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This section will discuss `
  transformers and how to calculate transformer
overcurrent protection..

Three Phase Transformers Introduction:

Three phase transformers are used throughout industry to change values of three phase
voltage and current. Since three phase power is the most common way in which power is
produced, transmitted, an used, an understanding of how three phase transformer connections
are made is essential. In this section it will discuss different types of three phase transformers
connections, and present examples of how values of voltage and current for these connections
are computed.

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A three phase transformer is constructed by winding three single phase transformers on a

single core. These transformers are put into an enclosure which is then filled with dielectric
oil. The dielectric oil performs several functions. Since it is a dielectric, a nonconductor of
electricity, it provides electrical insulation between the windings and the case. It is also used
to help provide cooling and to prevent the formation of moisture, which can deteriorate the
winding insulation.

Three-Phase Transformer Connections:

There are only 4 possible transformer combinations:

1. ëelta to ëelta - use: industrial applications

2. ëelta to Wye - use : most common; commercial and industrial
3. Wye to ëelta - use : high voltage transmissions
4. Wye to Wye - use : rare, don't use causes harmonics and
balancing problems.

Three-phase transformers are connected in R`or  configurations. A  

R`
transformer has its primary winding connected in a   and its secondary winding connected
in aR` (see figure 1-1). A R`
 transformer has its primary winding connected in
R` and its secondary winding connected in a   (see figure 1-2).

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A delta system is a good short-distance distribution system. It is used for neighborhood and
small commercial loads close to the supplying substation. Only one voltage is available
between any two wires in a delta system. The delta system can be illustrated by a simple
triangle. A wire from each point of the triangle would represent a three-phase, three-wire
delta system. The voltage would be the same between any two wires (see figure 1-3).

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In a wye system the voltage between any two wires will always give the same amount of
voltage on a three phase system. However, the voltage between any one of the phase
conductors (X1, X2, X3) and the neutral (X0) will be less than the power conductors. For
example, if the voltage between the power conductors of any two phases of a three wire
system is 208v, then the voltage from any phase conductor to ground will be 120v. This is
due to the square root of three phase power. In a wye system, the voltage between any two
power conductors will always be 1.732 (which is the square root of 3) times the voltage
between the neutral and any one of the power phase conductors. The phase-to-ground voltage
can be found by dividing the phase-to-phase voltage by 1.732 (see figure 1-4).

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Connecting Single-Phase Transformers into a Three-Phase Bank:

If three phase transformation is need and a three phase transformer of the proper size and
turns ratio is not available, three single phase transformers can be connected to form a three
phase bank. When three single phase transformers are used to make a three phase transformer
bank, their primary and secondary windings are connected in a wye or delta connection. The
three transformer windings in figure 1-5 are labeled H1 and the other end is labeled H2. One
end of each secondary lead is labeled X1 and the other end is labeled X2.

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£igure 1-6 shows three single phase transformers labeled A, B, and C. The primary leads of
each transformer are labeled H1 and H2 and the secondary leads are labeled X1 and X2. The
schematic diagram of figure 1-5 will be used to connect the three single phase transformers
into a three phase wye-delta connection as shown in figure 1-7.

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The primary winding will be tied into a wye connection first. The schematic in figure 1-5
shows, that the H2 leads of the three primary windings are connected together, and the H1
lead of each winding is open for connection to the incoming power line. Notice in figure 1-7
that the H2 leads of the primary windings are connected together, and the H1 lead of each
winding has been connected to the incoming primary power line.

£igure 1-5 shows that the X1 lead of the transformer A is connected to the X2 lead of
transformer c. Notice that this same connection has been made in figure 1-7. The X1 lead of
transformer B is connected to X2, lead of transformer A, and the X1 lead of transformer B is
connected to X2 lead of transformer A, and the X1 lead of transformer C is connected to X2
lead of transformer B. The load is connected to the points of the delta connection.

Open ëelta Connection:

The ! transformer connection can be made with only two transformers instead of
three (figure 1-8). This connection is often used when the amount of three phase power
needed is not excessive, such as a small business. It should be noted that the output power of
an open delta connection is only 87% of the rated power of the two transformers. For
example, assume two transformers, each having a capacity of 25 kVA, are connected in an
open delta connection. The total output power of this connection is 43.5 kVA (50 kVA x 0.87
= 43.5 kVA).

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Another figure given for this calculation is 58%. This percentage assumes a closed delta bank
containing 3 transformers. If three 25 kVA transformers were connected to form a closed
delta connection, the total output would be 75 kVA (3 x 25 = 75 kVA). If o ne of these
transformers were removed and the transformer bank operated as an open delta connection,
the output power would be reduced to 58% of its original capacity of 75 kVA. The output
capacity of the open delta bank is 43.5 kVA (75 kVA x .58% = 43.5 kVA).

The voltage and current values of an open delta connection are computed in the same manner
as a standard delta-delta connection when three transformers are employed. The voltage and
current rules for a delta connection must be used when determining line and phase values of
voltage current.

Closing a ëelta:

When closing a delta system, connections should be checked for proper polarity before
making the final connection and applying power. If the phase winding of one transformer is
reversed, an extremely high current will flow when power is applied. Proper phasing can be
checked with a voltmeter at delta opening. If power is applied to the transformer bank before
the delta connection is closed, the voltmeter should indicate 0 volts. If one phase winding has
been reversed, however, the voltmeter will indicate double the amount of voltage.

It should be noted that a voltmeter is a high impedance device. It is not unusual for a
voltmeter to indicate some amount of voltage before the delta is closed, especially if the
primary has been connected as a wye and the secondary as a delta. When this is the case, the
voltmeter will generally indicate close to the normal output voltage if the connection is
correct and double the output voltage if the connection is incorrect.

Overcurrent Protection for the Primary:

Electrical Code Article 450-3(b) states that each transformer 600 volts, nominal or less, shall
be protected by an individual overcurrent device on the primary side, rated or set at not more
than 125% of the rated primary current of the transformer. Where the primary current of a
transformer isM

and 125% of this current does not correspond to a standard
rating of a fuse or nonadjustable circuit breaker, the next higher standard rating shall be
permitted. Where the primary current is`  M, an overcurrent device rated or set
at not more than 167% of the primary current shall be permitted. Where the primary current
is `  , an overcurrent device rated or set at not more than 300% shall be
permitted.

Example #1:

What size fuses is needed on the primary side to protect a 3 phase 480v to 208v 112.5 kVA
transformer?

* Important when dealing with 3 phase applications always use 1.732 (square root of 3).

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112.5 kVA X 1000 = 112500 VA

112500 VA divided by 831 (480 x 1.732) = 135.4 amps

Since the transformer is more than 9 amps you have to use 125 %.

135.4 X 1.25 = 169 amps.

Answer: 175 amp fuses (the next higher standard, Electrical Code 240-6).

Example #2:

What size breaker is needed on the primary side to protect a 3 phase 208v to 480v 3kVA
transformer?

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3kVA X 1000 = 3000 VA

3000 VA divided by 360 (208 x 1.732) = 8.3 a mps

Since the transformer is 9 amps or less you have to use 167%.

8.3 X 1.67 = 13.8 amps

Answer: 15 amp breaker (preferably a 20 amp breaker)

Electrical Code Article 450-3(b)(2) states if a transformer 600 v, nominal, or less, having a an
overcurrent device on the secondary side rated or set at not more than 125% of the rated
secondary current of the transformer shall not be required to have an individual overcurrent
device on the primary side if the primary feeder overcurrent device is rated or set at a current
value not more than 250% of the rated primary current of the transformer.

Overcurrent Protection for the Secondary:

Electrical Code Article 450-3(b)(2) states that a transformer 600 v, nominal, or less, shall be
protected by an individual overcurrent device on the secondary side, rated or set at not more
than 125% of the rated secondary current of the transformer. Where the secondary current of
a transformer isM

and 125% of this current does not correspond to a standard
rating of a fuse or nonadjustable circuit breaker, the next higher standard rating shall be
permitted. Where the secondary current is`  M, an overcurrent device rated or
set at not more than 167% of the secondary current shall be permitted.

Example:

What size breaker is needed on the secondary side to protect a 3 phase 480v/208v 112.5 kVA
transformer?

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112.5 kVA x 1000 = 112500 VA

112500 divided by 360 (208 x 1.732) = 312.5 amps

312.5 X 1.25 = 390.6 amps

Answer: 400 amp breaker