REVIEW ENG 3A
 COMMUNICATION PROCESS
 ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION
 COMMUNICATION ETHICS
 COMMUNICATION AND
GLOBALIZATION
 LOCAL AND GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION IN
MULTICULTURAL SETTING
 VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Chapter 1
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES,
PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS
COMMUNICATION
-Derived from the Latin words con (with),
munus (a business), communis (common),
communico (to confer or relate with one
another.)
-The process of accomplishing a goal, “with
a business to confer or relate with one
another.
ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION
-The importance of communication is related to
various aspects:
1. Communication is integrated in all parts
of our lives.
-Communication is valued in the real world and
it is integrated in all episodes of our lives. Our
lives consist of four domains:
a. Academics
-Communication skills are tied to academic
success. Students who are good at writing
and speaking perform better not only in the
English classroom but also in the content
areas and all other areas of learning.
Students who can effectively communicate
in English have more confidence in their
communication tasks.
b. Professional
- Desired communication skills vary from
one career to another..
c. Personal
-Having a vocabulary to name the
communication phenomena in our lives
increases our ability to alter consciously our
communication
Civic
-Civic engagement refers to working to
make a difference in our communities by
improving the quality of life of community
members; raising awareness about social,
cultural, or political issues; or participating
in a wide variety of political and
nonpolitical processes (Ehrlich, 2000)
2. Communication meets needs.
-Communication helps us achieve certain
physical and instrumental needs, and feeds into
our identities and relationships.
A. Physical needs – affects well-being
B. Instrumental needs – helps us achieve
long-term and short-term goals
C. Relational needs – maintains social
bonds and interpersonal relationships
D. Identity needs – allows us to present
ourselves in a distinct manner
3. Communication is guided by culture and
context.
-ONeil (2006) defines culture is a full range
of learned human behavioral patterns which
includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals,
customs, capabilities, and habits acquired by
man as a member of the society
Communication is learned.
-Humans are born with the capacity to learn a
language and the ability to communicate.
Communication is learned rather that innate. It is
learned through human contact. However, our
manner of communication varies from one
person to another based on culture and context.
5. Communication has ethical implications.
-Communication is more concerned with the
decisions people make about what is right and
wrong..
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION – a form
of transmitting messages using word
symbols representing ideas and objects. It
comes in two forms:
 ORAL COMMUNICATION– includes
face-to-face interaction, speaking to
someone on the phone, participating in
meetings, delivering speeches in programs,
giving lectures or discussions
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION– uses
symbols that are hand- written or printed
with an electronic device
Factors that affect verbal communication:
• Tone of voice
• Use of descriptive words
• Emphasis on certain phrases
• Volume of voice
2. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-form of communication which refers to the
sending of messages to another person using
methods or means other than the spoken
language. Basically, it is communication
without the use of words.
•NON-VERBAL CUES – may both be
intentional and unintentional and is
categorized in two (2) categories:
 Non-verbal cues produced by the
body
 Non-verbal messages produced by
the broad setting such as time,
space, and silence.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER – a person, group, or organization who
initiates the communication.
1. MESSAGE – An element transmitted in
communication consists of the idea, opinion,
information, feeling, or attitude of the
2. CHANNEL –A pathway or medium
through which the message travels to reach
its destination.
 Oral –More effective when an
immediate feedback is needed.
 Written –More effective when the
message must be delivered to many
people
 Visual/Electronic –Used for
distant communication
3. RECEIVER –A person who receives,
analyzes, understands, and interprets the
message. The receiver can also be called the
decoder, reader, or listener.
4. FEEDBACK – the receiver’s response that
provides information to the sender. It is the
return process in which the receiver provides
both verbal and non-verbal signals to show
whether the message is understood or not.
5. ADJUSTMENT – done if the message is
distorted or is not clearly understood by the
receiver.
6. NOISE – a form of distortion, barrier, or
obstacle that occurs in any of the phases of
oral communication process.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
COMMUNICATION – is a process of mutual
interaction of people through sensory stimuli; a two-
way process which occurs in an orderly and
systematic sequence.
 The communication process begins with the
formulation of an idea by the sender who
may be a speaker or writer depending on the
communication form.
 The goal of communication between a
sender and a receiver is understanding of the
message being sent.
 The response made by the receiver of the
message is the feedback which may be
negative or positive.
 Finally, the communication process ends or
temporarily stops when both participants
have reached their goal or are satisfied with
their transaction.
ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION
1. CONTENT
refers to the information and experiences
that are provided to the receiver of the
communication process.
PROCESS
refers to the way the message is presented or
delivered. The content of the message
should not contradict with the non-verbal
cues.
2. CONTEXT
is the situation or environment in which
your message is delivered. It is when and
where communication happens.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Principle of Clarity – the information or
message should be coded or worded clearly.
2. Principle of Attention – the receiver’s
attention should be drawn to the message to
make the communication effective.
3. Principle of Feedback – there should be
feedback information from the receiver to
know whether s/he understood the message
in the same sense in which the sender has
meant it.
4.Principle of Informality – informal
communication may prove effective in
situations when formal communication may
not achieve its desired results
5.Principle of Consistency – consistency
avoids conflict in an organization;
inconsistency leads to confusion
6.Principle of Timeliness – communication
should be done in real time so that it helps,
and it is relevant in implementing plans;
delayed communication may not serve any
purpose
7.Principle of Adequacy – information
should be complete; is essential to take
proper decisions and make action plans;
inadequate information may delay action
and create confusion.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
COMMUNICATION ETHICS – deals
with the behavior of an individual or a group
which is governed by their morals and in
turn affects communication.
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION –
enhances human worth and dignity.
UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION –
causes threats to the quality of
communication
NATIONAL COMMUNICATION
ASSOCIATION (NCA) - developed the
Credo for Ethical Communication which
reminds that communication ethics is
relevant across contexts and applies to every
channel of communication.
Chapter 2
COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
-the ability to function in a truly
communicative setting. It is the knowledge
of effective and appropriate communication
patterns and the ability to use and adapt
knowledge in various contexts.
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE deals with:
• knowledge. • the ability to use
• the ability to adapt to various contexts
COMPETENCE
-refers to the conscious and unconscious
knowledge of an individual about language
and about other aspects of language use
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE
COMPETENCE
 1. GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE -
the domain of grammatical and lexical
capacity
2.SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE -
an understanding of the social context in
which communication takes place, including
role relationships, the shared information of
the participants, and the communicative
purpose of their interaction
3. DISCOURSE COMPETENCE - the
ability to interpret individual message
elements in terms of their
interconnectedness and of how meaning is
represented in relationship to the entire
discourse
4. STRATEGIC COMPETENCE - the
coping strategies that communicators
employ to initiate, terminate, maintain,
repair and redirect communication
EXPECTED SKILLS FOR COLLEGE
GRADUATES
(National Communication Association)
1. State ideas clearly.
2. Communicate ethically.
3. Recognize when it is appropriate to
communicate.
4. Identify their communication goals.
5. Select the most appropriate and effective
medium for communicating.
6. Demonstrate credibility.
7.Identify and manage misunderstandings.
8. Manage conflict.
9. Be open-minded about another’s point of
view.
10. Listen attentively.
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
COMPETENCE - the ability of individuals that
relates effectively to self and others in daily life.
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
-an innate individual trait that is not related
to personal intellect or education, thus, is an
internal ability that is enhanced and
luminated through the promotion of
empathy in the process of socialization
MODEL OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
COMPETENCE
-This enables individuals to search for the vision,
shared understanding, and sense of multiple identities
that lead to the unlocking of human potential in the
development of intelligence, knowledge, and
creativity for a peaceful and productive society.
FOUR DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
COMPETENCE
1. GLOBAL MINDSET- is a psychological process
that represents patterns of an individual or group
thinking. It is a fixed mental attitude that leads people
to see things and events from a specific lens through
perception and reasoning.
2. UNFOLDING THE SELF - the ability to look for
shared communication symbols and project the self
into another person’s mind by thinking the same
thoughts, feelings, and emotions as the person.
3. MAPPING THE CULTURE - ability to contrast
cultural differences that may motivate us to prefer
alternative styles of cultural expressions and
engender in us a desire to retool so that we can better
function with the demands of global environment and
cope with the changing environment rapidly.
4. ALIGNING THE INTERACTION - requires
individuals to foster the ability of cultural adroitness
by which they can function effectively and
appropriately without violating their counterpart’s
norms and rules to reach a global civic society.
GLOBALIZATION
Definitions of Globalization:
1. Globalization is associated with
deterritorialization
2. Globalization is linked to the growth of
social interconnectedness across existing
geographical and political boundaries.
3. Globalization must also include a
reference to the speed or velocity of social
activity
4. Globalization should be conceived as a
relatively long-term process
FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The emergence of transnational
communication conglomerates as key
players in the global system.
2. The social impact of new technologies,
especially those associated with satellite
communication
3. The asymmetric flow of information and
communication products within the global
system
4. The variations and inequalities in terms of
access to the global networks of
communication
MAJOR TRENDS IN GLOBALIZATION
1. Technology development has made
globalization inevitable and irreversible.
2. Economic transformation has led to a new
landscape of economic world.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
1. VIRTUAL INTERACTIONS. Globalization has
introduced virtual communication and collaboration
as a major part of workplace dynamics. Modern
entrepreneurs need to understand the strengths and
limitations of different communications media, and
how to use each medium to maximum effect.
2. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN SPEECH. The
need for cultural awareness is a major impact of
globalization on the required skillset of effective
communicators.
3. CULTURAL AWARENESS IN BODY
LANGUAGE. Awareness of cultural differences in
body language can be just as important as the
nuances of speech.
4. TIME DIFFERENCES. The advent of global
collaboration introduces another new dynamic to
communication skills the need to communicate and
share information with people across several time
zones
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN GLOBALIZATION
COMMUNICATION MEDIA - plays a significant
role in constructing and representing the phenomenon
of globalization and subsequently changing
educational and learning processes.
ROLES OF MEDIA:
1. It enables communication to take place in
real time over great distances.
2. It advances the 21st century into what we
speak as the globalization of
communication.
3. The emergence of electronic media and
the digital media has brought about a radical
change on how we see education.
LANGUAGE AND GLOBALIZATION
21ST CENTURY LANGUAGE has become the
language that exists in the global world.
Here are some of the terminologies in the globalizing
society:
 CHAT ROOM - internet feature that allows
people to communicate in real time
 COMPUTER LITERACY - internet
literacy; ability to use computers
 CYBERSPACE - world wide web
 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP - the creation of
conscious critical forms of integration in the
globalizing society; a person utilizing
technology (digital citizen)
 DIGITAL COMPETENCE - confidence
and critical use of information technology
 DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS - adults who
adapt to their environment as they retain
their language; born before the widespread
of technology
 DIGITAL NATIVES - young people who
are native speakers of the digital language of
computers; born on the era of technology
 DIGITAL SKILLS - ability to evaluate a
variety of technological solutions; more than
just knowing how to use a specific
technology well
 EMOJI - the creation of a new alphabet;
pictograph
 EMOTICON - words without letters
conveying emotional responses
 ETHNOSCAPE - landscape of persons
who form the shifting world where we live
 HYPERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION - computer mediated
communication that is more socially
desirable than face-to-face communication
 IDEOSCAPE - the movement of ideologies
 MEDIASCAPE - pertains to the electronic
and print media in global cultural flows
 MEDIAMORPHOSIS - transformation of
communication media
 OMG - Oh My God!
 SELFIE - an ego-manical madness; gives
focus on an individual
 STREAMING MULTIMEDIA - live
audio and video available on a website
 TECHNOSCAPE - movement of
technology
 TELEMATIC NETWORK - convergence
of telecommunications and information
processing
 VIRTUAL COMMUNITY - community
that exists in the world of electronic
communication rather than in the physical
world
 VIRTUAL REALITY - the use of
computer to simulate an experience in a way
that is obscure from reality
Chapter 3
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
A MULTICULTURAL SETTING
CULTURE - is manifested in our actions and affects
how we tell the world who we are and what we
believe in. It is the basis for how we behave in a
certain communication context.
CONTEXT - brings a better understanding about
culture in general and our own culture. It refers to
anything that refers to the stimuli, environment, or
ambience surrounding an event (Edward T. Hall)
LOCAL COMMUNICATION - is highly grounded
on the cultural context. This context of
communication reflects the culture of people who are
creating their self-identity and community.
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION - has turned to be
a modifying factor of local communication.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION – a
discipline that focuses on how culture affects
communication. It is the ability to understand and
value cultural differences.
LANGUAGE - is a component that is linked to
intercultural understanding. Enhancing oral and
written communication in intercultural environments
is a way to achieving intercultural competence.
GRICE’S PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATIVE
CONVERSATION
1. MAXIM OF RELATION - every
interlocutor should be relevant in a
conversation, requiring them to respond
based on cultural and contextual
requirements.
2. MAXIM OF QUANTITY - every
interlocutor should observe a “fair-share-talk
of time.”
3. MAXIM OF QUALITY - the truth value
of a message should be held primary in a
conversation.
4. MAXIM OF MANNER - the manner of
saying a word is more regarded than its
content.
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
• LANGUAGE - Words, greetings and
expressions that are based on culture and
context
• BODY LANGUAGE - is a form of non-
verbal communication in which movements
of the body communicate messages, either
in place of, or in conjunction with speech.
THE ABC’S OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
• Communication is complex because of the
cultural and contextual factors embedded in
it.
• It is also challenging due to the many ways
in which communication can vary between
cultures as well as individuals plus the
requirements needed by an individual to
satisfy the conversational conventions
• Although effective communication is hard
to achieve because of these considerations,
good communication is attainable.
• Lewis (2008) provided the following
ABC’s of intercultural communication.
ACKNOWLEDGE- Differences in communication
style should be acknowledged.
BI-LEVEL- Communication does not only uphold
speaking and listening but also requires a holistic
process that includes verbal and non-verbal channels.
CLARIFY- If you are doubtful of your
understanding about what is being communicated,
ask for clarification.
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
BARRIERS - give difficulty in understanding
people, whose language is different, and evidently
challenge people who are trying to work
harmoniously with others of a different background.
• LANGUAGE BARRIER - It is evidently
the primary barrier of communication in
second and foreign language contexts.
Because of its complexity, communication
between people speaking different languages
is difficult.
• HOSTILE STEREOTYPES -
Stereotypes are generalizations or
assumptions people make about the
characteristics of members of a group, based
on an image about what people in that group
are like.
• BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES - occupation. Often, words are meaningless outside a
Difference of behavior between different
cultures can cause misunderstandings. Every
culture has its norm about what is regarded
as appropriate behavior.
• EMOTIONAL DISPLAY - Different
cultures have varying regard on emotional
display. What is considered appropriate
display of emotion in one culture may not be
appropriate in another culture.
AMBIGUOUS EXPRESSIONS
=Idioms and figurative clichés - This form of
language uses words and expressions with a meaning
that is different from the literal interpretation.
beat the clock — to do something before the
deadline
do the dirty work—to do the disagreeable,
illegal, dishonest things
labor of love — a work that brings you
great pleasure
go with the flow — to do what people do
and accept things as they are
bend the law or bend the rules — to cheat a
little bit without breaking the law
Slang - It is a shortcut or highly colloquial word that
suggests excessive informality and lack of
appreciation in the workplace setting
gonna — going to
wanna — want to
Cover your ass. — Protect yourself from
possible criticism.
What you see is what you get. — There is
nothing hidden.
Okay — all right
Acronym - It is formed from the initial letters of
other words and pronounced as a word.
LAM — leave a message
IMO — in my opinion
AKA — also known as
AWOL — absent without leave
ASAP — as soon as possible
Abbreviation - It is a short form of a lengthy
expression.
Acct – account
recd – received
w/o – without
fwd – forward
ad – advertisement
Jargon - It is a type of language that is used in an
certain context.
bang for the buck — a business jargon for
getting the most for your money
helicopter view — an overview of a job or a
project
desk job — a job that is typically confined to
duties from a desk
end-user perspective — what the customer
thinks about a product or service
cubicle farm — a section of the office that
contains worker’s cubicles
Chapter 4
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN
AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
American English (AmE)
• It is a variant of the English language
which is spoken mainly in the United States.
 About two-thirds of the world's native word has the suffix -man or -woman, check
speakers of English live in America and to see if it reflects the gender of the person
speak this variant. described. Use more neutral alternatives
when gender is not important to the idea you
British English (BrE) are getting across.
• It is a variant of the English language AVOID RACIAL AND ETHNIC BIAS
which is spoken in the United Kingdom.
Racial or ethnic information should only be indicated
Australian English (AuE) if the context demands it. Take note of the following:
• It is another variant of the English ✓ Both black and African American are generally
language which is spoken in the Australia.
acceptable (although some members of this
New Zealand English (NZE) community prefer one or the other). The phrase
people of color is sometimes used to include other
• It is the variant of the English language racial groups, particularly for political purposes. The
spoken as the first language by my most labels Negro and colored are generally not
people in New Zealand. acceptable.
Black English (African American ✓ Depending to some extent on regional preference,
Vernacular English) people with roots in Latin America refer to
themselves as Hispanic, Latino/Latina, or
• It is a broad term used to refer to American
Chicano/Chicana, or by place of origin (Cuban
English and British English as spoken by the
American, Puerto Rican). Except for specific
black communities in the United States and
audiences or individuals, Latino is generally
the United Kingdom.
acceptable.
Singapore English (SingEng or Singlish)
✓ The preference is for Asian or Asian American
• Singapore English is a language variant rather than Oriental. Again, specific groups may
which is considered the most popular prefer labels based on country of origin (Japanese
medium of communication in the academe. American, Korean).
There are two main forms of this variant:
Singapore English and Singapore Colloquial ✓ Native American has gained favor over Indian.
English. Depending on context, you might more accurately
refer to a specific tribe or tribes.
Philippine English
AVOID AGE BIAS
• It is another variety of the English
language related to American English in • Age should only be specified if it is relevant. Avoid
terms of spelling and grammar. Besides the expressions that are demeaning or subjective.
Filipino language, the English language is
native to the Philippines and is considered
an official language.
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY
-The following show major differences in vocabulary
among the three different varieties of English.
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH SPELLING
AVOID DISABILITY BIAS
REGISTER - is described as a variety according to
use in the sense that each speaker has a range of • Do not refer to an individual’s disability unless
varieties and chooses between them at different relevant. When necessary, use terms that do not
times. Register refers to the level of formality of the offend disabled individuals.
speech.
FORMS OF LANGUAGE REGISTER
1. FORMAL REGISTER - is appropriate
in professional and business writing.
2. INFORMAL REGISTER - is the way
we talk to our friends and family.
3. NEUTRAL REGISTER - not
specifically formal or informal, positive or
negative.
BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE
• Sometimes the language we use reflects
our stereotypes. While in speech our facial
expressions or even gestures may convince
our listeners that we are not being offensive,
AVOID GENDER BIAS
• Avoid using masculine pronouns when the
gender of the person is not known. When a