EED101 LAB REPORT

Experiment 10

Name : Shourya Chauhan

Roll No. :2010110596

Aim:
1) To find the polarities of primary and secondary windings of a single-phase transformer by conducting
the polarity test.

2) To determine the rated iron loss, rated full load copper loss, and the equivalent circuit parameters of a
single-phase transformer by performing the Open-Circuit (OC) test and Short-Circuit (SC) test.

[A] Polarity Test:

In a coupled magnetic circuit like transformer, having two or more windings, the polarity marking on
windings help identify the relative polarity of instantaneous voltages across the windings. Generally, a dot
is put on one side of each coupled winding. At any instant polarity of induced voltage on dotted end of
each winding, with respect to the un-dotted end, will be same. A transformer is fed with alternating
voltage across its primary winding. This results in generation of alternating flux which links both primary
and secondary windings (there may be more than one secondary windings). The alternating flux induces
alternating voltage in each winding, including primary winding. The instantaneous polarity of voltage on
dotted ends of windings will be same. Sometimes it may be required to put secondary voltages of two or
more transformers in series (or in parallel) to increase the output voltage (or current) of the combined
transformers. The primary side of such transformers will generally be fed from same source. Now for such
interconnection of transformer windings the knowledge of dot polarities of the windings will be essential.
For example, if one wants to parallel the secondary side outputs of two identical transformers the polarity
and magnitude of voltages on the two secondary windings must be identical. The polarity of winding
voltages can be determined by checking their dot polarities. The setup ay be used to determine the dot
polarities on the primary and secondary windings of a single-phase transformer. The transformer in figure
has rated primary side voltage of 115 volts, 50 Hz. The secondary side voltage magnitude is 230 volts.
Circuit diagram of Polarity test on a single phase transformer

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 10.1.

2) Apply the rated voltage (i.e., V1 = 115 V) across primary winding of the transformer by varying the
output voltage of Variac and note down the readings of the three voltmeters.

If V3 = V1 + V2 then the transformer will have additive polarity, therefore mark P1 & S2 or P2 & S1 as dot
(•) polarities and if V3 = V1 ~ V2 then the transformer will have subtractive polarity, therefore mark P1 &
S1 or P2 & S2 as dot (•) polarities.

3) Reduce the variac output voltage to zero volts and then switch-off the supply.
Observation :
V1 = 114.5v

V2 = 229.2v

V3 = 343v

V1 + V2 = 343v

Result:
Transformer will have additive polarity, therefore we will mark P1 & S2 or P2 & S1 as dot ( •) polarities on
transformer.

[B] Open-Circuit test & Short-Circuit test:

The objective of this experiment is to know the power losses (iron or constant losses and copper or
variable losses) which are present in the transformer and also to determine its equivalent circuit
parameters referred to LV and HV sides. Magnetizing component of reactance (Xm in ohms), core loss
component of resistance (RC in ohms), and iron losses present in the transformer (Poc watts) can be
determined by performing the open circuit test. Similarly, Full load copper losses (PSC in watts), effective
resistance (RSC in ohms), effective leakage reactance (XeHV in ohms) can be determined by performing the
short circuit test. The equivalent circuit parameters can be transferred from LV side to HV side and vice
versa by using the transformation ratio, a = E2/E1 = 230/115 = 2.

Open-Circuit Test on Transformer:

Procedure:
1. The open circuit test can be conducted on either side of the transformer, but if the open circuit test is
conducted on LV side then low range meters will be sufficient. In this test, voltmeters of (0-150 V, MI) and
(0-300 V, MI), Ammeter of (0-1A, MI), and wattmeter of (150V, 2.5A, LPF) are required to measure the
voltage, current, and power.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 10.2. (Note that all the measuring
instruments have to be connected on the LV side i.e., 115V side and HV side terminals are opened, and also
note that the loose connections in the circuit should be avoided).

3. Set the autotransformer at zero output voltage position and switch on the supply. Gradually increase
the autotransformer output to the rated voltage i.e., 115 V across the LV winding and note down the
readings of voltmeter (Voc), ammeter (Ioc), and wattmeter (Poc). Reduce the autotransformer output to
zero volts and switch off the supply.

4. Find the core loss (=Poc) and power factor at no load .

The magnetizing component of reactance

and loss component of resistance can be determined with respect to LV side.

Observation:
Voc Ioc = I(A) Poc(W)
115 0.58 30

Calculations:
Rated core-loss in the transformer Poc = 30W

Power factor at no-load condition, cosѲoc = Poc / Voc * Ioc

= 30/115*0.58 = 0.44977 lagging

Phase angle Ѳoc = 63.27 degrees

Magnetizing current Im = Iesin Ѳoc = 0.58 * sin(63.27degrees) = 0.514A

Core-loss current , Im = Ie cosѲoc = 0.58*cos(63.27degrees) = 0.269A

Magnetizing current, Xm = Voc/Im = 223.735Ω

Core-loss resistance, Rc = Voc/Ie =115/0.269 = 427.51Ω

Result:

Ie/ILV = Im/8.7 *100

1) The excitation current is 6.67%

2) The magnetizing current is 5.9%

3) The core – loss current is 3.09%

The short circuit test

1. The short circuit test can be conducted on either side of the transformer, but if the short circuit test is
conducted on HV side then low range meters will be sufficient. In this test, voltmeter (0-50 V, MI),
Ammeter (0-5A, MI), and wattmeter (150V, 5A, UPF) are required to measure the voltage, current, and
power.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 10.3. (Note that all the measuring
instruments have to be connected on the HV side i.e., at 230V side, and LV terminals are shorted, and also
note that the loose connections in the circuit should be avoided).

3. Set the autotransformer at zero output voltage position and switch on the supply. Gradually increase the
autotransformer output to the rated current i.e., 4.35A to be flown through the HV winding, and note
down the readings of voltmeter (VSC), ammeter (ISC), and wattmeter (PSC). Reduce the autotransformer
output to zero volts and switch off the supply.

4. Find the full load copper loss (=PSC) and power factor when LV terminals are shorted

.

The effective resistance ReHV = PSC/I2SC , the effective impedance ZeHV = VSC/ISC and the effective leakage
reactance XeHV= Z2eHV - R2eLV can be determined with respect to HV side.

5. For a good designed transformer, RHV = ReHV/2 and XHV = XeHV/2 . By using these two relations, We can
determine the RHV , RLV , XHV and XLV.
Observation:
VSC = 16.2v

ISC = 4.35A

PSC = 60W

Calculations:
Rated copper loss or rated ohmic loss in transformer. PSC = 60W

Power factor at short circuit condition, cosѲsc = Psc / Vsc * Isc = 0.8514 lagging

Ѳsc = 31.63 degrees

The equivalent leakage impedance of transformer, ZeHV = 16.2/4.35 = 3.724Ω

The equivalent resistance of the transformer, ReHV = Psc /I2HV = 50/4.352 = 3.17Ω

The equivalence leakage reactance of transformer, XeHV = 1.954Ω

For a good deign transformer,

RHV = a2RLV = ReHV/2 and XHV = a2XLV = XeHV/2

Therefore,

RHV = 1.585Ω

XHV = 0.997Ω

RLV = 0.39635Ω

XLV = 0.24425Ω

Result:
The supply voltage required to follow the rated current in both HV and LV windings when the LV side
terminals are short-circuited is 7.04% of the rated terminal voltage.

-------------------------------------------------- thank you ----------------------------------------------------