Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people.
• Anxiety - anxious, because of not knowing what you are expected to do 2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
• Assuming Similarity instead of Differences 3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.
• Ethnocentrism - negatively judging aspects of another culture by the
standards of one’s own culture. Varieties of Language
• Stereotyping - used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribed by most
individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014).
• Prejudice - refers to the irrational dislike or hatred of a particular group, race, 1. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outs (global)
religion, or sexual orientation our community.
• Motivation - desire to communicate successfully with strangers is an 2. Language varies in speaking and in writing.
important start. 3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses
• Tolerance for Ambiguity - makes it possible to accept, and even embrace,
the often equivocal and sometimes downright incomprehensible messages
Varieties of Spoken Language
Characteristics of Spoken Language Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global)
our community. There are five types of spoken language.
• The spoken language is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue
• The spoken language utilizes the human voice and all kinds of gestures • Interactional- social function
• The spoken language is spontaneous but momentary. • Referential- objects or abstract concepts
• The spoken language cannot be detached from the user of it. • Expressive- judgement or feelings
• The spoken language widely uses intensifying words. • Transactional – driven by needs and wants
• The spoken language is characterized by the insertion into the utterance • Phatic- small, plain talk
of words without any meaning, which are called “fill-ups” or empty words
such as “well”, “and all”, “so to say”, “whatever”, etc. Characteristics of Written Language
● the written variety presupposes the absence of an interlocutor.
● the written language is mostly maintained in the form of a monologue.
● the written language is more carefully organized and more explanatory. ● the
written language is able to live forever with the idea it expresses. ● the written
language can be detached and objectively looked at. The writer has an opportunity
to correct and improve what has been put on the paper. ● the written language bears
a greater volume of responsibility than its spoken counterpart.
Visual literacy is reading the text whereas critical visual literacy is reading beyond the
text.
MODULE 5. Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology symbol; the domain name comes immediately after the @ symbol. And the top-
level domain follows the dot (.).
The Role of Technology in Communication
- All around the world, the government, education system, researchers, community Online Content Creation and Identity
leaders, teachers, and parents consider technology to be a critical part of a child's - The internet has become both an instrument and a site for social expression;
communication competence and skills development. personal web pages, blogs, and the posting of share and display of their thoughts,
- Technology-assisted communication or machine-assisted interpersonal interests, talents, and other characteristics of the self.
communication combines characteristics of both interpersonal and mass
communication situations (Dominick, 1999). Personal Web Pages and Blog
- The material and information on personal Web sites and blogs are usually provided
Seven Milestones in the Evolution of Human Communication for specific reasons. People may incorporate content specifically for personal
1. Language expression and a desire to share it with others
2. Writing
3. Printing Social Networking Sites
4. Telegraphy and Telephony - allow people to connect with friends, families, and others in an existing social
5. Photography network while establishing new connections and forming relationships with people
6. Radio and Television from around the world.
7. Computer and Internet
Mediated Communication and its Impact on Personal Relationships
The Meaning of Relational Technology - Kraut, Bryanin, and Kiesler (2006) as mentioned in Dave and McMahan (2009)
- Duck and McMahan (2009) refer to cellphones, Ipods, and other technological revealed that “on one level, changes in technology simply allow people to
devices as relational technologies to emphasize the relational functions and achieve relatively stable relational goals in new ways.”
implications of their use in society and within specific groups.
Cellphones and Personal Relationships
Media and Technology Generations - Cell phones have come to represent constant connection to those who possess your
- Media scholars Gary Gumpert and Robert Cathart (1995) have maintained that number, and how freely people give out their cell phone numbers varies.
the traditional notion of separating generations according to time can be Shared Experience
replaced by separating generations according to their media experience. - Shared experience can be derived from the use of cell phones.
- When people correspond through text messages, the engagement is in the use of
Online Communication the same technology.
- New face to face communication - Information, the act of sending and receiving text messages both announces and
- Online environment arises from the fact that cyber communication has also establishes shared membership and acceptance into a group.
expanded opportunities for online users to hide under different and fraudulent
identities. Personal Relationships and Social Network
- Online communication enables people to maintain existing relationships, enhance
Screen Name existing relationships, and create new relationships, and is dramatically changing
- A person is sometimes known to others by his or her screen name, which may or social networks (Boase, Horrigan, Wellaman, & Rainie, 2006);
may not provide an accurate presentation of the person behind the screen. CORE TIES include people with whom you have a very close relationship
and are in frequent contact.
E-mail Addresses SIGNIFICANT TIE though more than mere acquaintances represent a
- Also connected to identity instruction, somewhat weaker connection.
- Have these main parts; the username (sometimes a person’s screen name), the
domain name, and the top-level domain. The username comes before the @
Competence and Challenges in Mediated Communication - Humor and other Emotional Anecdotes create an emotional memory link to
- Learner Messages Social scientists use the term richness to describe the important ideas.
abundance of non-verbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message - Mnemonics and Acronyms provide an easily remembered memory prompt or
- Disinhibition blurting out remarks that embarrass ourselves and offend others; shortcut to increase the likelihood that a list is retained.
Sometimes, communicators take disinhibition to the extreme, blasting-off angry-
even vicious- e-mails, text messages, and website postings. The common term for Characteristics of Effective Informative Speaking
these outbursts is “flaming”. ● Intellectually Stimulating
- Permanence It can be bad enough to blurt out a private thought or lash out in a ● Relevant
person, but at least there is no permanent record of your indiscretion. By contrast, ● Creative
a regrettable text message, e-mail, or web posting can archived virtually forever.
Methods of Informing
Social media etiquette: what’s safe to share on social networks? o Description
o Definition
An advocacy campaign is a long-term set of activities that includes research, planning, o Comparison and Contrast
and acting, monitoring, and evaluating advocacy efforts. By practice, advocacy o Narration
campaigns are delivered through different platforms of media- television, print, and o Demonstration
radio. However, contemporary technology has enabled advocates to use digital media
such as the internet, mobile devices, and Social Media as tools for pushing advocacy Guidelines for Organization Pattern
as well. o Chronological step-by-step progression and/ or you want to discuss an event,
phenomenon, or concept over time.
Jumpstarting your Advocacy o Spatial help the audience visualize something you are describing; describe
- Developing your message something by moving from point to point through space.
- Delivering your message o Categorical - emphasize the significance of the categories or divisions in
- Choosing the right medium some way
- o Causal factors (causes) that have contributed to some outcome (effects)
Traditional Mediums for Advocacy o Problem-Solution understand a problem more fully while acknowledging
● Press Release associated solutions
● Radio and Television
● Theater and Songs SPEECH TO PERSUADE
● Pamphlets, Comic Books and Photos
- PERSUASION is the process of altering or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values,
MODULE 6- COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES or behavior.