Lab # 1: Introduction of the lab equipment

Power Transmission

EEE381

Lab # 02

Name Arslan Shabeer

Registration
Number FA20-BEE-033

Subject Power Transmission

Instructor’sName Ma’am Shafia Hussain

Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmission

line
Objectives
 Measurement of the voltage increase of short transmission lines with and without load.
 Explanation of the concept of operating capacitance.
 Different performance characteristics.

Prelab:
The power transmission line is one of the major components of an electric power system. Its
major function is to transport electric energy, with minimal losses, from the power sources to the
load centers, usually separated by long distances. The design of a transmission line depends on
four electrical parameters: 1. Series resistance 2. Series inductance 3. Shunt capacitance 4. Shunt
conductance

When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in the line due to resistance
and inductance of the line. The result is the receiving end voltage (Vr) of the line is generally
less than the sending end voltage (Vs). This voltage drop (Vs-Vr) in the line is expressed as a
percentage of receiving end voltage Vr and is called voltage regulation.
Mathematically:-
Vs−Vr
%age voltage regulation:- 100
Vr
The power obtained at the receiving end of a transmission line is generally less than the sending
end power due to losses in the line resistance. The ratio of receiving end power to the sending
end power of a transmission line is known as the transmission efficiency of the line.
Receivingendpower
%age Transmission efficiency:- 100
Sendingendpower

Generally, a transmission line having its length less than 80 km is considered as a short
transmission line. In short transmission line capacitance is neglected because of small leakage
current and other parameters (resistance and inductance) are lumped in the transmission line.
Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

Single and three phase short transmission line

The single phase line is usually short in length and having low voltage. It has two conductors.
Each conductor has resistance R and inductive reactance X. For convenience, it is considered
that the parameters of the conductors are lumped into one conductor, and the return conductor is
assumed to have no resistance and inductive reactance.

The single phase line and equivalent circuit model of the short transmission line are shown
below in the figure. The resistance R and the inductive reactance X represent the loop resistance
and the loop inductance of the short transmission line. Thus,
Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

R = loop resistance of the line = resistance of both outgoing and return conductors
= 2 × resistance of one conductor = 2R1

and X = loop reactance of the lines = reactance of both lead and return conductors
= 2 × inductive reactance to one conductor to neutral = 2X1

The end of the line where the load is connected is called receiving end. The end where the source
of supply is connected is known as the sending end.

Let Vr = voltage at the receiving end

Vs= voltage at the sending end
Ir = current at the receiving end
Is = current at the sending end
cos∅r= power factor of the load
cos∅s = power factor at the sending end

The phasor diagram of the line for lagging load power

factor is shown in fig from the right angle triangle
ODC, we get
Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

( OC )2=( OD )2+ ( DC )2

V S 2=( OE+ ED )2 + ( DB+ BC )2

2 2
¿ ( V R cos ϕ R + IR ) + ( 〖 V R sin ϕ R + I X L ) 〗

√ 2
V S = ( V R cos ϕ R + IR ) + ( 〖 V R sin ϕ R + I X L ) 〗
2

V S −V R
% Voltage regulation = ×100
VR

OD V R cos ϕ R + IR
Sending end p.f. cos ϕ R= =
OC VS

Power delivered V R I R cos ϕ R

Line losses = I 2R

Power sent out = V R I R cos ϕ R + I 2 R

Power delivered
%age Transmission efficiency = 100
Power sent out

V R I R cos ϕ R
¿ 100
V R I R cos ϕ R + I 2 R

The series impedance of the lines is given as,

Z=R +jX
Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

In short transmission lines the shunt conductance and shunt capacitance of the line are neglected;
hence, the current remains the same at all point of the line.
Practically, we say that,

Is=Ir=I

The three phase line is made by using three single-phase conductors. For reasons associated with
economy, transmission of electric power is done by 3-phase system. This system may be
regarded as consisting of three single phase units, each wire transmitting one-third of the total
power. As a matter of convenience, we generally analyses 3-phase system by considering one
phase only. When working with balanced three phase line, it is assumed that all the given
voltages are line-to-line values and all currents are line currents. Thus, for three phase line
calculations,

power per phase = (1/3) × ( total power)

reactive volt-amperes per phase = ( 1/3) × (total reactive volt-amperes)

For a balanced 3-phase, star connected line,

phase voltage = 1/√3 × line voltage

Inlab:
First connect the power supply module to transmission line model, connect each line to the other
side. Then connect the primary windings in delta and the secondary windings in Star connection.
For short transmission line connect the upper path of the three paths provided as shown in figure
below. The upper path is for short transmission, lowest path for medium transmission line and
middle path for long transmission line. Place short links on the line to neutral capacitances.
Connect two voltmeter’s one at the end and one in the middle. Connect Power meter to measure
the reactive power of the line.
Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

Transmission line model with length of 144 km

Practical Results Table (Without operating capacitance)

Length U1 U2 U2/U1 Reactive power

80 KM 400V 400V 1 0

Practical Results Table (With operating capacitance)

Length U1 U2 U2/U1 Reactive power

80 KM 400V 409V 1.02 37.6 VAR

Practical Results Table (With load and without operating capacitance)

Resistance U1 U2 U2/U1 Reactive power Current I

722 400V 398.8V 99.5% 0 .34A
Lab # 2: Performance analysis of Short transmissionline with and without load

Post Lab:
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

.
In thia lab we learned about the performance analysis of short transmission
line. In this lab we lewaned about the measurement of the voltage increase of
short transmission lines with and without load. We also learned the the
concept of operating capacitance and different performance characteristics.
We did every task practically according to the given condition and noted
down the readings.

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab /1

In Lab /5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments