University of the East

College of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

TRANSMISSION LINE NETWORKS AND THE BUCK-BOOST,

PHASE SHIFT TRANSFORMER

Experiment no. 5

Submitted by: I. Presentation:

Indaya, Ceejay V. II. Completeness:
Pabillar, Cleto A. III. Discussion:
Date Submitted: IV. Conclusion:
October 08July 23, 2019
Batch 2/Group GRADE

Instructor
Engr. Darwin D. Alpis
Discussion
The generators at the power plant that produce voltages in the range
of 11—33 KV is not suitable for bulk power transmission over long distances.
Electrical power is a product of voltage and current. That is,

𝑆=𝑉×𝐼

It is clear from the equation above (apparent power formula) that for
a given amount of power (S) to be transmitted, an increase in the transmission
line voltage (V) results is a proportional decrease in the current (I) carried by
that line. Reduced current in the transmission line, results in reduced diameter
needed for the conductors needed for the transmission line as well as lower
losses along the line. Furthermore, the maximum amount of power that can be
transmitted over the power lines is directly proportional to the square of the
transmission line voltage. That means that if the voltage is doubled, the power
handling capacity of the same line is increased by a factor of four and if the
voltage is increased by four times the power handling capacity of the line is
increased by a factor of 16 and so on. The voltage generated by the power
plant is raised by using step-up power transformer before it is transmitted to
load centers. However step up/down transformer is not the only
apparatus/device use in power plant to step up voltage, control the real power
and minimize the power loss. Buck-boost and phase shift transformer is also
use. Buck-boost transformers are designed to reduce (buck) or raise (boost)
line voltage. It can manipulate power simply controlled by boosting (raising) or
bucking (lowering) the voltage at either end of the line. Phase shifting
transformers (PST) are crucial components in the ongoing strive for improved
AC network efficiency. Increasing amounts of transmitted energy push the
networks to the limit, increasing the risk of network instability. Phase shifting
can give balance in the increasing amounts of renewable power. To stabilize
power flow over long transmission distances between power generation
centers and load centers. A phase shifting transformer is very useful because it
is like power correction in the system. The real power flow, P and the reactive
power flow Q can be varied in single/parallel transmission lines. Q is varied by
adding (or subtracting) a fraction of the voltage in phase. P is varied by adding
a small fraction of the voltage in quadrature ( +90 or — 90) at the same end,
and this is done by the phase shifting transformer (PST) or also known as
Quadrature booster.
 RUN I

As shown in the figure above at run I we connect a simple circuit with

wattmeter in input and output of buck-boost transformer to obtain the phase
angle in E1 and E2 of the circuit. The performer varied the buck boost and
phase shift alternately to show how voltage and phase angle or the efficiency of
the system improve.

RUN II

At run II the performer used two transmission line to represent the

operation in long transmission line, three (3) wattmeter and with load
inductance and resistance in parallel which is connected in wye because the
system is only limited to 120 volts. In our measurements in computer the
display value are Active power and reactive power this is show to display the
value varied as phase shift transformer vary from different angle. E1, E2 and
E3 the performer used this parameter to see how effective the buck-boost
transformer. The main use of this is to see if the buck-boost can really control
the secondary output of a transformer.

In this experiment, the focus will be on the observation of the flow of

the real and reactive power in a three-phase transmission line with known
passive loads, and as well as the observation of the voltage regulation at the
receiver end as a function of the type of load. From one point to another,
transmission lines are the carrier of power in an electric power system. They
can either carry AC or DC. But since AC is more efficient, electrical
transmission company and many countries in electrical field uses AC to
transmit power.

AC power is transmitted using three phase transmission system due to its

efficiency and capabilities that is not found or can’t perform by DC power. But
for any system it is very important to define some parameters to evaluate the
performance. The parameters considered are namely, Voltage Regulation and
Transmission Efficiency. These two can lead all engineers to determine the
performance or efficiency of the transmission.

Voltage regulation of transmission line is defined as the ratio of difference

between sending and receiving end voltage to receiving end voltage of a
transmission line between conditions of no load and full load. It is also
expressed in percentage. In this experiment opening the circuit from its load
represent as a No load and for Full load we represent it with numerous load.
We considered the following. First is the resistive load, inductive load,
capacitive load, induction motor and by creating a short circuit in the system.

In transmission line determination of voltage drop, transmission efficiency, line

loss etc. are important things to design. These values are affected by line
parameter R, L and C of the transmission line. Length wise transmission lines
are three types. Technically, there are no capacitors and inductors in the
transmission line, literally. Because of conductors of the transmission lines and
their spacing will form capacitance and inductance. If they are high it would
form ringing effect on transmission lines due to surges induced externally.

Generally capacitance, inductance and resistance will not be always present in

transmission line. They will only appear as the parameter in computation if the
distance required is satisfied. For short transmission line with a length less than
eighty (80) kilometers, voltage level less than sixty nine (69) kilovolts
capacitance is negligible only resistance and inductance are taken in
calculation. For a medium transmission line is classified as a transmission line
if a length is more than eighty (80) kilometer with operational voltage level
approximately sixty nine (69) to one hundred thirty three (133) kilovolts
capacitance effect is used. Distributed capacitance form is used for calculation
purpose. Lastly, a long transmission line is classified as a transmission line if a
length more than two hundred fifty (250) kilometers with a voltage level above
one hundred thirty three (133) kilovolts, line constants are considered as
distributed over the length of the line such as capacitance, inductance and
resistance.

In the first part of the experiment we connected the two wattmeter namely the
E1 and I1 and on the other side E2 and I2, directly to the load. At run II we
connected a transmission line module between the two wattmeter connecting
the E2 and I2 on the load. First trial the circuit is open to get the no load
voltage. Second trial full load voltage of resistive, inductive and capacitive load
wye connected at 150 volts voltage source. Then Induction motor delta
connected with 150 volts voltage source to get the full load voltage. Lastly,
creating short circuit in the system to observe the voltage regulation of a line.

Additionally , aside from the resistive line losses there is one also that
contribute as the major sources on transmission line losses and this is the
corona effect. Corona loss is an ionization of the air that occurs when the
electric fields around a conductor exceed a specific value.

There is one exception where receiving end voltage is more than the sending
end voltage. That exception is Ferranti Effect. It is the voltage effect on the
collecting end of the transmission line is higher than the transmitting end. This
sort of effect happens due to an open circuit, light load at the collecting end or
charging-current of the transmission line.

Conclusion
The performer observed that the division of power between two
transmission line at run II is approximately equal. To test 1 to test 9 E1 and E2
has an average of 15 volts greater than the other parallel line this is because
the principle of voltage when parallel is equal. As we observed whenever the
buck-boost is varied by 0 and -15% the E1 is less by average of 15 volts. We
also observed that phase shift transformer and buck-boost is very good
apparatus to use in power transmission it can give maximum output and
minimize the loss and this is done by varying the phase shift and buck-boost
transformer. E1 as the reference vector (zero degrees in phase angle) naturally
the system is lagging due to inductive load. That is why at table 5.1 we started
at setting of buck-boost and phase shift 0 and the phase angle is lagging. By
adding 15 degree in phase angle the phase angle increases and remain
lagging but when the setting of phase angle is varied in -15 degree suddenly
the system becomes leading, the phase difference result to positive value. By
adding buck-boost on the system will result voltage increase. Varying -15%
makes E2,172.3 volts from 2.171 volts. As the voltage increases the amplitude
of the voltage and the phase angle changes. At buck-boost setting +15% and
phase shift of +15 degree the voltage at E2 increase higher than E1 and phase
angle is leading. By modifying the power between power lines one way making
it possible is changing the value of buck-boost and phase transformer
combined. At zero and zer0 B-B and PST the reactive power in higher at the
second side. At -15% and +15 degree the reactive power leads the real power.
At final vary +15% and -15 degree the real power is increase is positive and
greater than reactive power.

QUESTION AND PROBLEMS

1. Give the practical importance of the phase shift and buck-boost

transformer in transmission line.
PSTs allow controlling the power flow in the transmission grid independently of
the generation. By avoiding system overloads and instabilities protect
transmission lines and HV equipment from thermal overload, improve
transmission system stability and control the power flow between different
networks, for parallel long distance overhead lines or for parallel cables.
Buck-boost transformer is used to step up voltage at secondary tension to
make in any case the transmission line has a very low efficiency by increasing
the voltage the efficiency of the power transmission increases. It is also a
function of step down in any case the secondary tension producing a huge
amount of voltage that the transmission line is beyond capacity.
2. Give the practical applications of phase shift and buck-boost
transformer.
A phase shifting transformer (PST) can be employed for power control in
transmission lines. Transformers are used to transport electrical power
between different voltage levels of the electric grid. The purpose of this phase
shift is to control the power flow over transmission lines.
Buck-boost transformers are used mainly in power plant where a large voltage
is required to transmit a power from sending end to receiving or to the
consumer premises. It used to maintain a good voltage level for specific range
(short, medium and long) of transmission line.

Power flow and voltage regulation is more efficient without

connecting it to transmission line by just directly tapping it to the load (means of
short distance travel) the power loss is minimized. At no load real and reactive
power at sending end is exactly the same as the value in receiving end. With
resistive load we find it a small increase in real power (an increase of one)
compare to sending end. While the reactive power at receiving end decrease (a
decrease of one) compare to sending end voltage.
In inductive load the value of real power is negative and there was slight
decrease in receiving end while the reactive power value at the receiving end
affected with higher decrease at the receiving end. As discussed in previous
experiment reactive loads such as capacitive load dissipate zero power. In this
experiment we are able to measure that Capacitive load correct the power
factor and increasing the voltage at receiving end.

Induction motor absorbs a large amount of current at starting that is why in

industrial they used starter (usually wye start, delta run) . At induction motor as
our load, the value of sending end voltage is higher than receiving end. With
reactive power much lower at receiving end. Its because induction motor uses
reactive power to excite its rotor by creating magnetic field due to its absence
of exciter.

Creating short circuit on the receiving end negative value for real and reactive
power at the receiving end.

Voltage regulation performance vary with depends of the receiving end. At

resistive load there was a slight losses. If the load is supplied, there are line
losses due to the resistance of the line conductors. Therefore, the power
received at receiving end is always less than the sending end voltage.

For inductive load the voltage at the receiving end suddenly decrease to one
half of its original value. Therefore giving 30 percent of voltage regulation from
1.08 percent (as the resistive load connected on the receiving end). In the
case of inductive loads, for a fixed value of VR and I, the voltage regulation of
the line increases with the decrease in p.f.

For capacitive load the voltage at the receiving end was greater than sending
end In the case of capacitive loads, for a fixed value of VR and I, the voltage
regulation of the line decreases with the decrease in p.f. Suddenly the voltage
regulation down to negative 37 percent compare to inductive load. That is why
many substation in industrial or commercial uses capacitor bank to correct the
power factor because naturally the Transmission line is lagging by correcting
the power factor will result to higher efficiency at the receiving end.

When the load p.f. is lagging or unity or such a leading that IRcos φR > IXLsin
φR, then voltage regulation is positive. The sending end voltage VS is more
than the receiving end voltage VR.

When the load p.f. is such a leading that IRcos φR < IXLsin φR, then voltage
regulation is negative i.e. the sending end voltage VS is less than the receiving
end voltage VR.
For induction motor voltage regulation jumps to 65.37 percent as our result in
our experiment. Full load voltage that we get is 91 volts at 150 volts voltage
source.

Lastly, creating short circuit at the system give us an almost zero voltage at the
receiving end with voltage regulation 4,700 percent increase. This means that
no voltage circulating on the load side because of short circuit. Current will
always choose to circulate on the least resistance.

IV. Answers to Questions

1. A three-phase transmission line having a reactance of 120

ohms per phase is connected to a wye-connected load whose
resistance is 160 ohms per phase. If the supply voltage is 70
kV line-to-line calculate a) the line-to-neutral voltage per
phase, b) the line current per phase, c) the real and reactive
 power supplied to the load, d) the real and reactive power
absorbed by the line, e) the line-to-line voltage at the load, f)
the voltage drop per phase in the line, g) the total apparent
power supplied by the source.
Solution:
a) Line-to-neutral voltage per phase

E_sendingphase = 70,000/1.732 = 40,410 volts

❑
❑❑ ❑
❑

b) Line current per phase

❑❑
c) Real and reactive power supplied to the load
S=I 2 Z
S= ( 202.05∠−36.87 ° )2 (160+120 i)
S=6531854.897−4898927.637i
d) Pline and Qline
Pline = 0 W
Qline = 4898927.637 Vars /∅

e) ❑❑
V line =1.732∗32,327.96∠−36.87 ° Volts

❑❑

f) ❑❑ ()( )
❑❑ ()( )
¿ 32,328 ∠−36.87 ° Volts
❑❑ ()( )
❑❑

g) S= ( 202.05∠−36.87 ° )2 (160+120 i)
S=6531854.897−4898927.637i
2. A transmission line which is 300 miles long has a reactance of
240 ohms per phase and a line-to-neutral capacitance of 600
ohms per phase. Its equivalent circuit per phase can be
approximated by the circuit shown on the figure below. If the
line-to-line voltage at the sender end S is 330 kV, what is the
line-to-line voltage at the receiver end R when the load is
disconnected? Calculate the reactive power of the source in
kVar. Is this power supplied or absorbed by the source?
Solution:
❑
❑❑ ❑
❑
❑❑ ()( )

❑❑

Q = 1.732*412,500*687.5*sin(180-90)

= 491.19 MVAReference/s

Internet

 https://new.abb.com/products/transformers/power/system-intertie-
transformers/phase-shifting#targetText=Phase%2Dshifting%20transformers
%20(PST)&targetText=Increasing%20amounts%20of%20transmitted
%20energy,grid%20independently%20of%20the%20generation.
 https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/high-
voltage/transformers/phase-shifting-transformers.html
 https://ece.mst.edu/media/academic/ece/documents/coursenotes/ee3541powe
rsystemdesignanalysislab/EE_3541_Experiment13_Buck_Boost_Phase_Shift_
Transformer.pdf

 https://www.electrical4u.com/transmission-line-in-power-system/
 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-
14/long-and-short-transmission-lines/
 http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/harting1/
 https://www.scribd.com/document/347560982/EXP-1-Power-Flow-and-
Voltage-Regulation-of-a-Simple-Transmission-Line
 https://www.elprocus.com/ferranti-effect-in-transmission-lines-definition-
calculation-working-diagram/

Books
 Electrical machines- siskind