Transformer Modelling:-

1.) Application of Transformers:-

 To step up /step down voltage
 It provides the electrical isolation For Ex: if you use the UPS,you use the
isolation transformer for isolation purpose.
 It converts three phase three wire to three phase four wire system.
 Phase shifting transformer:
In order to shift the phase it can be used.
In other side it can be used for other application For Ex: In order to
control the power flow in the integrated network, then these
phase shifting transformers are used.
These Transformer are actually control the phase angle of voltage
to control the real power in the interconnected network.
 It limits the short circuit current. For Ex: unit ratio transformer & lightning
Transformer.
How we used:
Using these transformer we can alter the impedance to limit the
short circuit current.
If you have generator which is connected to the bus and the
short circuit current exceeds then probable you introduce the
unit ratio transformer(11/11kv Transformer).
How unit transformer works(11/11kv Transformer):
It converts the one impedance to other impedance thereby
limit the short circuit current.
 To suppress the few harmonicsBalanced 3rd and multiples of third order
harmonics
Unit ratio transformer are able to withstand the additional
harmonics but not able to eliminating the harmonics
Normal Delta-Star Transformer are able to eliminate the
balanced 3rd & mulitples of third harmonics
K-rated transformers are not able to eliminate the
harmonics but it can withstand the higher harmonics.
 Impedance matching transformer:
Application:- a.)Amplifier application b.) NGT used in the generator application.
 If you have impedance & probable you change into some
other impedance then impedance matching transformers are
used.
Impedance matching transformer are not means the
paralleling the transformer
Impedance matching transformer means if you have load Ex:
10 ohms, If I want to convert into 10 ohms to 10,000 ohms
(or) 10 ohms to 0.1 ohm.Then these impedance matching
transformer can be used.
It converts impedance of one side to other side of the
different value.
In etap we use the impedance matching Transformer(Application):-Generator
NGT purpose.

 Zig-Zag Transformer:
It converts ungrounded system to the grounded system
 Instrument Transformer
 To Reduce the unbalance
For Ex: Delta-star grounded transformer
Why 11kv/415v Transformer is dela-star grounded?? Why not delta-delta
transformer??
 Ans: Delta-star Transformer reduces the unbalances.
 Rectifier application:-
For Ex:
12-pulse rectifier application delta on the one side & star on
the other side. similarly you can see the old HVDC Systems,24
pulse converter station where you see the different winding
configuration of these transformer.

Here the 12-pulse rectifier is used for two different

configuration,provide 30 degree phase shift. So, that 12-pulse
converters are used.
It is the HVDC application
Variable frequency drive(12-pulse VFD) also available
 Center Tap transformer:
It also used for single phase full wave rectifier application
 Cathodic Protection- special type of transformers are used
 Inverter Transformer:
Main purpose: It provides the isolation & it is used for shifting
the group.
Application: solar inverter & HVDC application
 Welding transformer:
2.) Transformer Standards as per IEC60076:-
IEC 60076-1 General
IEC 60076-2 Temperature rise for liquid immersed transformer
IEC 60076-3 Insulation level, Dielectric Test, external clearance in air
IEC 60076-4 Guide to the lightning impulse test-PT & Reactors
IEC 60076-5 Ability to withstand short circuit
IEC 60076-6 Reactors
IEC 60076-7 Loading guide for oil immersed Transformers
 IEC 60076-8 Power Transformer Application Guide
IEC 60076-9
IEC 60076-10 Determination of sound levels
IEC 60076-11 Dry type transformer
IEC 60076-12 Loading guide for dry type power transformer
IEC 60076-13 Self protected liquid fill transformer
IEC 60076-14 Design of liquid immersed power transformer
IEC 60076-15 Gas filled Transformer
IEC 60076-16 Transformer for wind turbine application
IEC 60076-17 Measurement of Frequency application
IEC 60076-18 Standards Requirement & terminology of Transformers
IEC 60076- Liquid immersed phase shifting Transformers
57-
1202:2017
IEC 60076- Transformer for HVDC Applications
57-129:2017
Note:
 IEC 60076-7 & IEC60076-12 are really important for load flow analysis.This
is give you guidelines for how to loading the transformers  shall I load
150%,200%.
 IEC60076-5 It is really important for how long Transformer withstand short
circuit current & how to optimize the Transformer impedance
3.) What is the short circuit impedance for different power rating in the
transformers as per IEC60076-5 2006:-
 Note: ETAP does not follow the version of IEC60076-5 2006. It still follows
the IEC60076-5 1992 version.
 It is one important aspect to start with optimizing the transformer
impedance.
4.) Current & temperature limits applicable to loading beyond nameplate
rating-Oil immersed Transformer-Different types of cycle loading :-

5.) What are the application of Transformer which is not come under the
IEC60076 Standard:-
6.) What is the rate power in the Transformers as per IEC 60076-1(GENERAL):-
The rated power is the convention value of rated power assigned to the
winding which together with the rated voltage of the winding, determine
its rated current.
 Note:-

 For other Equipment rating is like for Generator-500MW means for

generator 500MW is the output
 For motor 400KW means it is the output which means it is the
mechanical output & it which draws more electric current from the
power system.
 But for rating as for transformer with respect to IEC Standard
concerned it is the rating of both the winding essentially it is the
output not the input.
7.) If you have the Transformer rating of 25MVA but you cannot connect or
loading the 25MVA :
8.) Transformer Equivalent circuit-No load loss :-
  Even when the LV circuit is open this means I 2=0
 I2 is still flows in the cirucit.
 These I2 consist of two quantities one is magnetising component &
another one is working component.
 Iw is flowing through the Resistance R 0.

 Im is flowing through the Inductance X 0.

 You can vectorally add these two component you will get I 2.

 I2. Is the no-load current that is predominantly inductive.

 These path is not really taken by ETAP concerned which means no-load
loss is not really taken into account.
 You need to take account during the load flow analysis
 Especially ETAP during the no-load condition when you perform the
analysis you need to take account the no-load losses also otherwise your
result may not match with real time scenario.
 Voltage on the HV side is really get the voltage on the other side without
real power & reactive power loss.this is not internally true.Transformer
internally have the resistance & inductance on both HV & LV winding.In
addition to have the some magnetising component & some core loss
component.
 Literally you have the two things one is no-load loss & full load loss
 In no-load loss, Iw & Im plays the crucial important role which is
essentially to be model for load flow analysis.
9.) How you will identify the transformer whether it is step up or step down??
  It is neither step up nor step down transformer.
 If the generator is connect on the 11kv side then it is step-up
transformer
 If the load is connect on the 11kv side then it is step-down transformer
 If the generator & loads are connect on the 11kv side means- it will act
as the step up & step down transformers depend on the direction of
power flows & another aspect is the transformer real power flow in one
direction & reactive power flow on the other direction.
10.) How will you identify the transformer is overload or not in ETAP??
We can identify through the Load Flow analysis,
  After the Load flow analysis results Red colour indicate that transformer
is overloaded.
 Below Alert View also shown that % of overloading in the transformer.
 We can see through Report also,

% OF
ETAP RESULTS RATING OF T/F LOADING
34265 31500 108.7777778
31500 31500 100
11.) What is the rated current in the transformer?
 The current flowing through a line terminal of the winding which is
derived from rated power Sr and rated voltage Vr of the winding
 Ultimately the current decides the Heating of the equipment.
 12.) Why the voltage tolerance is more important for the transformer??

ETAP RESULTS FLC

179.8 165.3 108.7719298
1798 1653 108.7719298

 Why the voltage tolerance is important because, you need to have a rating
at each and every tap that is on the HV winding
 In LV, there is only one winding
 The transformer is able to maintain or manage upto 31.5MVA even when
the voltage tolerance of these much
 What I mean if you have voltage tolerance of +/-5%.
 The transformer rating is not the 31.5MVA. The transformer rating is
165.3A on the HV side & 1653 A on the LV side.
 If the grid voltage comes down, the current rating is not come down only
the MVA rating is come down.
CURRENT IN
VGE IN KV A T/F KVA T/F MVA
110 165.33333 31499.30603 KVA 31.49931 MVA
99 165.33333 28349.37543 28.34938
  How to calculate the KVA rating of Transformer with the given voltage &
full load current,
 KVA of Transformer=1.732*110*165.33=31499.30KVA
 So, 31.5MVA is the rated voltage & you are not specify the voltage
tolerance . By any change in the grid voltage comes down by 99kV then the
current remains same but the MVA rating of transformer will come down.
 If you are not specifically ask the the transformer data sheet for
transformer procurement for what is the voltage tolerance.
 Then the transformer manfacturer gives 165.33A for the rated voltage of
110kV which means when there is the reduction in the voltage the rating
also comes down.
Now if the transformer rating is 31.5MVA and its voltage tolerance is +/-10
% what does it means?
It means even if your voltage comes down to -10%, the transformer is
capable to transfer 31.5MVA which means the rated current is 165.33A
at the rated voltage.
But if the voltage comes down to 0.9P.U. in order to meet the 31.5MVA
of transformer the current is increased by 10% & transformer is capable
of withstand the current also.
So, why we ask the voltage tolerance for the transformer from the
transformer manufacturer. It is clear from the above mention.
CURRENT IN
VGE IN KV A T/F KVA T/F MVA
110 165.33333 31499.30603 KVA 31.49931 MVA
NEGATIVE TOLERANCE 99 165.33333 28349.37543 28.34938
POSITIVE TOLERANCE 121 165.33333 34649.23663 34.64924

Here the negative tolerance makes the sense Decrease in voltage from
rated kV and increase in current to maintain the MVA rating of
transformer which means in order transformer is able to withstand.
The positive tolerance is not making sensethe transformer is able to
withstand more MVA from the rated MVA.
13.) How we define the rating of the equipment (Transfomer)?
For these we need to know the ambient temperature.
 Ambient temperature 40 degree Celsius
Class A insulation 105 degree celsius
 So, what is the temperature allowed=105-40=65 degree Celsius.
 If suppose the customer is allow upto 50 degree Celsius only, then
40+50=90 degree Celsius for Class A insulation.

How the rating of Transformer is decided?

When ambient temperature is 40 degree Celsius, you are apply the
rated current follow in the transformer there is the losses(real power
loss).
The electric energy is convert into heat, that heat is dissipate inside the
transformer which increase the winding temperature of transformer &
increase the oil temperature.
At the beginning we start to load the transformer from zero, it is the
ambient temperature is the transformer temperature but when you put
up the 100% transformer load the transformer temperature also start
increasing drastically and it goes settle down some value.
The value at which where the temperature rise inside the transformer
because of the current flowing because of the I*I*R loss it is exactly
equal to the heat dissipated by conduction, radiation, convention in the
transformer.
14.) What is the transformer temperature rise Test?

15.) How we define the transformer rating?

  The transformer rating is defined from the ambient temperature to
maximum temperature allowed.
 If you put the ‘X’ value of load, then it increase the temperature
from these value to that value that is defined as the transformer
rating.
 So, ideally the current decides what is the I*I*R Loss is equal to heat
loss through conduction, convection & radiation.
 When we say the transformer rating logically. Not only the
transformer you take any equipment it depends on current and not
depend on MVA.
All the equipments are rating in current and not in MVA why?
The Temperature rise decides what is the rating. Now the maximum
temperature allow upto 165A along with these voltage it decides what is
the MVA rating.
That’s why the transformer specifications are,
1.)110/11kv Transformer
2.)31.5MVA
3.)What is the ambient temperature
4.)What is the maximum allow temperature
5.)What is the voltage tolerance allow
Essentially the parameter 3,4,5 are to specify with right rating.
When you say 31.5MVA, then 31.5MVAWhat is the ambient
temperature, what is the max temperature allow(customer
requirement) & voltage tolerance.
16.) Temperature rise with respect to harmonics?

No Harmonics
Harmonics
fundamental I1 100 100
I2 0 0
I3 0 0
I4 0 0
Fifth order I5 0 20 100/5=20
harmonics
I6 0 0
 I7 0 14.285 100/7=14.285
I8 0 0
I9 0 0
I10 0 0
I11 0 9.090 100/11=9.090
I 100 103.3766 Sqrt(100^2+20^2+14.285^2+
9.09^2
loss 10000 10686.726 Heat loss=I*I*R
 If you find out the rms value of all the values of current(harmonics) then
you get 103.376A.
 Assume, R=1 ohmthen the loss would be is mention in the above
table.
17.) What is the K-factor rating in the transformer?
K-Rating of the transformer is helping to withstand the harmonics but it is
not able to eliminate the harmonics.
It is essential need to mention in the transformer especially in the data
centers & steel industry you need to know the k-factor of the transformer
where the harmonic content is rich.
Note:-
If the k-factor is not specify then k-factor is assumed as 1.
The transformer cost is high when the transformer have high value of the k-
factor.
For k-factor is 4then 100MVA transformer is withstand upto 125.8MVA.

18.) What is the open circuit test:-

 The open circuit test for the transformer is used to find out the no-load
current and no-load loss.
 How do you perform the open-circuit test?
 Keep any winding open (either primary or secondary winding) apply
rated voltage on the opposite winding.
 Measure the voltage, current,power & power factor
 This is basically no-load test.