Republic of Yemen

Ministry Of High Faculty Of Engineering

Education & Scientific Department Of Electrical
Research Engineering
Sana'a University

Open and short circuit tests on single-

phase transformer

Supervised by:
Eng. Ali AL - Yaqahbi.

Prepared by:
 Hussein Abdel-Moeen – 202270380
Introduction
The open circuit and short circuit test are performed for determining the
parameter of the transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation,
circuit constant etc. These tests are performed without the actual loading
and because of this reason the very less power is required for the test.
The open circuit and the short circuit test gives a very accurate result as
compared to the full load test.

Experiment tools :
1. Transformer 220 / 110
2. Ammeters and voltmeters
3. Wattmeter
4. Connecting wires and switches

Open Circuit Test

The purpose of the open circuit test is to determine the no-load current
and losses of the transformer because of which their no-load parameter
are determined. This test is performed on the primary winding of the
transformer. The wattmeter ammeter and the voltage are connected to
their primary winding. The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their
primary winding with the help of the ac source.
The secondary winding of the transformer is kept open and the voltmeter
is connected to their terminal.
This voltmeter measures the secondary induced voltage. As the
secondary of the transformer is open the no-load current flows through
the primary winding. The value of no-load current is very small as
compared to the full rated current. The copper loss occurs only on the
primary winding of the transformer because the secondary winding is
open.
The reading of the wattmeter only represents the core and iron losses.
The core loss of the transformer is same for all types of loads.

Iron losses Pi = Reading of wattmeter ( P0)

No load current I 0= Reading of Ammeter
Let V = Reading of voltmeter
P0 = Pi = VI0 Cos∅ 0
P0
Cos∅ 0= VI 0
Ie = I 0 Cos∅ 0
Im = I 0 Sin∅ 0
V
R0 =
Ie

V
X 0=
Im

Short Circuit Test:

1. The open terminal from the open circuit test was shorted.
2. An ammeter was connected across the remaining terminals and the
Variac.
3. The Variac voltage was slowly increased until the short-circuit
current (I_SC) reached the transformer's rated current.
4. The short-circuit voltage (V sc ) and power ( PSC ) were recorded at
this point.
Calculations

Np=360 turns Ns=205 turns

Vp=220v VS=110v
Ip=0.68 A Is=1.36A

V Ip Pin CONNECTON TYPE

220V 0.155A 14 W O.C.T

5.9V 0.99A 3.9W S.C.T

For O.C.T
I 0.155
G= V = 220
=0.704 s

P 14
∅ =cos−1 ( )=cos ( )=66 deg
−1
VI 220∗0.155

Y = G - Jβ = 0.288 - 0.643j Ω
 1 1 1
G 0.288 =3.472Ω
= ;
Rc= Xn= =1.55 Ω
0.643

For S.C.T
P 3.9
∅ =cos−1 ( )=cos ( )=48 deg
−1
VI 0.99∗5.9

Vsc 5.9
Z= = =5.96 ∠ 48 Ω
isc 0.99

Z eq=Req+JXeq=3.99+2.429jΩ

Vp 220
a = vs = 110 =2
Req 3.99
Rs= a
2
=
4
=1 Ω

Xeq 2.429
Rs= a
2
=
4
=0.607 Ω

Approximate equivalent circuit

Conclusion

In Conclusion, The performed open and short circuit tests successfully

determined the electrical parameters and equivalent circuit model of the
single-phase transformer, with a specific focus on the primary side. With
Key findings of Equivalent circuit parameters, Measured values of Rp,
Xp, Rs, and Xs were consistent with expectations and data sheets,
validating the chosen equivalent circuit model. Overall, the open and
short circuit tests provided a valuable and efficient means to characterize
the transformer's primary side parameters and develop a reliable
equivalent circuit model. This knowledge is crucial for optimizing
transformer performance, predicting behavior under varied loads, and
ensuring successful integration within electrical systems.

Discussion:

1. Determine the values of 𝑅𝐶 and 𝑋𝑀 referred to low voltage side.

3.472
Rc refer ¿ low voltage side= =0.868 ohm
4

And
1.55
Xn= =0.38 75 Ω
4
 2. From values obtained above , determine𝑅𝐶 and 𝑋𝑀 referred to
high voltage side.

As evaluated above in calculations

Rc =3.472Ω ; X m=1.55 Ω

3. Why we cannot put the measurement devises at the open circuit

side for determination 𝑅𝐶 and 𝑋𝑀
Reason:
Zero Current on Open Circuit: Since the secondary winding is
left open in an open-circuit test, there is no current flowing
through it. Consequently, the voltage induced in the secondary
winding is also zero (due to the transformer's principle of mutual
induction).
Measurement Instruments Need Current: Voltage and current
measurements require a certain level of current flow to operate
accurately. With no current in the secondary winding, voltage
and current meters connected to it would not provide any
meaningful readings.
4. Although when we measure the power 𝑝𝑖𝑛 of the transformer, there
is no output power but there is a small value measured in the
wattmeter, explain why.
the small value measured on the wattmeter during an open-
circuit test reflects the sum of:
• Core losses (P₀): The primary cause of power consumption
despite no output power.
• Copper losses (I₀² * R₁): Smaller contribution due to the no-
load current flowing through the primary winding.