon-Weaver Model - no way to know if

communication was effective
- mother of all communication - communication is not
models continuous
- more technological than the
other linear models Interactive Model

Noise - also known as CONVERGENCE

MODEL
- most important addition in this - Ideals with exchange of ideas
model and messages
- refers to any form of - taking place both ways from
interference which affects the sender to receiver and vice
disrupts the flow of versa
communication

3
 - the communication process - used for interpersonal
takes place between human or communication
machines in both verbal or non- - senders and recievers
verbal way interchange roles
- new model of communication - simultaneous feedback
for new technologies - context of environment and
- two- way process noise
- feedback is given by the receiver - feedback is taken as a new
message
Schramm Model
Pros
- * Wilbur Schramm: 1955,
developed a model in which - simultaneous and instant
each of the communicators take feedback
on the roles of an encoder, - no discrimination between
interpreter, decoder. sender and receiver
Key Features Cons
- used for new communications, - encourages non- verbal
like internet communication
- slower feed backs in turn - more noise due to
- concept of field of experience communicators talking at the
- known as CONVERGENCE same time.
MODEL
- communication becomes linear
if the receiver does not respond VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Pros
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
- Feedback even in mass
communication
- New communication channels Verbal Communication
Cons - refers to interaction in which
- feedback can take a very long WORDS are use to relay a
time message
- sender and receiver might not *THINGS YOU NEED TO CONSIDER
know who the other person is
- appropriateness
Transactional Model
- brevity
Woods Transactional Model
- clarity
- non sequential
- simultaneous - ethics
- changing overtime - vividness
Key Features Appropriateness

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 - the language used should be
appropriate to the environment
and occasion
Brevity
- use simple yet precise words
- avoid insubstantial expression
Clarity
- clearly state and express your
ideas and feelings
Ethics
- words should be carefully
chosen in consideration of
gender, roles, ethnicity, and
status of people you are talking
to.
Vividness
- find ways to charm your
audience through use of VIVID
words
- describe and create a picture of
our message to our listeners.
Non- Verbal Communication
- behavior is used to convey and
represent meaning
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMM
- Kinesics
- Haptics
- proxemics
- chronemics
- personal appearance, objects
and artifacts
- paralanguage ( auditory)
Kinesics
- refers to the study of body
movement and facial expression
as a form of communication
Haptics
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- refers to the study of
communication through TOUCH.
Proxemics
- refers to the study of how space
and distance influence
communication
Chronemics
- refers to the study of how TIME
affects communication
Personal appearance, Objects and
Artifacts
- we use on our bodies and
surroundings
- consider your preferences for
hair styles, clothing, jewelry and
automobiles
Paralanguage
- is a term use to describe vocal
qualities such as pitch, volume,
tone, rate of speech, and
rhythm
(*LAST MODULE)
Communication Breakdown
- occur when one element is
absent or does not function well
and becomes barrier to
communication.
Barriers to Communication
- physical barriers
- psychological barriers
- cultural barriers
- linguistic barriers
Physical Barriers
 - are the natural or - sight, sound and other stimuli
environmental condition that that draw people’s attention
act as a barrier away from intended meaning
- examples: People talking too
loud, Noise from a construction Internal
site, Loud sound of a karaoke, - thoughts and feelings that
Blaring of jeepney horns interfere with meaning
Psychological Barrier Semantic
- are called as Mental Barriers - alternate meanings aroused by a
- - refers to social and personal speaker’s symbols.
issues of a speaker
- examples: Trauma, Shyness or
lack of confidence, Depression,
Fear or Stage fright 5 WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN
Cultural Barrier
by: Ronnie Peterson
- communication problems by
people regarding their intrinsic 1. Have clarity of thought
values, beliefs, and traditions in 2. Learn to listen
conflict with others. 3. Be aware of your body language
- examples: Different beliefs, and tone
Traditions and customs, 4. Build up your confidence
Religion, Age and gender. 5. Communicate Face- to- Face on
important issues.
Linguistic Barriers
STRATEGIES TO AVOID
- conflicts with regard to language COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
and word meanings
- examples: Differences in 1. Keep focused
languages, Accents and dialect, 2. Speak intelligibly
Use of jargon and slang, Speech 3. Listen with your ears and eyes
defects or language 4. Minimize distractions
impairments. 5. Be specific
6. Do not jump into conclusion

7Cs OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

THREE KINDS OF NOISE
- completeness
VERDERBER 1991 - conciseness
- consideration
- EXTERNAL - concreteness
- INTERNAL - courtesy
- SEMANTIC - clearness
External - correctness

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Completeness

- complete information is needed

- learn to answer WH questions

Conciseness

- message is short and concise

- irrelevant information should
not be included

Consideration

- background of the receiver

- result in building rapport or
connection with the audience.

Concreteness

- message is factual
- message is in real life situation
- make the receiver to understand
the message better

Courtesy

- respect one’s culture

- implies good choice of words
and languages
- helps create a positive vibe

Clearness

- message is simple, clean, and

specific
- will not confuse the audience

Correctness

- corrections in language use and

grammar adds credibility
- we may commit mistakes but
being aware of our mistakes will
help us learn more.