LESSON I:
The sender’s
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES,
AND ETHICS
What is Communication?
- Communication is the process of
sending and receiving messages
through verbal or nonverbal means,
including speech, or oral
communication; writing and graphical
representations (such as infographics,
maps, and charts); and signs, signals,
and behaviour. More simply,
communication is said to be "the
creation and exchange of meaning.”
- a process by which information is
exchanged between individuals through
a common system of symbols, signs, or
behaviour. (Merriam Webster)
- The imparting or exchanging of
information by speaking, writing, or
using some other medium. The
successful conveying or sharing of ideas
and feelings. (Oxford English Dictionary)
The Process of Communication
1. Sender
- The sender or the
communicator is the person
who initiates the conversation
and has conceptualized the idea
that he intends to convey it to
others.
2. Encoding
- The sender begins with the
encoding process wherein he
uses certain words or
non-verbal methods such as
symbols, signs, body gestures,
etc. to translate the information
into a message.
knowledge, skills, perception,
background, competencies, etc.
has a great impact on the
success of the message.
3. Message
- Once the encoding is finished,
the sender gets the message
that he intends to convey. The
message can be written, oral,
symbolic or non-verbal such as
body gestures, silence, sighs,
sounds, etc. or any other signal
that triggers the response of a
receiver.
4. Channel
- The sender chooses the
medium through which he
wants to convey his message to
the recipient. It must be
selected carefully in order to
make the message effective and
correctly interpreted by the
recipient. The choice of medium
depends on the interpersonal
relationships between the
sender and the receiver and
also on the urgency of the
message being sent. Oral,
virtual, written, sound, gesture,
etc. are some of the commonly
used communication mediums.
5. Receiver
- The receiver is the person for
whom the message is intended
or targeted. He tries to
comprehend it in the best
possible manner such that the
communication objective is
attained. The degree to which
the receiver decodes the
message depends on his
knowledge of the subject
 matter, experience, trust and
relationship with the sender.
6. Decoding
- Here, the receiver interprets the
sender’s message and tries to
understand it in the best
possible manner. An effective
communication occurs only if
the receiver understands the
message in exactly the same
way as it was intended by the
sender.
7. Feedback
- The Feedback is the final step of
the process that ensures the
receiver has received the
message and interpreted it
correctly as it was intended by
the sender. It increases the
effectiveness of the
communication as it permits
the sender to know the efficacy
of his message. The response of
the receiver can be verbal or
non-verbal.
Noise
1. Physical Noise
- Physical noise is interference
that is external to both speaker
and listener; it hampers the
physical transmission of the
signal or message.
- Examples:
- loud party at the
neighbors while you’re
trying to record
- loud kids who don’t
want to take their nap
- irritating hum of your
computer, air
conditioner, or heater.
2. Physiological Noise
- Physiological noise is created by
barriers within the sender or
receiver.
- Examples
- articulation problems
- mumbling
- talking too fast
- talking too slow
- forgetting to pause
- forgetting to breathe
- An example of physiological
noise on the listener’s side:
hearing problems. Maybe the
listener can’t hear high tones as
clearly as they used to. For
some, low tones are the
problem. Their difficulty in
literally hearing words and
sounds becomes physiological
noise.
3. Psychological Noise
- Psychological noise is mental
interference in the speaker or
listener
- Examples:
- wandering thoughts
- preconceived ideas
- sarcasm.
4. Semantic Noise
- Semantic noise is interference
created when the speaker and
listener have different meaning
systems.
- Maybe when I use a word, you
have a slightly different
meaning in mind. This can
cause confusion.
- Jargon can be semantic noise.
- Jargon is a fantastic linguistic
shortcut. If everyone listening
agrees and understands the
terminology, then jargon makes
 communication quicker and
clearer.
- However, if listeners have
different definitions of the
terminology, then jargon
becomes noise. This is
especially noisy to people
outside your particular job or
field.
Categories of Communication
● Verbal Communication
- Verbal communication is the
exchange of information that
happens through words. The
term VERBAL refers to WORDS .
- Therefore, verbal
communication can be divided
into:
● oral communication
● written communication
- audience. The complete
● Non-Verbal Communication
- Nonverbal communication is
the exchange of information
through wordless cues.
- Nonverbal communication uses:
● gestures
● postures
● facial expressions
● eye contact
● physical proximity
● touching, etc.
The 7 C’s of Communication
1. Clear
- The message should be clear
and easily understandable to
the recipient. The purpose of
the communication should be
clear to sender then only the
receiver will be sure about it.
The message should emphasize
on a single goal at a time and
shall not cover several ideas in a
single sentence.
2. Correct
- The message should be correct,
i.e. a correct language should
be used, and the sender must
ensure that there is no
grammatical and spelling
mistakes. Also, the message
should be exact and well timed.
The correct messages have a
greater impact on the receiver
and at the same time, the
morale of the sender increases
with the accurate message.
3. Complete
- The message should be
complete, i.e. it must include all
the relevant information as
required by the intended
information gives answers to all
the questions of the receivers
and helps in better
decision-making by the
recipient.
4. Concrete
- The communication should be
concrete, which means the
message should be clear and
particularly such that no room
for misinterpretation is left. All
the facts and figures should be
clearly mentioned in a message
so as to substantiate to
whatever the sender is saying.
5. Concise
- The message should be precise
and to the point. The sender
should avoid the lengthy
sentences and try to convey the
 subject matter in the least
possible words. The short and
brief message is more
comprehensive and helps in
retaining the receiver’s
attention.
6. Considerate
- The sender must take into
consideration the receiver’s
opinions, knowledge, mindset,
background, etc. in order to
have an effective
communication. In order to
communicate, the sender must
relate to the target recipient
and be involved.
7. Courteous
- It implies that the sender must
take into consideration both the
feelings and viewpoints of the
receiver such that the message
is positive and focused at the
audience. The message should
not be biased and must include
the terms that show respect for
the recipient.
LESSON II:
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
On Non-verbal Communication
MULTICULTURAL SETTING
Globalization
- Globalization is the word used to
describe the growing interdependence
of the world’s economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by
cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of
investment, people, and information.
(piie.com)
- Globalization is a process of interaction
and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and
aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment,
on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity,
and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world.
(globalization101.org)
● Additional information:
- Goodman and Berdan (2014)
argue that every student should
study abroad for the reason
that “learning how to interact
with people from other
countries and cultures equips
future leaders in all sectors to
address urgent issues shared
across borders” (par.4)
- BUT going abroad is not as
simple as you think. Crucial
that you are prepared to
interact with different cultures.
- When greeting, most Armenians expect
some body contact. Women kiss once
on each cheek and hug; men shake
hands.
- When greeting, Orthodox Jews, avoid
body contact with the opposite sex.
- When greeting, some groups of people
from India hold their hands together in
front of their chins in a prayer-like
position.
- When greeting, most Latinos expect
body contact. Hugging and kissing on
 the cheek are acceptable for both the
same sex and the opposite sex.
- When greeting, most Middle Easterners,
especially Muslims, avoid body contact
with the opposite sex, but men may
embrace and kiss one another.
On Verbal Communication
- Avoid wishing “Happy Birthday” or
“Merry Christmas to Jehova’s
Witnesses.
- After receiving praise, many Asians feel
uncomfortable and embarrassed. They
may even consider praise as a form or
subtle criticism.
- Some Asian cultures consider it rude to
say no and will go to extreme to avoid
doing so.
- Open criticism should be avoided when
dealing with Asian employees, as this
may lead to loss of face.
- Do not assume a married woman has
her husband’s last name.
On Maritime Industry
On Classroom Behavior
- To avoid emotional upset for Korean
children and parents, do no write
students’ names in red- this has death
connotations.
- If an Asian student bows to you, nod
your head in response.
- Those from educational systems
outside the United States often
consider informal, noisy classrooms as
places of play, not learning.
- Students from outside the United
States are often shocked by some
teachers’ behavior-sitting on desks,
wearing casual clothing, encouraging
students to call them by their first
names, engaging in humorous banter.
- In Jamaica and other parts of the
Carribean, teachers are respected and
revered and rarely challenged.
- Certain professions have their own
distinct way of communicating. Legal,
medical, IT, military and other
disciplines have their own unique way
of dealing with one another. This is to
ensure uniformity and facilitate
accuracy on the encoding and decoding
of messages.
- A particular word or phrase in a
particular discipline may have a
different meaning in another. It is
important to determine the context and
environment.
- To have a better understanding, let us
have a glimpse of how communication
takes place in two professions,
particularly, the maritime industry and
the healthcare profession in which you
belong…
- The Standard Marine Communication
Phrases (SMCP) is a set of key phrases
in the English language (which is the
internationally recognized language of
the sea), supported by the international
community for use at sea and
developed by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO).
- They aim to explain:
● external communication
phrases – ship to ship & ship to
shore communication;
● onboard communication
phrases – communication
within the ship.
Standard Marine Communication Phrases the hospital or directly to staff using
(SMCP) communication devices like pagers.
- Codes allow trained hospital personnel
- The SMCP were adopted by the 22nd
to respond quickly and appropriately to
Assembly of the IMO in November
various events. The use of codes can
2001 in a resolution which also
also help prevent concern or panic by
promoted the wide circulation of the
visitors and people being treated at the
SMCP to all prospective users and all
hospital.
maritime education authorities.
- The most common hospital codes are
- The SMCP includes phrases which have
code blue, code red, and code black,
been developed to cover the most
though use of these codes isn’t
important safety-related fields of verbal
standardized in the United States. Code
shore-to-ship (and vice versa),
blue indicates a medical emergency
ship-to-ship and on-board
such as cardiac or respiratory arrest.
communications. The aim is to reduce
Code red indicates fire or smoke in the
the problem of language barriers at sea
hospital. Code black typically means
and avoid misunderstandings which can
there is a bomb threat to the facility.
cause accidents.
- Hospitals are the most common
- Examples:
institutions that use color codes to
● To describe an unmanned and
designate emergencies. Law
abandoned ship floating adrift,
enforcement agencies, schools, and
the SMCP gives the correct
other types of healthcare facilities (such
phrase as: “unlit derelict vessel
as skilled nursing homes) may also use
adrift in vicinity (date, time and
variations on these emergency codes.
position if known)”
● Being stuck in ice and
requesting assistance: “I am
Code Blue
fast in ice. I require assistance”.
● Damage to vessel by ice: “I - Code blue is the most universally
have developed stability recognized emergency code. Code blue
problems, heavy icing. Request means there is a medical emergency
ice breaker assistance”. occurring within the hospital.
● Ship is sinking: “I am sinking. Healthcare providers can choose to
Please proceed to my activate a code blue, typically by
assistance. What is your ETA at pushing an emergency alert button or
our distress position?” dialing a specific phone number, if they
feel the life of the person they are
treating is in immediate danger. Many
On Healthcare Profession hospitals have a code blue team who
will respond to the code blue within
- Hospitals often use code names to alert
minutes.
their staff to an emergency or other
- The team is comprised of:
event. These codes can be
● doctors
communicated through an intercom in
● nurses
● a respiratory therapist
 ● a pharmacist
- Common reasons for activating a code
blue include:
● cardiac arrest like a heart attack
or dangerous arrhythmia
● respiratory arrest (when
someone stops breathing)
● when someone becomes
severely confused, not alert, or
shows signs of stroke
● sudden and severe drop in
blood pressure
Code Red
- Code red typically means there is a fire
or smoke within the hospital. A code
red may be activated if someone smells
or sees smoke or flames.
Code Black
- Code black most often indicates a bomb
threat. Code black may be activated if
there has been a threat made to the
facility from an internal or external
source, or if staff or law enforcement
officials have identified a possible bomb
in or near the facility.
SBAR Tool
- The SBAR
(Situation-Background-Assessment-Rec
ommendation) technique provides a
framework for communication between
members of the health care team about
a patient's condition.
● S = Situation (a concise
statement of the problem)
● Background (pertinent and brief
information related to the
situation)
● Assessment (analysis and
considerations of options —
what you found/think)
● Recommendation (action
requested/recommended —
what you want)
- SBAR is an easy-to-remember, concrete
mechanism useful for framing any
conversation, especially critical ones,
requiring a clinician’s immediate
attention and action. It allows for an
easy and focused way to set
expectations for what will be
communicated and how between
members of the team, which is essential
for developing teamwork and fostering
a culture of patient safety.
Some Examples of Useful Abbreviations in the
Field of Nursing
● Stat- needing to be done now
- Example: transfuse 2 units stat
● NPO- fasting
- Example: NPO from midnight
for surgery at 8 am tomorrow
- NPO means nil per os, Latin for
nothing by mouth
- Usually in the Philippines and
US, they use NPO. In UK, NBM
(Nil by mouth)
● When changing shift, in the Philippines
and US, more common term is
endorsement. While in UK, handover.
Phonetic Alphabet
- Another valuable tool that is oftentimes
used in various professions is the
phonetic alphabet. This helps the
 sender and receiver to understand
program organise,
correct spelling of names, places or any programme
other relevant words. This tool breaks
the barrier of confusion brought by Words elevator, lift, trouser,
challenges in channels, cultures and pants, diaper nappy
other relevant factors…
- It is a requirement in this subject to Expression / ruffled Knickers in a
Local Idiom feathers twist
memorize the phonetic alphabet.
(agitated) (agitated)

Grammar Do you have Have you got

Spelling of Letter that book? that book?

Pronunciatio Vase - like Vase - like

n VEYZ VAHZ

Things to Consider For a Culturally Sensitive and

Bias-Free Language

● Race & Ethnicity

- Race is an emotionally charged
topic, so it is best to tread
carefully with the language
Examples of Varieties of English used and to refer to race, as
Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts in
Aspect American British English for Professions, “only if
English (US) English (UK) it is relevant to what you have
to say.”
Punctuation Smith (2001, Smith (2001, - Example: Naturally, the Asian
p.35) also p.35) also students won the math contest.
reports reports - Although the assessment is
that that positive in the sentence, the
witnesses witnesses
word “naturally” reinforces the
“suffered ‘suffered
stereotype or generalization
headaches,” headaches’,
as well as as well as that Asians have superior
experiencing experiencing aptitude in math.
“feelings of ‘feelings of - According to Kitty Locker and
nausea.” nausea’. Donna Kienzler (2013), one
should “refer to a group by the
Date August 26, 26 August term it prefers.”
2020 2020 - Example: “Native American”
has been considered the
Spelling center, color, centre,
politically correct term for the
organize, colour,
indigenous peoples of the
 Americas over the label “Red
Indians”.
- But today, most native
American people prefer to be
referred to by their specific
nation or tribe.
Gender and Sexual Orientation
- Sexism refers to the prejudice and
discrimination based on sex or gender.
To be inclusive of all people in general
references, one should favor
gender-neutral worlds and phrases over
gender-biased words.
● Man-made= synthetic or
artificial
● Layman’s terms= ordinary terms
● Chairman= chairperson
● Stewardess= flight attendant
- Pronouns may also be gender-biased,
for example, when masculine “he”
pronoun is used as a generic one for
both genders. This can be avoided by:
● Dropping pronouns that signify
gender and restating the
sentence;
● Changing to plural construction;
● Replacing masculine or
feminine pronouns with “one”
or “you”
Age
Social Class
- Class discrimination or classism is a
form of prejudice against a person or
people because of their social class.
- Example 1: “white trash”
- It is not only a racial slur but a
classist one that refers to white
people, usually from the rural
Southern United States, coming
from a lower social class inside
the white population.
- Example 2: “preppie”, “yuppie”
- In the US, there may also be a
kind of classism against those
who are economically
privileged. The rich are
sometimes referred to as
examples 2, both of which
connote not just wealth but
arrogance.
- There are examples from
Philippine culture as well, in the
informal terms “conyo” and
“jologs”, both derogatory terms
referring to class.
- The first, used to describe
young people from the upper
class who speak an idiosyncratic
mix of English and Tagalog,
connote vanity and
consciousness about social
status.
- The second, now perhaps
replaced by the term “jejemon”,
as used in reference to an
idiosyncratic spelling or writing
style, is used to describe
persons who look poor and out
of style.
- Ageism is a form of discrimination
against other people because of their
age, or assuming that older people are
less physically, intellectually, or
emotionally able than other age groups.
The capabilities of younger people
should also not be underestimated on
the basis of their age.
- It is important to refer to a person’s age
only when that information is pertinent
to what is being discussed.
 - When referring to a generic group, one
should also ask their subjects what
wordings they prefer. Do they wish to
be called “older persons” or “senior
citizens”? Do they prefer the label
“youths”, “teenagers”, or “young
people”.
- Lastly, according to the American
Psychological Association, writers
should be specific when referring to
males and females in terms of their age:
female 18 years or older are women,
not girls. “Girls” refers to those in high
school or younger (under 18). The same
is true for “boys” and “man”.
Disabilities
- Discrimination in this area often arises
because of lack of understanding and
awareness. Therefore, first, it is
important to distinguish some terms
that are mistakenly understood to be
synonymous.
- One example is “ A Guide to Bias-Free
Communications” published by the
University of Wisconsin-Madison. It
defines the terms “impairment”,
“disability”, and “handicap” as:
● Impairment- a physiological
condition
● Disability- the consequence of
an impairment which may be or
may not be handicapping.
● Handicap- the social implication
of a disability; a condition or
barrier imposed by society, the
environment or oneself.
- Thus, according to definitions, a “limp”
is an impairment in which a leg or foot
is damaged or stiff. A disability that may
result from arthritis is difficulty in
walking, or walking unevenly and
haltingly. People who limp may be
handicapped by having to climb stairs in
buildings with no elevators. Other
guides from other cultural contexts may
provide different definitions and
examples. It is essential when writing to
do research on these definitions.
- Arinto (2009) suggests considering the
negative implications of usages such as
“confined to a wheelchair” and “AIDS
victim”. For the former, one should
instead write or say “uses a wheelchair”
because wheelchairs enable people to
escape confinement, while for the
latter, one should use “person with
AIDS” as someone who can acquire a
disease without being victimized by it.
- She further suggests that the word
“abnormal” may be replaced with
“atypical” because people who have
disabilities are atypical but not
necessarily abnormal. (Arinto 2009)
- These general guiding principles are
helpful, but not always apt. For
example, there are heated debates now
among parents of children with autism
about whether to use “person with
autism” or “autistic person”. Yet again, it
must be emphasized that research is
necessary to become aware of trends
and debates in this and other areas.
One may also simply ask the concerned
people what their preferred terms are.
- The final takeaway is that to be an
effective writer, one must not
stereotype, demean, or exclude any
member of his or her audience. Such
stereotypes and biases are barriers to
communication.
LESSON III:
LANGUAGE REGISTER
What is a Language Register?
- REGISTER is defined as the way a
speaker uses language differently in
different circumstances. Think about
the words you choose, your tone of
voice, even your body language. You
probably behave very differently
chatting with a friend than you would at
a formal dinner party or during a job
interview. These variations in formality,
also called stylistic variation, are known
as registers in linguistics.
- They are determined by such factors as
SOCIAL OCCASION, CONTEXT, PURPOSE,
and AUDIENCE.
- Registers are used in all forms of
communication, including written,
spoken, and signed. Depending on
grammar, syntax, and tone, the register
may be extremely rigid or very intimate.
You don't even need to use an actual
word to communicate effectively. A huff
of exasperation during a debate or a
grin while signing "hello" speaks
volumes.
- Registers are used in all forms of
communication, including written,
spoken, and signed. Depending on
grammar, syntax, and tone, the register
may be extremely rigid or very intimate.
You don't even need to use an actual
word to communicate effectively. A huff
of exasperation during a debate or a
grin while signing "hello" speaks
volumes.
TYPE OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS
1. Frozen Register
- This form is sometimes called
the static register because it
refers to historic language or
communication that is intended
to remain unchanged, like a
constitution or prayer.
- Reciting or reading a document
- Examples: The Bible and The
Philippine Constitution.
2. Formal Register
- The formal register is used in
professional, academic, or legal
settings where communication
is expected to be respectful,
uninterrupted, and restrained.
Slang is never used, and
contractions are rare.
- Uses abstract words of about
1400-1600 word vocabulary
- Uses in teaching and business
professions
- Used when asking questions
- Affects your ability to get into a
good college and get a good job
- Examples: a business
presentation, pronouncements
made by judges, SONA of the
President.
3. Consultative Register
- People use this register often in
conversation when they're
speaking with someone who
has specialized knowledge or
who is offering advice. Tone is
often respectful (use of
courtesy titles) but may be
more casual if the relationship
is longstanding or friendly (a
family doctor.) Slang is
sometimes used, people may
pause or interrupt one another.
- Used in the classroom
 - Examples: the local TV news
broadcast interview, lawyer to
client, doctor to patient,
teacher to student.
4. Casual Register
- This is the register people use
when they're with friends, close
acquaintances and coworkers,
and family. It's probably the one
you think of when you consider
how you talk with other people,
often in a group setting. Use of
slang, contractions, and
vernacular grammar is all
common, and people may also
use expletives or off-color
language in some settings.
- Does not work for questioning
- The way you normally talk
- Examples: birthday party,
backyard barbeque, letter to
friends. Messenger GC among
friends.
5. Intimate Register
- Linguists say this register is
reserved for special occasions,
usually between only two
people and often in private.
- Words do not need to be used
always
- Examples: inside joke between
two college friends or siblings, a
word whispered in a lover's ear.
Reminders on Formal Register
1. Do not use contractions
- Contractions are not usually
used in formal writing even
though it is very common in
spoken English.
- Examples:
- Have not instead of
haven’t
- Should not instead of
shouldn’t
- Could not instead of
couldn’t
- However, contractions can be
used if you are quoting
someone’s exact words in
writing.
- Example:
- “We shouldn’t put a
premium to plainly
verbal communication”,
the professor said
- For apostrophes, keep in mind
that it does not pertain to a
contraction. Apostrophes are
added to nouns to express
ownership. They are used in all
language registers.
- Examples:
- Teacher’s profile
- Manager’s report
- Mother’s womb
2. Spell out numbers less than one
hundred
- This is a must for reports or any
form of formal writing that uses
number expressions.
- Examples:
- Nineteen
- Twenty-nine
- Sixty-five
3. Avoid using too much passive voice.
- Passive Sentences:
- The members of the
organization were instructed to
assemble at the conference
room by the event’s host.
- The terror attacks were
reported by CNN live.
- Active Sentences:
- The event’s host instructed the
members of the organization to
 assemble at the conference
room.
- CNN reported the terror attacks
live.
4. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations
and clichés
- These expressions are
acceptable in informal writing
and spoken English. Slang in
particular is only meant for a
certain area or region.
- Awesome/cool
- Okay/ok
- Check it out
- In a nutshell
- Clichés is a phrase that is often
overused.
- Too much of a good
thing
- Moment of truth
- Last but not the least
- As far as I am
concerned
- In my opinion
5. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms
- If you have to use an acronym,
write it out the first time. From
then on, you can use the
acronym itself.
- National Aeronautics
and Space
Administration (NASA)
- Asian Institute of
Maritime Studies
(AIMS)
- Department of
Environment and
Natural Resources
(DENR)
- For abbreviations, write the
complete word the first time,
then abbreviations are in order.
- Influenza-flu
- Tablespoon- tbsp.
- Manila- Mla
- The following are among those
that are only for friendly email
and text messages.
- LOL- laugh out loud
- Brb- be right back
- OMG!- Oh my gosh
- TC- take care
6. Formal writing requires the good
transition words like
- Examples:
- Nevertheless
- Additionally
- Consequently
- In fact
- As a result of
- However
7. Always write in sentences. Fragments
are unacceptable in formal writing.
- Fragments:
- Before the expiration date
- Although it was relayed quite
well
- In the middle of an exhibition
- Sentences:
- You must consume the product
before its expiration date
- Although it was relayed quite
well, the message was still
unclear to the audience
- In the middle of an art
exhibition, the artist himself
opened the auction for his
masterpieces
Informal Register Accepts
● Slangs and clichés
● Figurative language
● Symbols and abbreviations
● Acronyms
● Incomplete sentences
● Short sentences
● Jokes
 ● Personal opinions - The sender’s primary purpose is
● Active and passive voice to give intellectual
● Extra punctuation understanding, not to change
minds, arouse listeners to
action or entertain.
Informal Writing Includes - Examples: A lecture on the
proper care of the human
● Personal emails heart; a report at a meeting or a
● Text messages convention.
● Short notes 2. To Entertain
● Tweets - The main intention of the
● Facebook posts sender when his purpose is to
● Blogs entertain is not to present
_______________________________________ information. Nor does the
speaker hope to persuade the
listeners in order to stir them to
LESSON 4: a particular action.
- If they do give information
COMMUNICATION PURPOSE along the way, the informative
aspect is only secondary. The
message is intended primarily
The Communication Purpose to entertain.
- Examples: Speeches delivered
- This is what the sender wants to
after dinner at special meetings
accomplish in and through his speech or
of clubs and organizations; at
written correspondence.
social gatherings are mainly
- It is the goal the sender hopes to
presented for entertainment.
achieve as he addresses his message to
3. To Persuade
a particular audience.
- To persuade is to win the
- Does the sender want to inform the
receiver’s intellectual
receiver?
agreement and preferably
- Does the sender want to entertain the
action on its part.
audience?
- The sender may deal on
- Does the sender want to persuade?
controversial issues and he may
convince, stimulate or impress,
or arouse the receiver to action,
Communication Purpose depending on whether it is
1. To Inform favorable or unfavorable,
- The sender’s concern when his hostile or neutral.
purpose is to inform is to - Speeches to persuade may be
present an interesting and clear either of the three types:
way worthwhile for the ● To Convince
listeners’ understanding. - Since convincing entail
changing the mind-set
 of the receiver in _______________________________________
relation to some point,
one already in
agreement with the LESSON 5:
sender cannot be
convinced. On the COMMUNICATION AIDS AND TECHNOLOGY
controversial issues, the
people to be convinced
are those who are Examples of Communication Technology that
hostile or basically are used in the 21st Century (Chris Drew, PhD)
neutral towards a plan. 1. Social Media Platforms
● To Stimulate - Social media platforms allow
- Those who need to be people to create personal
stimulated or pages, post profile images and
impressed are the ones updates on their lives, and
whose attitudes lean on create a friend list of people
the favorable side, who can see your updates.
whether definitely - The first social media platform
favorable, moderately was 6 Degrees, which was
favorable or extremely launched in 1997. MySpace was
favorable. Receivers launched in 2003 and became
whose attitudes are the first mainstream social
favorable need not be media platform. It was the most
convinced for they are popular social media platform
already convinced. They in the world between 2005 to
need to stimulated or 2008.
impressed for a - Facebook took over from
reinforcement of their MySpace as the most used
agreement. social media platform and
● To Actuate remains used by billions around
- The speaker aims to the world today.
produce action which - Twitter is another large social
are direct and media site used to quickly share
observable. ✓ Not only short thoughts to people
must the receiver have around the web. Major
intellectual agreement; corporations, public figures and
it must be sold on the governments use Twitter to
proposition offered by quickly share updates and
the sender to: in-the-moment responses to
- DO, VOTE, BUY, SIGN, sensitive issues of public
RENT, ENLIST, ENROLL, importance.
DEPART, SUBSCRIBE, 2. Blogs
PATRONIZE, and so - Blogs are personal websites
forth. where people can publish or
 ‘log’ information for others with
an internet connection to read
– all around the globe.
- A blog is usually a personal
website where someone shares
regular long-form posts about
their lives or hobbies. More
professional or commercialized
blogs are run by media
organizations, companies
seeking publicity, or
professional bloggers who
monetize through advertising or
affiliate marketing.
- Blogs revolutionized mass
communication. Before blogs
you needed to get a publishing
company to print and market
your writing around the world
at great expense.
- Now, with the click of a button
your writing can be seen around
the world.
- The first blog was written in
1994 on the website links.net
by Justin Hall. Justin didn’t call it
a blog at the time, but it had all
the features of a blog.
- The term ‘weblog’ was invented
in 1997 by Jorn Barger. The
word was a shortening of the
phrase “logging the web”.
- In 1999, weblog was shortened
to ‘blog’ by Peter Merholz.
Then, by 200
3. Vlogs
- Vlogs are “video logs”. They
emerged as an extension of
blogging after increased
bandwidths enabled regular
people to post video online.
- The typical vlog style involves
the vlogger using a handheld
camera or camera on their
computer monitor to record
themselves speaking. Some
vlogs, however, are high
production with complex
graphics and recording teams.
- The first vlog was published in
2000 when Adam Kontras
posted a video on his blog for
his family and friends to view.
- With the emergence of YouTube
in 2005, blogging became
increasingly popular. YouTube
gave everyday people the ability
to upload and embed videos
online. Another facilitating
factor was the emergence of
cheap smartphone cameras.
4. Live Video Stream
- Live video is an extension of
vlogging that has responded to
online content consumers’
needs for immediacy and
authenticity.
- Live video was integrated onto
the YouTube video sharing
platform in April 2011.
Competitor network Facebook
introduced Facebook Live in
August 2015.
- Live video has the benefit of
synchronicity in
communication. On YouTube,
for example, the live vlogger
can read live community
comments appearing on-screen
in real time and respond to
their comments or questions
mid-stream.
- An important element of live
video stream is the capacity for
video to be played, paused and
rewound in real time. A video is
not uploaded as a standalone
packet of data that can only be
 viewed once it has been
completely downloaded on the
receiver’s end. Instead, the data
is downloaded, buffered and
played in real time.
5. Conferencing and Live Lecture
Technology
- Sophisticated conferencing
technology helps workplaces
communicate across long
distances. Today, live
conferencing technology tends
to use live video alongside
complex speaker systems.
- Examples of common
affordances of conferencing
technology include:
1. 360 degree cameras.
Cameras automatically
detect who is speaking
then display the current
speaker’s face.
2. Microphone and
speaker capacities to
allow anyone in a room
to speak clearly to
people on the other
end of the conference
call.
- Some online collaboration tools
also allow users to interact by
sharing computer screens. A
conference can have a
brainstorming screen on which
all members of the conference
can write from their computers.
- For university live lecture
technologies such as
Blackboard collaborate, a
teacher can be speaking to
hundreds of students around
the world at once.
6. Group Wikis
- A wiki is a website where
anyone can edit and add
content. The most famous wiki
is, of course, Wikipedia.
- Wikis allow collaborative
crowdsourcing of information.
This can help members of the
wikis to amass a lot of
information in a short period of
time.
- The collective knowledge that is
stored on Wikis can be accessed
at ease by all users, allowing the
creation of a ‘hive mind’. Hive
minds are knowledge or
information stored and
accessed by a community of
people.
7. Group Forums
- A group forum allows people to
post questions and answers for
others to respond to. Many
forums are sorted by topics,
such as Reddit, which allows
people with shared interests to
communicate with one another.
- Group forums are also
commonly used in education
where online schools have
students respond to a stimulus
question each week.
- Another benefit of forums is
that people can reply to each
others’ comments to create a
long-form conversation
between individuals online. The
full conversation is recorded in
comments and replies, leaving a
paper trail of conversations
which can be great for tracking
the progress of the group’s
thinking.
8. Tablet Computers
- The sleek, modern tablet
computers that we enjoy today
emerged around 2008-2010
with the emergence of big
players like Android and Apple
into the tablet computer
market.
- The emergence of tablet
computers was made possible
by technological advances that
saw the requisite technologies
both compact and cheap
enough for the mass market.
- Key challenges included
creating small and affordable
touch screen technology and
compact long life battery packs.
- Tablets are now widely used as
a portable device that fits in the
market between a smartphone
that’s carried in the pocket and
a laptop that usually requires its
own bag. Tablets easily fit into
carry bags, are sufficiently
lightweight for carefree travel,
and are powerful enough to
make video phone calls, take
photos, and carry out light
personal computing tasks.
9. Podcasts
- Podcasts are packets of audio
information that can be
uploaded and stored on cloud
technology ready for anyone to
download and listen to at-will. A
podcast can be automatically
downloaded onto a smartphone
through RSS feeds so that fans
of a podcast series can get the
latest episodes at-will.
- Podcasts emerged out of radio
technology. Whereas radio is
transmitted through radio
waves, podcasts are transmitted
through the more agile and
feature-rich internet. This has
provided features such as
downloads at-will rather than
forcing people to tune in at a
specific point in time.
- Podcasting has also given
people the chance to access
audio of their favorite topics
from around the globe.
Whereas radio tends to appeal
to the widest possible audience
in a specific geographical
location (where it is
transmitted), podcasts tend to
appeal to a dispersed
community of people interested
in specific topics, such as ‘true
crime’, ‘politics’, or ‘comedy’.
- Publication of podcasts is also
available to anyone with a
computer and microphone. It is
therefore very similar to other
examples of communication
technologies in this list (see for
example: blogs). While once
communicating messages to
large audiences was restricted
to the powerful, now we can all
share our message from behind
our computer screens
10. Wearable Technology
- Wearable technologies help
make communication easier
than ever. A wearable
technology is any information
technology that is carried on
the body. Examples include:
● Smart Watches
- allow people to use
voice commands to
control them. With
internet connections,
 wearable technology 11. Smart Speakers
can provide quick
answers to questions
that we ask them, make
hands-free phone calls,
and help you keep
spoken-word memos
and notes throughout
the day.
● Smart Glasses
- can integrate
augmented reality into
a person’s everyday life.
When a user is wearing
smart glasses, they can
have the glasses project
data like their travel
speed or internet
search data directly
onto their retina. They
usually also allow
people to make phone
calls through voice
commands. Most smart
glasses technologies
also allow users to
communicate with 12. Web Chat
them through eye
movements, blinks or
hand movements.
● Exercise bracelets
- and other wearable
health trackers tap into
people’s bodies to
measure vital signs and
sleep rhythms. These
bracelets can
automatically send data
to exercise trainers and
medical professionals to
provide quick and
accurate updates on the
health profile of the
wearer.
- Smart speakers are
computerized personal
assistants placed around offices
and homes in order to help
people complete tasks
hands-free. They are usually
activated using a hot word, like
‘Hey Computer’ or ‘OK Google’.
Smart speakers can hear people
from distances, allowing people
to use the speakers while still
going about their business.
- Once activated by a hot word,
the user asks the device
questions or provides voice
commands such as ‘turn out the
lights’, ‘add this to the shopping
list’ or ‘play a song’.
- Furthermore, smart speakers
can be hooked into phone lines
and internet lines to allow
people to ask search engine
questions via voice command or
make phone calls while going
about their daily lives.
- While web chat has been
around since the early days of
the internet, it has experienced
a resurgence in recent years for
business to consumer (B2C)
communication.
- Early web chat software
included MSN messenger which
was embraced by adolescents
and young adults as a way of
chatting with friends during the
early 2000s. With the rise of
Facebook and Facebook
messenger, MSN messenger
declined and was disbanded in
2012.
 - Smartphone apps have made
webchat an increasingly
popular form of instant
Insights… (Prof. Chris Drew, PhD)
communication between
friends.
- However, it has also recently
been used by companies as a
means of offering “web chat
support” to customers seeking
help with their products. Web
chat support for business to
consumer interactions is a
viable alternative to phone
helpline support. It enables
customers to go about their
daily lives and get a notification
whenever the support team has
a new piece of information,
rather than waiting on hold on
the phone.
13. Email
- While email has been around
since at least the 1970s, it
makes this list because of its
continuing relevance in the 21st
Century.
- Email in fact outdates the
internet by several decades.
Early emails were sent via
closed-circuit LAN networks in
government and university
databases. The first email using
the ‘@’ symbol to direct the
message to the correct servers
was used in 1971!
- Perhaps most emblematic of
email’s increased relevance to
our lives is the growing rate of
‘paperless billing’. Whereas
once we would have received
bills via post, most business to
consumer (B2C) billing and
invoicing is done via email
today. Email has also rendered
alternatives like Fax almost
irrelevant in the 21st Century
- Communication technology has come a
long way since the days of Morse code.
It was only a handful of generations ago
that communication across long
distances was excruciatingly slow and
rudimentary.
- If we went overseas, we wouldn’t
expect to see the faces or hear the
voices of our loved ones until we came
home. Now, a quick (and free!) skype
call can give us a live and immersive
face-to face conversation with our
family back home.
- The single greatest advance in
technological capabilities in the past 50
years was the invention of the internet.
Other hardware such as satellite
capabilities and fiber optic cable have
helped improve internet capacity and
rapidly progressed internet-based
communication.
- Communication technology continues
to advance at a rapid pace. The
emergence of the internet has made
communication more democratic than
ever. Now, anyone with an internet
connection can broadcast their ideas
online.
- However, with this increased capacity
for anyone to share information comes
challenges. The rise of ‘fake news’
highlights the importance of being
critical of information passed on
through online media and the need to
inform ourselves using reliable,
trustworthy and scientific information.
- This list of examples of examples of
communication technology highlights
just some of the technologies that keep
us connected in the 21st. Century.