ECONOMIC SINGLE PHASE TO THREE PHASE POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES FOR FIXED FREQUENCY OUTPUT

BY
K.SAIKIRAN 2nd YEAR B.TECH,EEE MAIL ID : ksaikiran108@gmail.com SREE VENKATESWARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE NELLORE (NORTH RAJUPALEM)

ABSTRACT
In this paper several new component minimized circuit topologies to accomplish the task of generating high quality three phase voltages from a single phase mains are proposed. The proposed topologies employ fewer semiconductor devices and generate high quality output voltages. The front end rectifier in the proposed converter permits bidirectional

power flow and therefore provides for excellent regulation against fluctuations in source voltage. An easy to implement control strategy to maintain near unity power factor over the full operating range is detailed. Suitable modification to achieve active input current shaping feature is also illustrated in detail. Analysis of the proposed scheme is carried out to show the high performance features. Suitable

guides for the selection of the filter components and to facilitate circuit design is presented. These single phase to three phase converters are excellent choice for situations where three phase power is not available. These converters have a wide range of application in the places where a three phase motor is a main component and available supply is single phase.

1. Introduction: In rural electric systems the cost of bringing three phase power to a remote location is often high due to high cost for a three phase extension. Further, the rate structure of a three phase service is higher than the single phase service. Therefore single phase to three phase converters are excellent choice for situations where three phase power is not available .Such converters have a wide range of application in which a three phase motor is a main component and available supply is single phase. applications include: variety of Such farming

(II) Starting and inrush currents in a three phase motor are less severe than in a single phase motor. Another area of application for static single phase to three phase converters is in electric traction where auxiliary fans, pumps, etc need to be operated from the single phase mains. The above discussion emphasizes a strong need for efficient, cost effective and high quality single phase to three phase converters. Presently available converters for such applications can be classified into three categories (a) rotary type (b) auto-transformer with switched capacitors (c) static converters. Categories (a) and (b) employ bulky magnetic components of considerable size and weight. The third category which employs static semiconductor devices for direct conversion of single phase to three phase is by far the most efficient means and is the subject of this paper. The superiority of static converters is further re-enforced with the advances in power semiconductor devices and their control logic,

equipment, fans, pumps, air conditioners, etc. Other factors which influence the choice of a static converter and a three phase motor combination can be listed as follows, (I) Three phase motors are significantly more efficient and economical than their single phase counterparts.

which promises simplified implementation of the power processing hardware. Previous work on static single phase to three phase converters has explored a variety of possible circuit topologies and configurations. First the use of thyristors in combination with LC components has been proposed. The principle disadvantage being limited control range and LC Values must be matched with the load impedances. Then a static converter in combination with an auto- transformer has been suggested. least 30 percent. The required VA rating of the auto-transformer is at Another attempt in these This converters explores the employment of forced commutated cycloconverters (FCC). scheme suffers from low voltage utilization, poor waveform quality and increased component count. Finally, a component minimized converter has been proposed. All the above schemes do not provide means to shape the input current to be sinusoidal for unity power factor and harmonic reduction, a requirement which may be mandatory in view of more stringent harmonic control standards. In response to these concerns this paper proposes several new component minimized topologies to accomplish the task of generating high quality three phase voltages from a single phase mains. The proposed converters are broadly classified into two categories: (I) without input current shaping feature (II) with input current shaping feature Advanced PWM techniques are employed to guarantee high quality output voltage and sinusoidal input current at the terminal of the single phase source. Analysis and simulation

results illustrate the superiority of the proposed topologies. 2. Proposed Single Phase to Three Phase Converter Topologies 2.1. Without Active Input current shaping Feature: i) Half-bridge converter

WAVEFORMS The above circuit illustrates a half bridge converter topology to convert the available single phase supply into a balanced three phase output of fixed frequency and fixed voltage. Two active semiconductor devices and two diodes are employed. The switches T1 and T2

are operated in a PWM fashion to synthesize the voltage Vcb which has a phase position of 60degrees (leading) with respect to Vab. The proposed scheme employs fewer semiconductor devices and hence is cost effective. Waveforms show the simulated line to line voltages and the respective currents in an R-L load. Advanced PWM schemes which selectively eliminate several lower order harmonics are employed to guarantee high quality output waveforms. The first significant harmonic is adjusted to 1.5 kHz. One disadvantage of this approach is that the switches T1 and T2 are subjected to twice the peak voltage of the single phase mains also the VA rating of the Capacitors in the de-link is higher. 2.2 With Active Input current shaping Feature: i) Half-bridge converter

ii) Full- bridge converter This circuit topology employing four active switches T1 to T4 and two diodes D1, D2. The switch voltage and capacitive VA ratings are smaller than half-bridge converter, thus eliminating the drawbacks of it. This circuit topology does not provide for active input current shaping or input power factor control.

This circuit topology provide active input current shaping feature while generating balanced three phase output voltages. The switches T1 and T2 are controlled to shape the input current while T3 and T4 are operated in a PWM fashion to generate Vbc voltage. The split capacitor bank in the dc link is charged through the diodes present in T1 and T2. The switches T1 and T2 are operated in a PWM pattern synchronized to the ac mains to shape the input current to be sinusoidal and be in phase with the voltage. The filter inductor Li aids in filtering higher order current harmonics. Fig. 3(b) shows the equivalent circuit of the front end rectifier. The fundamental component of the voltage at points 'o' and 'b' is ,which is essentially the

Reflected voltage due to the PWM operation of T1 and T2. Advanced PWM technique which selectively eliminates several lower order harmonics is used to control T1 and T2. Fig 4(b) shows the phasor diagram of the input voltage

and between the voltages link can be

.Where and as,

is the angle .The real indicated as

the voltage Vbc which is 120 degrees out of phase with respect to input Vab. balanced. Thus the resulting voltages at a, b, c, and terminals are Fig. 4(b) to (d) illustrates the simulated three phase output voltages. Another advantage of the proposed active input current shaping feature is that the power flow between the de-link and the ac source Vi is bi-directional. This facilitates be-directional power flow

power Pi flowing from the ac mains into the dcexpressed

.This

equation

indicates that the input power Pi is bilateral between the ac mains and the dc-link for positive and negative values of respectively. The

between the single phase ac mains and the three phase load, thus permitting regenerative braking for motor type loads. another power stage. WAVEFORMS Further, this additional feature is obtained without the addition of

resulting input current Ii is sinusoidal and the input power factor is near unity. Further, the switching frequency of T1 and T2 can be chosen to yield a smaller size of filter inductor Li. ii) Full- bridge converter

Above figure illustrates a full bridge version in which T1 and T2are controlled to shape the input current Ii to be sinusoidal and T3to T6 generate Vbc voltage. When the input voltage Vi is positive, switch T2is closed and opened to boost the capacitor voltage and shape the input current to be sinusoidal at unity power factor. In the negative cycle of Vi, switch T1 performs the same the function. Switches T3 to T6 generate 2.3 Neutral Point Clamped Converter Topology

Above figure illustrates a neutral point clamped converter topology suitable for single phase to three phase conversion. The diodes D1 and D2 permit the capacitors in the dc-link to be charged from the source Vi. The switches T11to T14and T21 to T24 are operated in a PWM fashion such as to generate three level voltages Vbn and Vcn which are 120degrees out of phase with respect to each other. The resultant output voltage Vbc is a five level PWM and does not contain any tripplen harmonics. The switches are so controlled such as to provide a high quality five level PWM voltage Vbc, a balanced three phase output at terminals a, b, c is thus available. Further, the clamping diodes Dc1 to Dc4 ensure that each switch is subjected to voltage Vo/2 or half the dc-link voltage. This particular feature facilitates the use of this topology in higher voltage higher power single phase to three phase conversion systems. 3. Design Example: The following design example facilitates to determine the required inverter power rating and the VA rating of the capacitors. The following per-unit quantities are first defined. Total three phase output VA=1 pu, Line to line output voltage (rms) =1pu Therefore, Line current of the three phase load = 0.577 pu. The proposed single phase to three phase converter schemes are similar to two single phase transformers connected in open delta to feed a balanced three phase load. Only two line to line voltages Vab and Vbc are defined by the source and the converter respectively. by. The power delivered to the three phase load by the single phase source Vi is given

.Power delivered by the converter to the three phase load is,

.Where

is the load power factor angle.

For a 120 V ac, 1kVA output and =0.05, the required C from Eqn 2 is 614uf. Full bridge converter:

Assuming load pf to be unity

Substituting earlier defined per unit values

Half-Bridge converter: The split capacitor bank is the dc-link essential to minimize the semiconductor. Further, the capacitors must be able to accept an effective alternating current of 0.707Ic at the point c.If Ic, ripple is the per-unit ripple current in the capacitor, then the voltage drop in the capacitor can be expressed as,

The ripple current in the capacitor is 120Hz and 0.577 pu.Therefore the VA rating of C is

=0.8561 pu.

An

Total capacitor VA is =2 *Vo*.707*Ic=1.155p.u.

4. Comparison chart for single phase to three phase converters

5. Conclusion: Several new single phase to three phase converter topologies for fixed frequency output have been proposed with the following advantages. (i) Fewer semiconductor devices are employed and high quality fixed frequency balanced three phase output is generated with PWM operation. (ii) Active input current shaping feature offers improved input power factor and low distortion of the current drawn from the single phase mains. This feature also permits bi-directional power flow between the single phase source and source and three phase load. (iii)Bi-directional power flow capability facilitates regenerative braking of motor

type load without the addition of an extra power conversion stage. (iv) The neutral point clamped converter topology is suitable for higher voltage, higher power type applications. Finally, selected results have been verified experimentally on prototype converters. 6. Bibliography: 1] R.Habberman, Jr.Single phase operation of 3 phase motor with simple static phase. 2] G.H.Huber,Phase converters their Applications and Current demand