Second-order ring modulator

Calculations of losses and some design considerations

Prof. D. G. Tucker, D.Sc, C.Eng., M.I.E.E. Synopsis The second-order ring modulator takes its output at a second-order sideband frequency from the input terminals of a lattice switch (or ring connection of rectifiers); the normal output terminals of the lattice are terminated in a reactive 'idler' circuit. This arrangement has practical attractions, and uses fewer transformers than other modulators. With ideal switches and ideal selective circuits, the conversion power loss is zero. The effects of resistance in the switches or rectifiers, of changes in the idler arrangements, and of not tuning the input and output circuits, are examined in the paper, and the results are compared with those of the conventional types of modulator. List of symbols
txiq = angular frequency of applied signal ojp = angular frequency of carrier or local oscillation i0 = current at frequency coq / + i = current at frequency o)q + cop R_2 resistance of circuit for frequency component
(xiq 2ixip

simplicity that the idler load impedance is zero at all frequencies except o)q o)p, where it is a pure reactance X_ i. The ideal lattice switch is one which provides a periodic commutation represented by the signature function
sign (cos ojpt) (4/7r) cos copt (4/377) cos 3copt + . . . (1)

vm = voltage at frequency coq -f- ma)p 6m = phase angle at frequency a>q + mojp X_, = idler reactance at frequency u>q cop Zi0 = input impedance of lattice at frequency coq Vj = input voltage to lattice /, = input current to lattice vR voltage at output of lattice iR = current at output of lattice rj = series resistance of switch or forward resistance of rectifier rb = shunt resistance of switch or backward resistance of rectifier V = peak value of signal e.m.f. c.p.l. = conversion power loss = ratio of available power from signal source to actual power output at wanted sideband frequency Subscripts correspond to the order of modulation involved in the frequency Basic system A recent short note1 by the author set out some basic properties of the second-order ring modulator using a reactive idler circuit. It was there assumed that the ring modulator comprised a lattice of ideal switches, operated by the carrier or local-oscillator frequency top, and, with appropriate tuning, the second-order sideband 2a>p ojq (where tuq is the signal frequency) was obtained with zero conversion loss. Another paper2 has analysed losses due to switch (or rectifier) resistances in nominally zero-loss-modulator configurations of all orders of modulation, and has shown that losses may be smaller in even-order modulators of the type here being discussed than in the conventional odd-order modulators which involve no idler circuit. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the performance of the second-order modulator in more detail, with particular regard to arrangements of practical value; it seems likely that it is a configuration of some importance. The basic scheme of the zero-loss second-order ring modulator is shown in Fig. 1, and the circuit in a suitable form for analysis is shown in Fig. 2. It is assumed for
Paper 5069 E, first received 3rd February and in revised form 24th May 1966 Prof. Tucker is with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham 15, England

The input signal, of e.m.f. Kcos u)qt, with internal impedance Zo, is applied through an ideal selective circuit which provides an infinite impedance at all frequencies other than a>q. Similarly, the output signal, assumed to be at ojq 2a>p, is absorbed in a pure resistance load -K_2 via a selective circuit which provides an infinite impedance at all other frequencies. The notation whereby a modulation product is written as u>q mix)p instead of mu)p a>q is adopted because of its analytical advantages;3 this means that the reactance used here has the opposite sign to that used in the real circuit whenever coq is less than a>p.

Fig. 1
Convenient practical arrangement for zero-loss modulator zero impedance at <i>q; infinite elsewhere . r . . -*ideal lattice switch zero impedance at u>q infinite elsewhere
jX_1 at aiq-oopj

zero elsewhere

1 ftg r]

Fig. 2
Circuit for analysis 1457

PROC. IEE, Vol. 113, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1966

The input current comprises only two components and is given by // = /0 cos ( a y + 0O) + /_2 cos {(OJQ - 2ojp)t + 0_2} . (2) Therefore iR = ij sign (cos a y ) = io[(2/n) cos {(a>9 ay)/ + #o} + other frequencies] + '-2[(V7T) c o s ( ( ^ ~ ^p)1 + ^-2} + other frequencies] . . . . vR = JX-\(2H[i0 cos {(wq - ojp)t + dQ} + /_ 2 cos{(w,-o>,)/ + 0_2}] Now Vj vR sign (cos a y ) (3) The voltage vR is finite only at frequency coq a y so that . (4) (5)

loss is no longer zero, of course, and the general form of the conversion-power-loss ratio (c.p.l. ratio), as given by eqn. 42, is rather complicated. But a much simpler result is obtained

ideal lattice switch V cos

Fig. 3 Circuit of Fig. 2 with switch resistance r/added

Filters and idler as in Fig. 2

and the components in this at frequencies oiq and ojq 2ojp balance the voltages due to the applied e.m.f. and to the output in R_2. Thus, at coq we have K c o s a y - Z o / O cos ( a y + 0O) = JX-\(4fr2){io + 0O) + ' - 2 cos ( a y + 0_ 2 )} and, at coq 2ay we have - * - 2 ' - 2 cos {(coq - 2ojp)t + 0_2} = y^_ ,(4/7r )[/0 cos {(co, - 2oy)/ + 0O} + /_ 2 cos{(tu (? -2ay)/ + 0_2}] K - Z o i o = y * _ i ( 4 M ( ' o + -2) -R_2i_2=jX_l(4f7T2)(i0 + i_2) . . (7) These equations can now be written in phasor form as and (8) (9)
2

if we assume the losses are small, so that /y <^ R_2. Consider first the case where R_2 = (4/TT2)X_1, SO that c.p.l. ratio ~ 1 + 6/y//?_2 (13)
(14)

cos ( a y . . . . (6)

As a second special case, take X_l = oo, so that c.p.l. ratio ~ 1 + 4rf/R_2 It can be seen that increasing the idler reactance to infinity at frequency ojq <vp (while keeping it at zero for all other frequencies) reduces the power loss by one third. It will be seen later that this arrangement is advantageous in other ways too. It can most easily be realised by the use of a parallel-tuned circuit, as shown in Fig. 4. The physical reasoning here is simple. The reactive idler dissipates no power, and in the circuit with ideal switches causes no loss. But it does cause an extra current component in the circuit, which is

These may be solved to give the input impedance at frequency a)q; to match this conjugately, the impedance Z o is required to be
Zo =J _1R_2f{- R_ (10)

to lattice switch

which is a resistance R_2 in parallel with a reactance (4/n2)X_i. Assuming this match is provided, /_ 2 = V{R_2 -K4f7T2)X_l}/j(8f7T2)X_,7?_2 . (11)
Fig. 4

*i/uup-ou q

tuned to

p generator to a; Idler circuit giving JT.i = oo

It is now easily seen that the output power, which is given by (12) |/- 2 | 2 *- 2 /2 2 is exactly equal to the input power V I8RO, where we take ZQ = RQ + jX0. Thus the conversion-loss ratio is unity (zero conversion loss), irrespective of the value of X_x. It is readily shown that the same result is obtained if coq + 2a>p and a>q + cop are used in place of a>q 2cop and (oq - a y

avoided when X_x <x>, and this current has to flow through the loss resistance of the switches when they are nonideal, and causes the extra power loss. If, instead of the series loss resistances ^y, we have only the shunt resistances rb, these can be taken out of the lattice by connecting a resistance rb in shunt with the input and output of an ideal lattice switch. A similar analysis yields the results that, for small losses, and with R_2 = (4fn2)X_i, c.p.l. ratio ~ 1 + 6R_2frb and, with X_x = oo, c.p.l. ratio ~ 1 + 4R_2/rb (16) If both rf and rb are present, the losses (if small) can be minimised for the case of X_x = oo, in which Ro = i?_ 2 , by putting rfrb = R2_2, so that c.p.l. ratio ~ 1 + SrffR_2 3 (17) (15)

Resistance losses in the 'zero-loss' configuration

As an approximation to the representation of real rectifiers, let us assume that the ideal lattice switch in Fig. 2 has a resistance rf (corresponding to the forward resistance of a rectifier) in series with each switch element, and a resistance rh (corresponding to the backward resistance of a rectifier) in shunt with each switch element. Consider first of all the effect of the series resistances alone. These may be taken outside the lattice by a well known transformation, which replaces them by one resistance /y in series with the input of the lattice and another resistance rf in series with the output. The circuit for analysis is then as shown in Fig. 3. Eqns. 1-3 still apply, but, as the voltage vR is now finite at all odd-order frequencies, the remainder of the analysis is different. It is set out in Appendix 9.1. The conversion power 1458

The idler circuit and the effect of modifications to it We have already seen, in the previous Section, how one particular change in the idler arrangement, namely the substitution of a parallel tuned circuit for the plain capacitance of Fig. 1, has an advantageous effect in reducing PROC. IEE, Vol. 113, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1966

dissipative losses. Some other effects of the idler arrangements will now be discussed.
3.1 Detuning effects

When the idler has a finite reactance at frequency coq iop, the reactance appearing at the input terminals of the lattice is a function of the loss resistances of the switch. Thus, when real rectifiers are used for the switch, and especially when the carrier-voltage waveform is not a squarewave, the reactance seen at the input is a very complicated function of the' carrier voltage. If this voltage changes, the reactance changes and will, at least slightly, detune the input and output circuits, since they cannot, in practice, have the ideal tuning arrangements assumed in the analysis. In the author's experiments, the effect was small but quite detectablejust a few per cent, change of resonant frequency for a few decibels change of carrier voltagebut it is clearly far too complicated a matter for casual observations to be very useful. The use of the parallel-tuned idler circuit clearly eliminates this effect.
3.2 Effect of finite idler reactance at other frequencies than < * > < , o>p

the positive frequency wp coq when coq < cop, we see that, in this case, it can occur only when a tuned idler is used, but is not tuned to one of the sideband frequencies. If X_x and X+i are of the same sign, clearly dissipative losses due to switch or rectifier resistances are increased, because there is extra reactive current. If they are of opposite sign, the losses are decreased, and this is the condition applying in the 'modulator' of a carrier telephone system when an untuned idler is used.
3.3 Effect of idler being nonzero only at toq + top

If the idler reactance is zero at all frequencies except o)q + (DP, and yet the output is still taken at cuq 2wp, the modulator can still functionand, with ideal switches, without lossby modifying the matching conditions. We see, from the unrationalised form of eqn. 21, if X_x = 0, that
Z,o = 9 X J(4(9TT2)X+]R_2I{R_2 + K4I9TT2)X+1} (22)

which is nine times a resistance R_2 in parallel with a reactance (4/97r2)Ar+1. The matching condition is Z o = Z&. The losses due to switch resistance would in this case be different from those in previous cases, because a higher order of modulation is involved in the process.2
3.4 Effect of idler having resistance

The idler-reactance condition assumed in the simple analysis of Section 1 can often be approximately achieved in practice, e.g. when wq OJP <^ op, as in the 'demodulator' of a carrier telephone system, so that a simple capacitance, as shown in Fig. 1, closely meets the condition. Often it is difficult to avoid having a finite reactance at other modulationproduct frequencies. The most important case is when the reactance is finite at wq + cop as well as at ojq OJP, and this would apply in the 'modulator' of a carrier telephone system. This can be readily analysed for ideal switches by modifying the simple analysis, so that, instead of the voltage vR being as in eqn. 4, it is vR =
[iQ cos {(OJQ - <op)t + 0 O ) s{(w 9 - u)p)t + 6_2}] wq + cop)t + d0} - (/_2/3) cos {(o>, + oip)t + 6_2}] . .

(18)

Thus the phasor equations for frequencies ojq and ioq 2ojp become V - Z o / O = yA-_,(4/772)(io + i_ 2 ) +yX H (4/7r 2 )(i 0 - i_ 2 /3) . . . . (19)
- * _ 2 i _ 2 = j X _ , ( 4 M ( i 0 + /_ 2 ) -JX+ ,(4/37T2)(i0 - i_2/3) . . . . (20)

When the tuned idler of Fig. 4 is used, giving X_, = oo with zero reactance at all other odd-order modulationproduct frequencies, it will be impossible to avoid having some resistance in the circuit, and the effective idler may be represented by the addition of a resistance R_ x in parallel with the tuned circuit. This case is readily analysed. It is found that the matching value for Z o is now a resistance i?_2 in parallel with another resistance (4fTT2)R_l. With this matched condition, i-i = - V\1K_2 (23) which applies even if /?_, = oo. The conversion-power-loss ratio is easily found to be c.p.l. ratio = 1 +(77 2 /4)(/?_ 2 //?_,) . . . . (24) which is 3dB when R_{ is as low as (?r2/4)/?_2. This loss is, of course, additional to losses due to dissipation in the switch or rectifier resistances. The addition of a resistance to the idler circuit has the advantage of increasing the bandwidth or improving the frequency response over a specified band of frequencies. 4 Second-order modulator with untuned input and output The input and output tuning previously assumed is often inconvenient in practice for a variety of reasons. The modulator can be used, however, without the tuning. If the

From these, the input impedance Z, o of the modulator at frequency a>q can be found; in rationalised form, it is

^70

(21)

As would be expected, the resistive part of Z / o is always positive, but there is a special case when X_x = X+lf3, since then the resistance is zero. In principle, the circuit could still be matched by making the resistive part of Z o also zero, and then the c.p.l. ratio is still unity. In a practical circuit this would not, of course, be possible, and the conversion loss would become infinite, since no power can be drawn into the modulator. It might reasonably be argued, however, that a practical circuit also could not have ideal switches, and so the resistive part of Z, o cannot really be zero; then some modulation would take place, but with high loss. The condition X_ x = X+l(3 might easily be met in practice. Remembering, however, that Ar_1 is the reactance at frequency wq u)p and is of opposite sign to the reactance at PROC. 1EE, Vol. 113, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1966

signal source has impedance Zs and the load has impedance ZR, for analysis we can use an equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 5 in which Z = ZSZR(ZS + ZR) and the e.m.f. V cos ojqt is the true source e.m.f. V cosojqt multiplied by ZR(ZS + ZR). The analysis is set out in Appendix 9.2, from which we see that, if we ignore for the moment the fact that the effective signal e.m.f. V is not necessarily the same as the true source e.m.f. V, the calculation of the conversion-power-loss ratio reduces to c.p.l. ratio = (T7 2 /4) - 1 = I -47 (25) or c.p.l. = l-67dB. To obtain this result, we have required Z at frequency a)q to be matched conjugately to the input 1459

impedance of the modulator, although all the other evenr order impedances have been made merely a pure reactance R. Clearly it may, in practice, be very inconvenient to provide a reactive impedance Z o at coq while having a constant resistance R at all other even-order modulation-product frequencies.

ideal lattice switch

V CO6 uuqt

thus closely comparable with the well known shunt modulator3 shown in Fig. 7, which is usually used as a first-order modulator. Naturally, the second-order modulator could equally well have the source and load in series, in which case it would be closely comparable with the well known series modulator.3 From the point of view of circuit components, there is little to choose between the two kinds of modulator. Both

j _ i at uuq-u)p; zero at all other frequencies

Fig. 5 Modulator without tuning Let us, therefore, investigate the effect of making Z into the constant resistance R at all frequencies. Thus, in eqns. 46-50 we put Z o = Z _ 2 = Z + 2 = Z_ 4 etc. = R . This leads simply to the result that
2 2

(26)

(27)

Fig.

(28) giving c.p.l. ratio = i ( / ? + A ' i 1 ) / ( ' 6 M A ' As this is dependent on the ratio R/X_t, three numerical cases are of interest: (a) i f R = \ X _ i \ , (b) (c) ifX_{ c.p.l. = 4 - 7 7 d B . . . . . . . . . (29) . (30) (31) ifR = (4/7r2)\X_i\, c.p.l. = 2-43dB

Shunt modulator the second-order and shunt modulators require one transformer to allow all parts of the circuit to be properly earthed, and both use four rectifiers. The idler circuit of the secondorder modulator is an extra, and, if tuned according to Fig. 4, represents an extra cost and a restriction on the circuit, in particular with regard to bandwidth of operation. The bandwidth could be increased by double-tuning the idler, but it could hardly be made really wide. Even the plain capacitance idler introduces a small variation of response with frequency unless it is properly compensated. Against this are the following advantages for the second-order modulator: (a) It has a lower conversion loss. With ideal switches it is 7-77dB, as shown above, compared with 9-92dB for the shunt modulator. With dissipative rectifiers, its loss rises more rapidly, as /y is increased and rb decreased, but does not exceed that of the shunt modulator until the dissipative loss exceeds about 4dB. [The power-loss ratio in the shunt modulator due to rectifier resistances, assuming that R = V(rfrb) a n d that the losses are small, is given by

= oo, c.p.l. = l-77dB

Thus the use of the idler circuit of Fig. 4 with a constant resistance for Z gives a loss only 0-1 dB greater than is given with a reactive idler and matched Z o . These losses can be obtained only if the constant-resistance value of Z is produced by the use of filters to separate the source and load at the appropriate frequencies, e.g. coq and all others, respectively. Thus, if ooq <^ op, the source would feed in through a low-pass filter and the load would be taken off via a high-pass filter as in Fig. 6.

V COS

to lattice switch

loss ratio ~ 1 + 4rf/R

cutoff below

(32)

Fig.

Filter arrangements to make Z = R at all frequencies If, as would sometimes be most convenient in practice, the source and load were both constant resistances 2R, without filters, the c.p.l. is increased by 6dB, having then a minimum value (for X_x = oo) of 7-77dB. Losses due to switch or rectifier resistances are the same in this system as in the case analysed in Section 2, and, when expressed in decibels, must be added to the losses calculated in the present Section.

which is to be compared with eqn. 17 for the secondorder modulator.] (b) It has a symmetrical loading for the carrier supply. (c) It has more degrees of freedom in balancing against leak of signal and carrier.4 (d) If the loss due to rectifier resistances is to be minimised by matching R to V(''/rfc)> t m s ' s easily done by means of a proper choice of the transformer ratio in the secondorder modulator; in the shunt modulator it requires two additional transformers to achieve it. In comparing the second-order modulator with the ring modulator used in its ordinary mode as a first-order modulator, the former shows to much less advantage. In the zero-loss configuration, the dissipative losses of the secondorder modulator are slightly greater,2 and with constantresistance source and load the losses are much greater: the c.p.l. of the ring modulator with ideal switches is then only 3-92dB, compared with 7-77dB for the second-order modulator. Against this disadvantage can be set the fact that the second-order modulator requires only one transformer if alj external circuits are to be earthed, compared with two for the ordinary ring modulator. Of course, there may well be circumstances in which second-order modulation is desirable in itself. PROC. IEE, Vol. 113, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1966

Comparison of second-order modulator with the ordinary shunt or series modulator and with the ordinary ring modulator

The second-order modulator discussed in the penultimate paragraph of Section 4 has the source and load in parallel with each other and with the modulator itself. It is 1460

Table 1
SUMMARY OF SIMPLE CONVERSION-LOSS FORMULAS Idler reactance X-i (772/4)/?_ 2
CO

Modulator terminations for source and load

Loss resistances present

C.P.L. ratiot

Eqn.

Tuned for zero-loss condition; input impedance Z; of modulator, and source impedance Zo conjugately matched, i.e. Zo = Z*n

'7 r f
rb

1 +6rflR-2

(772/4)/?_ 2
CO CO CO

Combined source and load = constant resistance R except at a)q, where Zo = Z;*; source and load separated by filters As above, but constant resistance R at all frequencies

any value X-\

r/and r& with /??_2 = r/rb R-i in parallel with idler none none none none none none

1 + 8r///?_2 1-47 (i.e. l-67dB)

l(R2 + Xl. 0/(16/774) X2-X

13 14 15 16 17 24 25 28 29 30 31

\X.\\ =R \X-\\=^R
CO

3 0 (i.e. 4-77dB) 1 -75 (i.e. 2-43 dB) 1-50 (i.e. l-77dB) 6 0 (i.e. 7-77dB)

Source and load each a constant resistance 2R

t Many of these formulas are approximations

CO

Conclusions

frequencies, we have
V

The main conclusions, in terms of conversion power loss, are perhaps best represented by the summary given in Table 1. It has been seen that the second-order ring modulator has some advantages compared with other common modulator arrangements, and may prove useful in some practical situations where economy is important. It also has some limitations, which have been discussed. Experimental results have been consistent with the theory throughout, but it has been found that, in tuning for the nominal zero-loss condition, it is difficult to prevent the losses in the tuning circuits from exceeding those due to rectifier resistances. In practice, therefore, the resistively terminated modulator is at less disadvantage than appears from the theoretical study. As in any rectifier modulator, the losses are greater when the carrier (cop) source has a low internal impedance and a sinusoidal waveform than when the squarewave switching assumed in the analysis is more closely approached. Although the analysis has assumed throughout that it is the frequency 2cop co, which is required, nevertheless the results apply exactly if the output is taken at 2ojp + co,, provided that the idler frequency is cup + co, instead of

R = r/idZ/Tr) [cos {(co, - ojp)t + 90} + cos {(co, + wp)t + 60} - i cos {(u)q - 3wp)t + d0} - $ cos {(co, + 3a>p)t+d0} + i cos {(cu, - 5ojp)t +
rfi-2(2fTr)[cos {(coq - u>p)t

0_2} cos
+ I c o s {(co, + 3co p )f + 0 _ 2 ) | c o s {(co, 5co p )f + 9_2} + ...]

+ jX_l(2M[i0cos{(toq

- >p)t + 60} + /_ 2 cos {(co, -oip)t + 6_2}] . . . . (33) (34)

and

Vj = vR sign (cos a>pt) + rfij

The components of this at frequencies co, and co, 2u)p balance .the voltages at the left-hand side of the circuit, as before. Thus, writing the equations in phasor form, we have, for co,, V - ZoiQ = rfi0 + /yi o (4/7r 2 )(2 + 2 + ^ + . . . )

Acknowledgment
.
and, for mq 2co p ,

This study has been assisted considerably by concurrent experimental work undertaken as a minor individual project by Mr. D. Bennett, a student on the postgraduate course in information engineering at the University of Birmingham.

(35)

8
1

References
577
2
2

TUCKER, D. c : 'Zero-loss second-order ring modulator', Electronics Letters, 1965, 1, p. 245 2 TUCKER, D. c.: 'Loss due to switch (or rectifier) resistances in "zeroloss" modulators or harmonic generators of any order of modulation', in 'Electrical networks', IEE Conf. Publ. 23, 1966 (to be published) 3 TUCKER, D. c : 'Circuits with periodically varying parameters' (Macdonald, 1964) 4 TUCKER, D. c : 'Unbalance effects in modulators', / . Brit. lust. Radio Engrs., 1955, 15, p. 199

+P+ |

-)
(36)
2

(4/7r )(/0 + /_ 2 )

Appendixes
Calculation of resistance losses in the 'zero-loss' configuration We consider here the effect of the series resistances alone. Eqns. 1-3 apply, but, as vR is finite at all odd-order PROC. IEE, Vol. 113, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1966 9.1

The series in the first line of eqn. 35 sums to TT /4 and that in the braces in the second line sums to zero. The phasor equations thus become

V - Zoio = {2rf+jX_i(4f7T2)}i0 + y ^ _ , ( 4 M / r 2
-R-2i-2 = JX- i ( 4 M / 0 + {2rf + jX_ ,(4/7r )}/_ 2
2

. (37)
. (38) 1461

These may be solved to give

Finally, vt = vR sign (cos copt). The component of this at frequency coq balances the voltage due to the applied e.m.f. Thus, in phasor notation, V - Zoio = yT_

i_2 = - v . . . . (39) Assuming that the value of Z o for matching the modulator is taken to be the same as for the lossless circuit, as given by eqn. 10, the series-resistance component Ro of Z o is

+ l i _ 6 - . . . etc.)
At frequency a>q 2cop, we have, similarly,

. (46)

+ | i _ 6 - . . . etc.) Then the conversion-power-loss ratio is c.p.l. ratio = |^| 2 /4|/_ 2 | 2 i?o^-2 (41) At frequency coq 4oup, we have At frequency co9 + 2o>p, we have

. (47)

(48)

(R-2
(49)

At frequency toq + 4wp, we have

. . . . 9.2 (42)

- Z + 4 i + 4 = +y*_ 1 (4/57r 2 )(. and so on. Now let us assume Z_ 2 = Z + 2 = Z_ 4 etc. = R Then i_2=
i+2 =

(50)

Analysis of second-order modulator with untuned input and output The circuit is that of Fig. 5, in which Z = ZSZR(ZS + ZR) and the e.m.f. Vcoscoqt is the true source e.m.f. V cos u)gt multiplied by ZR(ZS + ZR). According to the well known properties of the ring or lattice modulator, 3 only even-order modulation products appear in the input circuit, and only odd-order products in the output circuit of the lattice. Thus /, = i 0 cos {o)qt + 0O) + i+2 cos {(OJQ + 2cop)t + 8 } +2 + /_ 2 cos {{ojq - 2cop)t + d_2} + /+4 cos {(ajq + 4cop)t + 0 + 4 } + Now iR = ij sign (cos a y )

(5!) (52) (53) (54) (55)

-y(/_,W4M(...
i-i/3 /_2/3

i"_4 =

(43)

and so on. Applying these relationships to eqn. 46, we obtain

= ^[/ 0 cos

ajp)t + 0O}

i0 cos {(u)Q - <x)p)t

V - {Zo + yX_,(4M}/0 = >JT_,(4M(^ - 1 )/_2 . (56)

and, similarly, with eqn. 47. We can now calculate the input impedance of the modulator at frequency coq; it is
. (57)

0O) . . . etc. - | / 0 cos {(<x) qq + 3u>p)t + i+2 cos {(coq + 3cop)t + 6+2} + i+2 cos {(oj u)p)t + d+2} - | / + 2 cos {(oj + 5(vp)t + 0 + 2 } - . . . e t c . + /_2 COS {(<x)q OJp)t + 6_2} + /_ 2 cos {(ojq - 3ojp - i / _ 2 cos {(oj + (x)p)t + 6_2} - . . . etc. + 5cop)t + 6+4) + . . . etc.

6_2)
and to match this we require Z o = Z*o. In the matched condition, (44) . . . . (58)

+ . . . etc.]

Now vR is the component of this at frequency coq wp multiplied byy'A^,, i.e.

VR=J iX_ I(2/TT)[/ 0 COS {(wq

+ ^0} i/ +2 cos{(a g - o>P)t + 0+2> + /_ 2 cos {{u)q wp)t f0- 2}

+ I/-!-4 COS {(<Vq i ' - 4 COS {(O)q O)p)t fi+6COS{(.OJq <op)t +

a) p)t

- w> H f . . . etc.] (45)

Hence we can calculate the conversion-power-loss ratio, which, ignoring for the moment the fact that the effective signal e.m.f. V is not necessarily the same as the true source e.m.f. V, reduces to the simple result c.p.l. ratio = (T7 2 /4) - 1 = 1 -47 . or c.p.l. = l-67dB . . . (25)

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PROC. IEE, Vol. 113, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1966