Purposive Communication is about writing, speaking, and 5.

Receiver decodes or converts the messages back into

presenting to different audiences and for various purposes. meaningful ideas n his own mind.

COMMUNICATION Sender
The communication process begins with the sender, who is
- a process by which people send messages or exchange ideas also called
or thoughts with one another in a verbal and non- verbal the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of
manner information—a
command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with
– comes from the Latin word “communicare” meaning to others. In
share, to unite, or to have things in common order for that message to be received, the sender must first
encode the
– “communis” means commonness
message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it.
-is a process: dynamic, ongoing, continuous Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is called the
– employs many means: at many levels, for many reasons, receiver or the
with many people, in many ways interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the
sender, the
– involves interdependence receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information
and then
– comprises a number of distinguishable parts (3 phases: decode or interpret it.
expression, interpretation, response) Message
The message or content is the information that the sender
– takes place within participants
wants to relay
– Varies from one communication to another to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties. Put all three
together and
CONCEPT / DEFINITION you have the communication process as its most basic.
Medium
 Leagans (1961) • a process by which two or more people Also called the channel, the medium is the means by
exchange ideas, facts, feelings, or impression in such which a message
ways that each gains a common understanding of the is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted
meaning and use of messages through the
 Rogers (1983) • the process by which the message is medium of cell phones.
being transmitted from the source to the receiver Feedback
 Brooker (1949) • Anything that conveys meaning that The communication process reaches its final point when
carries a message from one person to another the message
has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood.
 Thayer (1968) • A mutual interchange of ideas by any
The receiver,
effective means in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension.
Feedback may be
direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the
form of an act
or deed in response.
Encoding
It is the process of turning thoughts into communication.
The encoder
uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call, email,
text message,
face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level
of conscious
thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The
encoder should
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his
or her
1. Sender generates an idea in mind. message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences.
2. Idea is converted into words, pictures, sounds, symbols, or Decoding
actions. (encoding the idea) It is the process of turning communication into thoughts.
For example,
3. Encoded idea is transmitted to the receiver you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following
message to send to
4. Receiver receives the encoded message through the senses your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza
and perceives it in the mind. tonight?” As your
roommate receives the message, he or she decodes your roommate receives the message, he or she decodes your
communication and communication and
turns it back into thoughts to make meaning turns it back into thoughts to make meaning
Sender Sender
The communication process begins with the sender, who is The communication process begins with the sender, who is
also called also called
the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of
information—a information—a
command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with
others. In others. In
order for that message to be received, the sender must first order for that message to be received, the sender must first
encode the encode the
message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it. message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it.
Receiver Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is called the The person to whom a message is directed is called the
receiver or the receiver or the
interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the
sender, the sender, the
receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information
and then and then
decode or interpret it. decode or interpret it.
Message Message
The message or content is the information that the sender The message or content is the information that the sender
wants to relay wants to relay
to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties. Put all three to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties. Put all three
together and together and
you have the communication process as its most basic. you have the communication process as its most basic.
Medium Medium
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by Also called the channel, the medium is the means by
which a message which a message
is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted
through the through the
medium of cell phones. medium of cell phones.
Feedback Feedback
The communication process reaches its final point when The communication process reaches its final point when
the message the message
has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood. has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood.
The receiver, The receiver,
in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension.
Feedback may be Feedback may be
direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the
form of an act form of an act
or deed in response. or deed in response.
Encoding Encoding
It is the process of turning thoughts into communication. It is the process of turning thoughts into communication.
The encoder The encoder
uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call, email, uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call, email,
text message, text message,
face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level
of conscious of conscious
thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The
encoder should encoder should
also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his
or her or her
message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences. message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences.
Decoding Decoding
It is the process of turning communication into thoughts. It is the process of turning communication into thoughts.
For example, For example,
you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following
message to send to message to send to
your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza
tonight?” As your tonight?” As your
roommate receives the message, he or she decodes your roommate receives the message, he or she decodes your
communication and communication and
turns it back into thoughts to make meaning turns it back into thoughts to make meaning
Sender Sender
The communication process begins with the sender, who is The communication process begins with the sender, who is
also called also called
the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of
information—a information—a
command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with
others. In others. In
order for that message to be received, the sender must first order for that message to be received, the sender must first
encode the encode the
message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it. message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it.
Receiver Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is called the The person to whom a message is directed is called the
receiver or the receiver or the
interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the
sender, the sender, the
receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information
and then and then
decode or interpret it. decode or interpret it.
Message Message
The message or content is the information that the sender The message or content is the information that the sender
wants to relay wants to relay
to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties. Put all three to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties. Put all three
together and together and
you have the communication process as its most basic. you have the communication process as its most basic.
Medium Medium
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by Also called the channel, the medium is the means by
which a message which a message
is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted
through the through the
medium of cell phones. medium of cell phones.
Feedback Feedback
The communication process reaches its final point when The communication process reaches its final point when
the message the message
has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood. has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood.
The receiver, The receiver,
in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension.
Feedback may be Feedback may be
direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the
form of an act form of an act
or deed in response. or deed in response.
Encoding Encoding
It is the process of turning thoughts into communication. It is the process of turning thoughts into communication.
The encoder The encoder
uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call, email, uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call, email,
text message, text message,
face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level
of conscious of conscious
thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The thought that goes into encoding messages may vary. The
encoder should encoder should
also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his
or her or her
message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences. message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences.
Decoding Decoding
It is the process of turning communication into thoughts. It is the process of turning communication into thoughts.
For example, For example,
you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following you may realize you’re hungry and encode the following
message to send to message to send to
your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza
tonight?” As your tonight?” As your
roommate receives the message, he or she decodes your
communication and
turns it back into thoughts to make meaning
Sender
1.
The communication process begins with the sender, who is
also called the communicator or source. The sender has some
kind of information—a command, request, or idea —that he or
she wants to share with others. In order for that message to be 2.
received, the sender must first encode the message in a form
that can be understood and then transmit it.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Linear Model – assumption that communication is
transmitted in a straight forward manner from a
sender to a receiver . reflects that communication is a
one way process
Interactive model – communication involves an
exchange or an interaction between the sender and
receiver

Receiver PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

The person to whom a message is directed is called the 1. Communication is schemata -driven
receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the Communication makes you send and receive
information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to messages from somebody by activating your
receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret schemata experiences or background knowledge that
it. you have stored in your early developmental stages
It begins with yourself and what you already know.
Message Transmitted messages become meaningful because of
your natural or old knowledge
The message or content is the information that the sender
2. Communication is an interpretative act
wants to relay to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties.
The creator or sender of the idea is the only one
Put all three together and you have the communication process
knowledgeable about the message
as its most basic.
3. Communication does not guarantee a direct or
Medium automatic link between wo minds
These form of knowledge become meaningful only to
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by others when you initiate communication with them .
which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, 4. Communication is active , powerful or forceful
are transmitted through the medium of cell phones. 5. Communication is symbolic
Feedback It represents or stand for ideas that you intent to
convey verbally
The communication process reaches its final point when 6. Communication always results in something
the message has been successfully transmitted, received, and
understood. The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, PRINCIPLES
indicating comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such as a 1. Communication is transactional
written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or It is a two-way process which involves an exchange
deed in response. of thoughts and
ideas.
Encoding 1. Communication is transactional
It is the process of turning thoughts into communication. It is a two-way process which involves an
The encoder uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone exchange of thoughts and ideas.
call, email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other 2. Communication is inevitable
communication tool. The level of conscious thought that goes It is impossible to not communicate
into encoding messages may vary. The encoder should also 2. Communication is inevitable
take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his or
her message, such as other messages, distractions, or It is impossible to not communicate
influences.
3. Communication is goal-oriented
Decoding
When you communicate, you have goals in mind
It is the process of turning communication into thoughts.
. Communication has various levels
For example, you may realize you’re hungry and encode the
The various levels of communication are:
following message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry. a. Intrapersonal Communication- It is the knowledge
Do you want to get pizza tonight?” As your roommate of and
receives the message, he or she decodes your communication communication with oneself (introspection-mental/symbolic
and turns it back into thoughts to make meaning processing of information without the benefit of getting the
opinion
of others).
Focus – ways in which we process stimuli, our ability to make
sense
out of our experiences, to remember, to retrieve information
from
memory, and to create messages.
b. Interpersonal Communication- It is the interaction
(speaking and
listening/switching of roles) between two people or relatively
small
group. It determines our relationships with others and who we
are
4. Communication has various levels
The various levels of communication are:
a. Intrapersonal Communication- It is the knowledge
of and communication with oneself (introspection-
mental/symbolic processing of information without the
benefit of getting the opinion of others).
Focus – ways in which we process stimuli, our ability to
make sense out of our experiences, to remember, to
retrieve information from memory, and to create
messages.
b. Interpersonal Communication- It is the interaction
(speaking and listening / switching of roles) between two
people or relatively small group. It determines our
relationships with others and who we are
2 KINDS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION:
1. Dyadic – communication between two individuals
2. Small group – interaction of three or more persons which
permits the dialogical participation of each person.
c. Extended Communication- It involves the use of electronic
media.
The description of extended communication may be expanded
as to include television, audio, or phone conferencing;
video-
conferencing; Skype calls; other technological means.
Language used may be formal or informal.
d. Organizational Communication- A system of
communication
should be put in place. A set of rules or standards for
communication
protocol should be made clear so that interaction patterns
are
established
5. Communication is complex
You may perceive communication as simply sending a
text message,
talking over the phone, or using hand gestures. However,
communication is
so complex that it entails a lot of processes which can occur
simultaneously
or successively.
6. Communication can be learned
Despite the complexity of communication, it is a
skill which can be
Learned
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION (7Cs)
Completeness
Effective communications are complete
 Completeness - Effective communications are complete
Conciseness
Conciseness is about keeping your message to a point
 Conciseness -is about keeping your message to a point
 Consideration -Effective communication takes into
account the receiver’s background and points of view
 Concreteness- A concrete message is specific, tangible,
vivid
 Courtesy – respect
 Clarity – the clearer the message the easier it gets for the
receiver to decode it according to the original content
Correctness -Correct grammar and syntax vouch for
increased effectiveness and credibility of your message
6. Communication can be learned
Despite the complexity of communication, it is a
skill which can be
learned
2 kinds of Interpersonal Communication:
1. Dyadic – communication between two individuals
2. Small group – interaction of three or more persons
which
permits the dialogical participation of each person.
7. Communication is relational
8. Communication is guided by culture
ETHICS
1. Be Honest and Truthful -based on accurate, factual
information
2. Refrain from Doing Harm. Whether communicating on
a corporate or an individual level, the communication
should make every effort to cause no harm
3. Fairness to all Stakeholders. When communicating
internally or externally, the organization should
attempt to be fair
4. Be an Active Listener and Strive to Understand. Hearing
and listening are two different things. In order for ethical
communication to be effective, the recipient of the
message should know that he (as the listener) and the
speaker both have equal responsibilities in the
communication process
5. Avoid a Negative Tone. Tone is critical to
communication.
6. Do Not Interrupt Others. Allowing others to speak is
important for civil, effective working environment.
7. Refrain from Speaking Judgmentally and Strive to
Understand. While it is important to be a proactive
 listener, it is important for listeners to also strive to fully
understand what is being said before responding
8. . Speak from Your Own Experience
9. Avoid Speaking for Others. Characterizing what others
have said without checking your understanding, or by
universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and
conclusions, assuming everyone shares them is unethical
10. Consider Appropriate Communication Channel. You
risk losing an audience if you use a communication
channel that is not preferred by your intended receiver
11. Consideration for Any Potential Roadblocks. When
communicating with another party, truly ethical
communication entails considering any potential factor
that may influence how the recipient understands the
information that is being communicated.
12. Avoid Speaking for Others. Characterizing what others
have said without
13. checking your understanding, or by universalizing
your opinions, beliefs,
14. values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them
is unethical

15. 4. Be an Active Listener and Strive to Understand.

Hearing and listening
16. are two different things. In order for ethical
communication to be effective,
17. the recipient of the message should know that he (as the
listener) and the
18. speaker both have equal responsibilities in the
communication proces

pRInCIpLES of EffECTIvE
CommunICaTIon
pRInCIpLES of EffECTIvE
CommunICaTIon
pRInCIpLES of EffECTIvE
CommunICaTIon