parameters of a Single-phase Transformer Introduction • For the performance analysis (efficiency and voltage regulation) of a transformer, a model is needed and it should include: core losses, winding losses, magnetising current and all leakage magnetic fluxes. Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of a transformer • It can be shown that the equivalent circuit in Fig. 1 fully represents all these effects. Introduction • The resistance Rp represents the ohmic resistance of the primary winding and Rs of the secondary winding. • The reactance Xp and Xs model the leakage flux of the primary and secondary windings, respectively. • The resistance Rc is responsible forthe core losses due to hysteresis and eddy Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of a transformer currents, and • Xm for the generation of the main flux (magnetising reactance). Introduction
Fig. 2. The transformer model referred to the primary voltage level
• Here, Req=Rp+Rs=total ohomic resistance
with respect to primary • Xeq=Xp+Xs=total leakage reactance with respect to primary Introduction • The above parameters can be easily determined by two tests • - Oper circuit test (O.C test / No load test) • - Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test) • These tests are economical and convenient • These tests furnish the result without actually loading the transformer Open-circuit Test • In Open Circuit Test the transformer’s secondary winding is open- circuited, and its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage. • Usually conducted on H.V side • To find • (i) No load loss or core loss • (ii) No load current Io which is helpful in finding Rc and Xm Finding Rc and Xm • For the determination of the core loss resistance (Rc) and magnetising reactance (Xm), first we have to determine the power factor of open circuit condition and it is done by using equation (1) (1) where, Po= wattmeter reading,Vo= voltmeter reading, Io= Ammeter reading. After that, we have to calculate impedance by using following equation < (2) = Short-circuit Test • In Short Circuit Test the secondary terminals are short circuited, and the primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source • The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited windings is equal to its rated value. The input voltage, current and power is measured. • Usually conducted on L.V side • To find • (i) Full load copper loss – to pre determine the efficiency • (ii) Req and Xeq to predetermine the voltage regulation Finding Req and Xeq • For the determination of the ohomic resistance (Req) and leakage reactance (Xeq), first we have to determine the power factor of open circuit condition and it is done by using equation (3) (3) where, Ps= wattmeter reading,Vs= voltmeter reading, Is= Ammeter reading. After that, we have to calculate impedance by using following equation < (4) =Req+jXeq Required Apparatus • Single-phase transformer(220V/ 110V) • Variable AC source (Variac) • Two Digital multimeters • Analog/ Digital AC wattmeters Circuit Diagram
Fig. 3 Connection for transformer open–circuit test.
Circuit Diagram
Fig. 4 Connection for transformer short–circuit test.
Procedure Open Circuit Test Connect the apparatus as shown in Figure 3. Apply the rated input voltage to theprimary winding and measure input voltage, current, power, and output voltage. Starting from Vo =100V turn the variac knob and slowly increase the input voltage. Complete all the data in Table 1. Determine the parameters of the magnetising branch using Equations (1) to (2). Procedure Short Circuit Test • Short-circuit the secondary winding through an ammeter as shown in Figure 4. • Slowly and gradually increase the applied voltage and carefully watch the primary and secondary currents. Measurements and calculations ratio should be done for short circuit current values specified in Table 2. • Calculate the short circuit impedance as measured from the primary using Equations (3) to (4). • Complete all the measurements and calculations in Table 2. Data Table Table 1. Transformer open circuit test measurements and calculations. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter pf= Y=<- Rc Xm Reading (Vo) Reading (Io) Reading (Po) (ohm) (ohm) (V) (amp) (Watt) Data Table Table 2. Transformer Short circuit test measurements and calculations. Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter pf= Zo=< Req Xeq Reading (Is) Reading (Vs) Reading (Ps) (ohm) (ohm) (V) (A) (W) Discussion Questions • What are the approximations of open circuit and short circuit tests? • Why open circuit test is performed in the high-tension side whereas short circuit test is performed in the low-tension side?